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As the British Mandate came to an end, Israel declared independence on May 14, 1948, prompting the Arab countries (including Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan) to wage war against it.
The All-Palestine Government was formed in Gaza on Sept. 22, 1948 during the war and declared independence.
After winning the war, Israel invaded and occupied Western Jerusalem.
In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Israel invaded all of Palestine by entering East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

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The Oslo Accords were bilateral agreements signed in Washington following negotiations, part of which were clandestine, between Israel and the PLO. The signed agreement was entitled the “Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements.” Its main concern was on Israeli withdrawal from the territories of Judea, Samaria and the Gaza Strip, in order to allow the establishment of a Palestinian Authority for self-government for an interim period until permanent arrangements would be established.

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1. The Gaza-Jericho Agreement (May 4, 1994)

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1. The Gaza-Jericho Agreement (May 4, 1994)

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The Gaza-Jericho agreement addresses four main issues -- security arrangements, civil affairs, legal matters, and economic relations. The document includes agreement to a withdrawal of Israeli military forces from Gaza and Jericho, a transfer of authority from the Israeli Civil Administration to a Palestinian Authority, the structure and composition of the Palestinian Authority, its jurisdiction and legislative powers, a Palestinian police force, and relations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

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2. Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (August 29, 1994)

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2. Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (August 29, 1994)

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This agreement was signed by Israel and the Palestinians. The Agreement puts into effect the next phase (early empowerment) of the Declaration of Principles.
In accordance with the DOP, the Agreement provides for the transfer of powers to the Palestinian Authority within five specified spheres:

1. Education & Culture (carried out on August 29, 1994);

2. Social Welfare;

3. Tourism (both carried out on November 13-14, 1994);

4. Health;

5. Taxation (both carried out on December 1, 1994).

On August 27, 1995, a protocol was signed transferring additional spheres to the Palestinian Authority: labor, trade and industry, gas and gasoline, insurance, postal services, statistics, agriculture, and local government.

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3.  Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (September 28, 1995)

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3.  Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (September 28, 1995)

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This agreement, which marks the conclusion of the first stage in negotiations between Israel and the PLO, incorporates and supersedes the Gaza-Jericho and Early Empowerment agreements.

The main object is to broaden Palestinian self-government in the West Bank by means of an elected self-governing authority -- the Palestinian Council -- for an interim period not to exceed five years from the signing of the Gaza-Jericho Agreement. This will allow the Palestinians to conduct their own internal affairs, reduce points of friction between Israelis and Palestinians, and open a new era of cooperation and co-existence based on common interest, dignity and mutual respect. At the same time it protects Israel's vital interests, and in particular its security interests, both with regard to external security as well as the personal security of its citizens in the West Bank. The Interim Agreement sets forth the future relations between Israel and the Palestinians. To the main body of the agreement are appended seven annexes dealing with: security arrangements, elections, civil affairs (transfer of powers), legal matters, economic relations, Israeli-Palestinian cooperation, and the release of Palestinian prisoners.

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Agreement on Temporary International Presence in Hebron (May 9, 1996)

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Agreement on Temporary International Presence in Hebron (May 9, 1996)

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Prescribed that a temporary international presence would be stationed in Hebron, along with the redeployment of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) from Hebron. The redeployment in Hebron was delayed, and in the meantime, because of a May 1996 agreement, a second TIPH team was stationed in Hebron, which was composed entirely of representatives from Norway and whose mandate was extended on a monthly basis. The TIPH would assist in promoting stability and in monitoring and reporting the efforts to maintain normal life in the city of Hebron, thus creating a feeling of security among Palestinians in the city of Hebron.

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The Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron (Jan 17, 1997)

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The Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron (Jan 17, 1997)

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For the purpose of the redeployment, Hebron is divided into two areas: Area H-1, in which the majority of the Palestinian population resides, and in which the Palestinian police will be responsible for internal security and public order, and Area H-2, a smaller area comprising all the Israeli residents of Hebron together with some 20,000 Palestinians, in which all responsibilities for security and public order will remain with Israel. Civil powers and responsibilites in both areas will be transferred to the Palestinian side. The Interim Agreement provided that the redeployment should be completed within six months of the signing of the agreement. However, a series of terrorist attacks delayed the implementation of the redeployment while a tense security situation highlighted the difficulties that could arise in this unique case where Palestinians and Israelis live in close proximity. Following the May 1996 elections in Israel and the establishment of the new government, the two sides entered into negotiations for the implementaton of the Hebron provisions of the Interim Agreement, while providing security and reducing friction.

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The main provisions of the Protocol are as follows:

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The main provisions of the Protocol are as follows:

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Security aspects included: Redeployment, security powers and responsibilities, joint security measures, special areas, palestinian police and holy sites.

