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1660                    SAMUEL PEPYS STARTS HIS DIARY 

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1660                    SAMUEL PEPYS STARTS HIS DIARY 

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Naval Administrator and Parliamentary Member Samuel Pepys begins a diary that documents his life for the next 10 years, providing an invaluable insight into life in London, the contemporary court and theatre performances.

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1660                  CHARLES II IS RESTORED TO THE THRONE 

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1660                  CHARLES II IS RESTORED TO THE THRONE 

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After Cromwell’s death in 1658, a political crisis takes hold of England, and Charles II is invited to return to Britain following his exile. He is officially restored to the throne, and crowned King of England, Scotland and Wales – his restoration is marked by celebrations across the country.

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1660                          THE THEATRES ARE REOPENED

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1660                          THE THEATRES ARE REOPENED

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Soon after his restoration, Charles II reopens the theatres, lifting what has been a 18 year ban. He grants exclusive staging rights to the King’s Company and the Duke’s Company, led by Caroline playwrights Thomas Killigrew and William Davenant. Actresses are also allowed onto the public stage for the first time. The dramatists of the Restoration devote themselves to comedies of manners.

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1664                          THE PROVOKED WIFE PLAYWRIGHT JOHN VANBRUGH BORN 

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1664                          THE PROVOKED WIFE PLAYWRIGHT JOHN VANBRUGH BORN 

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John Vanbrugh is born to a London cloth-merchant and spends his childhood in Chester. He later becomes an architect and playwright, best known for designing Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire and the author of outspoken Restoration comedies The Relapse (1697) and The Provoked Wife (1697).

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1665                      GREAT PLAGUE OF LONDON 

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1665                      GREAT PLAGUE OF LONDON 

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Towards the end of winter, bubonic plague breaks out in the poverty-stricken St Giles-in-the-Fields. The contagion soon spreads across London, and over the following months more than 100,000 people die. By the time the epidemic finishes in December 1665, a quarter of the capital’s inhabitants have perished.

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1666                          THE LONDON GAZETTE IS PUBLISHED

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1666                          THE LONDON GAZETTE IS PUBLISHED

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With the return of King Charles II to London from Oxford after the Great Plague of London, the Oxford Gazette moved to London as well and became known as the London Gazette.

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1666                      GREAT FIRE OF LONDON

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1666                      GREAT FIRE OF LONDON

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Disaster strikes London again after fire breaks out in a baker’s shop in Pudding Lane, City of London. The fire spreads rapidly and within four days, two-thirds of the city has been destroyed. Architect Christopher Wren redesigns much of the city, with his main project the restoration of St. Paul’s Cathedral.

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1668                  NEWTONIAN TELESCOPE WAS INVENTED                         

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1668                  NEWTONIAN TELESCOPE WAS INVENTED                         

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The Newtonian telescope, also called the Newtonian reflector or just the Newtonian, is a type of reflecting telescope invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), using a concave primary mirror and a flat diagonal secondary mirror. Newton's first reflecting telescope was completed in 1668 and is the earliest known functional reflecting telescope. The Newtonian telescope's simple design has made it very popular with amateur telescope makers.

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1678 THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS BY JOHN BUNYAN PUBLISHED

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1678 THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS BY JOHN BUNYAN PUBLISHED

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The full title of John Bunyan's novel, sometimes considered one of the most significant works of religious English literature, is The Pilgrim's Progress to That Which is to Come. The novel explains the journey of the main character, Christian, along his journey to the Celestial City.

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1678                     POPISH PLOT TO MURDER CHARLES II REVEALED

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1678                     POPISH PLOT TO MURDER CHARLES II REVEALED

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A Catholic conspiracy against the Protestant Charles II is revealed by Titus Oates, who claims the Catholics want to assassinate Charles and places his brother, James II, on the throne. After many executions and hysteria, Oate’s accusations fall apart, and he is arrested and convicted for perjury. The Popish Plot is a possible inspiration behind playwright Thomas Otway’s Venice Preserv’d.

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1682                       VENICE PRESERV'D FIRST PERFORMED 

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1682                       VENICE PRESERV'D FIRST PERFORMED 

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Thomas Otway’s Restoration tragedy, Venice Preserv’d, opens at the Duke’s Theatre. Arguably the most significant tragedy of the English stage in the 1680s, the play is soon printed and enjoys many revivals right through to the 1830s.