Civil Arrangements included:
Transfer of civil powers and responsibilities, planning, building and zoning, infrastructure and transportation, municipal Inspectors, municipal Services, Normalization and Prevention of Friction.

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It was signed at the White House, Washington D.C., between Israel and the PLO, following a nine-day summit hosted by U.S. President Mr. Bill Clinton in Wye Plantation, Maryland. It includes steps to facilitate implementation of the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip of September 28, 1995 and other related agreements including the Note for the Record of January 17, 1997 so that the Israeli and Palestinian sides can more effectively carry out their reciprocal responsibilities, including those relating to further redeployments and security, respectively. These steps are to be carried out in a parallel phased approach in accordance with the Memorandum and time line. Which included: Further redeployments, security (Outlawing and Combating Terrorist Organizations, Prohibiting Illegal Weapons, Bilateral, Forensic and Trilateral Cooperation), human rights, Interim Committees and economic issues, permanent status negotiations and unilateral actions).

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The Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum (September 4, 1999)

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The Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum (September 4, 1999)

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It was signed by representatives of Israel and the PLO. Restating the commitment of the two sides to full implementation of all agreements reached since September 1993, the Memorandum sets out to resolve the outstanding issues of the present interim status, thus forming a kind of bridge between the completion of the interim period and the initiation of the permanent status.

- Permanent Status Negotiations

- Further Redeployments. Sets out a timetable for additional redeployments of Israeli forces in the West Bank and the transfer of areas to Palestinian control in several phases, to be completed by January 20, 2000.

- Release of Prisoners. Provides for the releases of 350 prisoners in two.The Israeli side will also aim to release additional Palestinian prisoners before next Ramadan.

- Committees. Provides for the reactivation of all Interim committees (Monitoring and Steering, Civil, Security, Economic, Legal, People to People) as well as Wye Memorandum Committees, including the Third Further Redeployment Committee.

- Safe Passage. Establishes a timetable for the operation of the two safe passage routes between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Which entered effect on October 25, 1999.

- Security. Commits both sides to act immediately and effectively against any acts or threats of terrorism, violence or incitement, and arrangements for cooperation in this regard. It also sets out a series of specific security obligations of the Palestinian side under the Wye Memorandum, including the collection of illegal weapons, the apprehension of terrorist suspects and the forwarding of a list of Palestinian policemen to the Israeli side for review by the Monitoring and Steering Committee.

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The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David ( July 11, 2000)

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The Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David ( July 11, 2000)

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In July 2000, then-US President Bill Clinton arranged a summit meeting between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority (PA) Chairman Yasser Arafat. The summit was held five years after the signing of the second Oslo Accord, which stated that by that time, a final settlement for the Israel-Palestine conflict was to be reached. Amidst the failure to achieve that, and to solve any of the “final status” issues, this summit was held. It ended, however, without an agreement, with deeply contested and politicised narratives on who was to blame, and where responsibility lay. There were four key issues at Camp David, the same as those outlined to be solved at Oslo: settlements, borders, Jerusalem and refugees. The major discrepancies in interpretations of what happened, and claims of responsibility thereof, revolve around conflations between Israeli demands and those of international law, with the former exceeding the latter. This has led to an interpretation amongst many that Israel made all of the concessions and that the Palestinians were the intransigent party. In reality, Barak’s “red lines” included a refusal to return fully to the pre-June 1967 borders, Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem, and annexation of strategically important and geographically significant portions of the West Bank, amongst others. The Palestinians, on the other hand, were in fact willing to make concessions on all major issues, until it became clear that the proposals would not lead to a viable, autonomous Palestinian state, because of extensive territorial fragmentation and a lack of sovereignty. Concessions included accepting the notion of Israeli annexation of West Bank territory to accommodate settlement blocs, and accepting the principle of Israeli sovereignty over the Jewish neighbourhoods of East Jerusalem.
Fundamentally, once again the imbalance in power between the parties, and the failure of the US to consider this in its ostensible role as mediator, was the core dynamic underlining the talks and rendering them a failure.

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Numerous efforts to end the violent confrontation and renew the peace process have failed due to the ongoing and escalating Palestinian terrorism supported by the Palestinian Authority. Israel accepted the vision presented in the speech by U.S. President Bush on June 24, 2002 for ending Palestinian terrorism, to be followed by the final settlement of all issues and peace. On April 30, 2003, the "road map" for a solution to the Israel-Palestinian conflict was presented to Israel and the Palestinians.

Following a U.S. statement regarding the Israeli comments on the road map, promising to address the Israeli concerns fully and seriously in the implementation, on May 23, 2003 Prime Minister Sharon issued a statement accepting the road map

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The Middle East Peace Summit at Aqaba (June 4, 2003) 

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The Middle East Peace Summit at Aqaba (June 4, 2003) 

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On May 28, 2003, the White House announced that President George Bush would travel to Aqaba, Jordan, on June 4 for a meeting with King Abdullah of Jordan and for meetings with Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmoud Abbas.

In his statement following the Aqaba meeting, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon referred to the possibility of establishing a Palestinian state within temporary borders, if the conditions for this are met. The Palestinian state will, inter alia, be completely demilitarized. This state will be the home of the Palestinian diaspora; no Palestinian refugees will be permitted to enter the territory of the State of Israel.

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A summit meeting was held in Sharm el-Sheikh on February 8, 2005, attended by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and King Abdullah of Jordan. It was decided that all Palestinians would stop all acts of violence against all Israelis, and Israel would cease all its military activity against all Palestinians.

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On August 15, 2005, Israel began the implementation of disengagement from the Gaza Strip and four northern Samaria communities. Disengagement from the Gaza Strip was completed on August 22, and from northern Samaria on August 23, 2005. On September 12, 2005, IDF forces completed their exit from the Gaza Strip.
Israel left the Gaza Strip in August 2005 in order to create the opportunity for peace. After the elections in the Palestinian Authority (January 2006) resulting in the establishment of the Hamas-led government, Israel adopted a dual strategy towards the Palestinians, maintaining pressure against Hamas and the extremists while not closing the door to dialogue with the moderates among the Palestinians towards a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip in June 2007 and the subsequent formation of the new moderate Fatah-led Palestinian government under President Mahmoud Abbad and Prime Minister Salam Fayyad opened the door to a resumption of talks between Israel and the Palestinians, towards the achievement of the goal of two homelands for two peoples, Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security.

The future Palestinian state cannot be a terrorist entity. For this reason, the international community has insisted that the path to Palestinian statehood must follow acceptance of the conditions outlined by the international 'Quartet' (the UN, EU, US and Russia), including the renunciation of terrorism, acceptance of previous Israeli-Palestinian agreements and the recognition of Israel's right to exist.

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On August 20, 2010, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton invited Israel and the Palestinians to hold direct negotiations: "I’ve invited Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and Palestinian Authority President Abbas to meet on September 2nd in Washington, D.C. to re-launch direct negotiations to resolve all final status issues, which we believe can be completed within one year.
Addressing a Joint Meeting of the U.S. Congress in May 2011, PM Netanyahu reiterated his commitment to the establishment of a Palestinian state alongside the Jewish state.
While Israel remained dedicated to direct negotiations as the only method of resolving the conflict, the Palestinian leadership embarked on the path of unilateral action, preferring to attempt to force their will on Israel through international pressure, with the submission of a request for admission to the United Nations in September 2011.

On July 28, 2013 the Israeli Cabinet approved the opening of diplomatic negotiations between the State of Israel and the Palestinians, with US support, with the objective of achieving a final status agreement over the course of the next nine months.

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Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks Resume in Washington, DC (July 29, 2013)

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Israeli-Palestinian Peace Talks Resume in Washington, DC (July 29, 2013)

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The goal of the negotiations is to establish a Palestinian state alongside Israel with agreed-upon borders and security arrangements. Officials said that talks are initially expected to focus on procedural issues, like the location, schedule and format of negotiating sessions, before moving on to tackle the core issues of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Israeli side will be represented by Israel's justice minister, Tzipi Livni, and Isaac Molho, Mr. Netanyahu's special envoy. On the Palestinian side will be Saeb Erekat, the chief negotiator, and Mohammed Shtayyeh, a close adviser to Mr. Abbas.

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Since the 1993 Declaration of Principles resulting from the Oslo peace process, there have been several handovers of land to differing degrees of Palestinian control. Currently 59% of the West Bank is officially under Israeli civil and security control. Another 23% of it is under Palestinian civil control, but Israeli security control. The remainder of the territory is governed by the Palestinian National Authority - although such areas have been subject to Israeli incursions during the recent intifada.

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The areas of Palestinian Authority control are mainly located in Palestinian urban areas – the population centres where much of the fast-growing population lives. These take up about 8.5% of the West Bank. About 2.3 million Palestinians live in the West Bank, together with about 400,000 Israeli settlers - including those who live in East Jerusalem. About 6.7 million people live in Israel, of whom about 1.3 million are Israeli Arabs.

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Gaza, one of the most densely populated tracts of land in the world, is home to about 1.3m Palestinians, about 33% of whom live in United Nations-funded refugee camps. About 8,000 Jewish settlers also lived in the Gaza Strip until September 2005 when they and the troops that protected them were withdrawn. Before the withdrawal, travel in and out of Gaza was severely restricted for long periods.