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1685                   CHARLES II DIES AND JAMES II ACCEDES TO THE THRONE

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1685                   CHARLES II DIES AND JAMES II ACCEDES TO THE THRONE

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Charles II dies from a stroke and is succeeded by his Catholic brother, James II. James enjoys considerable popularity to begin with, despite his religious preference, but later faces opposition from the Protestant William of Orange, who eventually takes the crown and becomes William III.

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1685                       VENICE PRESERV'D PLAYWRIGHT THOMAS OTWAY DIES

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1685                       VENICE PRESERV'D PLAYWRIGHT THOMAS OTWAY DIES

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Even though his plays are critically-acclaimed and popular, Thomas Otway never enjoys the joys of success, and he spends much of his life in poverty. The story goes Otway died after choking on a piece of bread, after begging a guinea from a passer-by who recognised him. He was just 33.

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1688                    OROONOKO BY APHRA BEHN WAS PUBLISHED

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1688                    OROONOKO BY APHRA BEHN WAS PUBLISHED

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Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave, is published by Aphra Behn. It concerns the love of the novel's hero, an enslaved African in Surinam in the 1660's. Behn uses her own experiences in the new South American colony as inspiration.

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1697                          THE PROVOKED WIFE FIRST PERFORMED AT LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS

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1697                          THE PROVOKED WIFE FIRST PERFORMED AT LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS

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Leading actor and theatre manager, Thomas Betterton, and the incomparable leading actress Elizabeth Barry, play Sir John Brute and Lady Brute respectively in the first performance of The Provoked Wife at Lincoln’s Inn Fields.

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1707                     ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND BECAME ONE COUNTRY

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1707                     ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND BECAME ONE COUNTRY

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The Acts of Union, passed by the English and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain on 1 May of that year. The UK Parliament met for the first time in October 1707.

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1714                           KING GEORGE I BECOMES KING OF GREAT BRITAIN 

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1714                           KING GEORGE I BECOMES KING OF GREAT BRITAIN 

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Originally born in Hanover, part of what is now Germany, King George became King of England at the age of 54. He didn't know very much English, and was unaware of the workings of British politics, so he relied heavily on Prime Minister Robert Walpole for advice and assistance. King George I never learned very much English, but passed the crown to his son King George II in 1727 when he died.

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1717                         ACTOR DAVID GARRICK BORN 

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1717                         ACTOR DAVID GARRICK BORN 

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Actor, playwright, producer and theatre manager, David Garrick is born in Hereford, before later moving with his family to Lichfield. He becomes a pupil and friend of Dr Samuel Johnson, and they both travel to London to seek their fortunes. Garrick becomes famous for his many Shakespearean and Restoration roles.

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1726               GULLIVER'S TRAVELS BY JONATHAN SWIFT WAS PUBLISHED

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1726               GULLIVER'S TRAVELS BY JONATHAN SWIFT WAS PUBLISHED

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Gulliver's Travels is a story about Lemuel Gulliver who enjoys travelling but finds himself in the most strange of destinations with people less than six inches high, people 72 feet tall, flying aliens and Yahoos. The book was an instant sensation and sold out its first run in less that a week. The full title is: Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships.

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1729                             A MODEST PROPOSAL BY JONATHAN SWIFT WAS PUBLISED 

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1729                             A MODEST PROPOSAL BY JONATHAN SWIFT WAS PUBLISED 

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In A Modest Proposal, Swift suggests that the impoverished Irish might ease their economic troubles by selling their children as food for rich gentlemen and ladies. The essay mocks the heartless attitudes towards the poor, as well as Irish policy in general. The full title is: A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland From Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick.

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1752                            BEN FRANKLIN INVENTS THE LIGHTNING ROD

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1752                            BEN FRANKLIN INVENTS THE LIGHTNING ROD

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Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning rod while studying electricity. The lightning rod consisted of a pointed, metallic rod placed on top of a building to attract lightning strikes. He stated "The electrical fire would, I think, be drawn out of a cloud silently, before it could come near enough to strike...." Although Benjamin Franklin was not the first to make this sort of hypothesis about electricity and lightning, he was the first to devise a practical system for a lightning rod.

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1755              DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BY SAMUEL JOHNSON WAS PUBLISHED  

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1755              DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE BY SAMUEL JOHNSON WAS PUBLISHED  

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The Dictionary of the English Language is considered the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English Language. Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary, 173 years later, Johnson’s was viewed as the preeminent English dictionary. In the mid 18th century, book, texts, maps, pamphlets, and newspapers were widely available to the public at a reasonable cost. Such an explosion of the printed word demanded a set pattern of grammar, definition, and spelling for those words.

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1760                          THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 

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1760                          THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 

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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power and water power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the mechanized factory system. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth.

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1763                       DAVID GARRICK STARS AS SIR JOHN BRUTE

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1763                       DAVID GARRICK STARS AS SIR JOHN BRUTE

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The role of Sir John Brute in The Provoked Wife becomes one of Garrick’s favourite, and most famous, roles, and he plays the part over 100 times over the course of several years.

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1764                         DAVID GARRICK STARS AS JAFFEIR 

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1764                         DAVID GARRICK STARS AS JAFFEIR 

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Also known for his more tragic roles, Garrick assumes the role of Jaffeir in Restoration tragedy, Venice Preserv’d alongside Susannah Maria Cibber as Belvidera.

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1769                  STRATFORD SHAKESPEARE JUBILEE

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1769                  STRATFORD SHAKESPEARE JUBILEE

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Garrick concocts a festival celebrating Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon, and launches the town as the epicentre of the Shakespeare Industry. The Jubilee runs for three days, with a dinner for over 700 guests, a masquerade ball, and Garrick’s ‘Ode to Shakespeare’. However, on the second day, rain dampens proceedings, and Garrick cancels the Grand Pageant, later staging it at the Drury Lane Theatre. The Stratford Shakespeare Jubilee helps establish Shakespeare as the English National Poet.

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AMERICAN INDEPENCE
John Dunlap, official printer to the Continental Congress, produced the first printed versions of the American Declaration of Independence in his Philadelphia shop on the night of July 4, 1776.  After the Declaration had been adopted by the Congress earlier that day, a committee took the manuscript document, possibly Thomas Jefferson's "fair copy" of his rough draft, to Dunlap for printing.

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1789                            THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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1789                            THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) refers to the period that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended in November 1799 with the formation of the French Consulate. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of Western liberal democracy.[1]

Between 1700 and 1789, the French population increased from 18 million to 26 million, leading to large numbers of unemployed, accompanied by sharp increases in food prices caused by years of bad harvests.[2] Widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General in May 1789, the first since 1614. In June, the Estates were converted into a National Assembly, which passed a series of radical measures, among them the abolition of feudalism, state control of the Catholic Church and extending the right to vote.

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NAPOLEON INVADES EGYPT; COMMISSIONS SCIENTIFIC SURVEY OF ITS ANTIQUITIES
When Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Egypt in 1798, he brought with him an entourage of more than 160 scholars and scientists. Known as the French Commission on the Sciences and Arts of Egypt, these experts undertook an extensive survey of the country’s archeology, topography, and natural history.

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1818                FRANKEINSTAIN WAS RELEASED    

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1818                FRANKEINSTAIN WAS RELEASED    

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Frankenstein tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who creates a sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared in the second edition, which was published in Paris in 1821.

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LORD BYRON PUBLISHES DON JUAN
In English literature, Don Juan, by Lord Byron, is a satirical, epic poem that portrays Don Juan not as a womaniser, but as a man easily seduced by women.

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1819                           JOHN KEATS PUBLISHES ODE ON A GRECIAN URN AND ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE

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1819                           JOHN KEATS PUBLISHES ODE ON A GRECIAN URN AND ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE

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"Ode on a Grecian Urn" is a poem written by the English Romantic poet John Keats in May 1819, first published anonymously in Annals of the Fine Arts for 1819 (see 1820 in poetry).

The poem is one of the "Great Odes of 1819", which also include "Ode on Indolence", "Ode on Melancholy", "Ode to a Nightingale", and "Ode to Psyche". Keats found existing forms in poetry unsatisfactory for his purpose, and in this collection he presented a new development of the ode form. He was inspired to write the poem after reading two articles by English artist and writer Benjamin Haydon. Through his awareness of other writings in this field and his first-hand acquaintance with the Elgin Marbles, Keats perceived the idealism and representation of Greek virtues in classical Greek art, and his poem draws upon these insights.

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MEXICO ACHIEVES INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN
Agustin de Iturbide was a Royalist officer in the Mexican War of Independence who fought the insurgent leader Vicente Guerrero. Failing to defeat the insurgency, Iturbide adopted the cause of independence and allied with Guerrero (an event known as the "Embrace of Acatempan"), thereby making it possible to end the war and secure independence from Spain. On February 24, 1821.

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BRITISH PARLIAMENT
Led by Charles Grey, passes the Reform Act, introducing wide-ranging changes to electoral system of England and Wales, increasing electorate from about 500,000 voters to 813,000