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Founder: Ahmed Yassin
Founded: 1987
Location: Gaza/West Bank
Prime Minister: Yahya Sinwar

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A Palestinian Islamic fundamentalist militant organization and political party. Hamas organizes and funds terrorist attacks against Israel, is ideologically opposed to any Jewish settlement in Israel, and rejects the Oslo Accords. Hamas operated as an opposition party to the dominant Fatah party for most of it's existence, until being elected the ruling party of the Palestinian Authority in 2006.

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Founder: Fathi Shaqaqi
Founded: 1979
Leader: Ziad al-Nakhalah
Location: Gaza

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The name refers to the Land Israel during the years of the Jewish exile. A terrorist group that split from the Muslim Brotherhood in the mid- 1980s. They advocate armed struggle to liberate Palestine and strongly opposed the Oslo accords. They did not oppose the Palestine Liberation Organization and worked with the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising.

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Founder: Yasser Arafat
Founded: 2000
Location: Gaza/West Bank

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Today, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades consists of an unknown number of small cells of Fatah-affiliated terrorists that aims to drive the Israeli military and settlers from the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Jerusalem and to establish a Palestinian state.

Al-Aqsa has carried out shootings and suicide operations against Israeli civilians and military personnel and has killed Palestinians suspected of collaborating with Israel. At least five U.S. citizens — four of them dual U.S.-Israeli citizens — were killed in al-Aqsa’s attacks.

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Founder: Jamal Abu Samhadana
Founded: 2000
Location: Gaza

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The Popular Resistance Committee (PRC) is a terrorist organization active in the Gaza Strip. The organization was founded in September 2000, at the beginning of the current violent confrontation, by former Fatah and Palestinian Security apparatus members. Its ranks also include ex-Hamas terrorists, some of whom were wanted by Israel and who joined the Palestinian Preventive Security apparatus, and operatives who belonged to the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestinian. The PRC has been attacking Israel, and, thanks to the funding it has received, has grown from modest beginnings into an organization responsible for the murders of at least 10 Israelis.

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Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)

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Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)

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Founder: Nayef Hawatmeh
Founded: 1969
Location: Gaza/West Bank

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The Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP) was founded on February 22, 1969. The DFLP, which belongs to the PLO, initially had a radical Marxist-Leninist ideology and cooperated with other radical left-wing organizations (some of them underground). It supports armed insurrection against Israel and began its terrorist activities in 1973. During the current violent confrontation, the DFLP has confined its activities to a small number of terrorist attacks in the Gaza Strip, but has participated in various internal Palestinian dialogues.

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Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)

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Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)

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Founder: George Habash
Founded: 1967
Location: Gaza/West Bank

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The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) was founded on December 11, 1967, with the union of two left-wing Palestinian organizations. Its leaders were Wadi’ Haddad and George Habash, the general secretary. The group was originally backed by Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser.

The PFLP is guided by Marxism-Leninism and, together with other left-wing Palestinian organizations, claims to be struggling to build a working-class party. Habash viewed the “liberation” of Palestine as an integral part of the world Communist revolution.

The PFLP charter lists six main sections and ideologies: (1) Revolutionary War is People’s War; (2) Guerrilla War to Pressure for the "Peaceful Solution"; (3) No Revolutionary War Without a Revolutionary Theory; (4) The War of Liberation Is a Class War Guided by a Revolutionary Ideology; (5) The Main Field of Our Revolution Struggle is Palestine; and, (6) Revolution in Both Regions of Jordan.

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On November 15, 1988, the Palestinian National Council, the legislative body of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), met in Algeria to adopt a declaration of independence and proclaimed an independent State of Palestine in East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The declaration, which did not mention Israel but according to some was a tacit recognition of an Israeli state alongside a Palestinian state, led to on-again, off-again American talks with the PLO.

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The announcement was made by the late prominent Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat from Algeria, in which he stated that Jerusalem is the eternal capital of Palestine.
Notably, Arafat's announcement was not the first of its kind, as the 'All-Palestine Government' declared the first document of independence in October 1948.

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The Palestinian state was first recognized by 90 countries, including Turkey, in 1988 and it now enjoys the recognition of 139 countries. However, major countries including the U.S., the U.K., France and Germany still do not recognize the Palestinian state.

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At its 67th meeting the UN General Assembly voted in favor of a resolution granting Palestine the status of a non-member observer state at the UN.
Voting by an overwhelming majority — 138 in favour to 9 against (Canada, Czech Republic, Israel, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Panama, Palau, United States), with 41 abstentions.

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The European parliaments held symbolic votes in favor of recognizing Palestine, calling on their governments to officially recognize the Palestinian state, according to the Palestinian news agency Wafa.

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The Palestinian flag was raised for the first at the UN.

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The majority of UN General Assembly member states called on Israel to end its occupation of the Palestinian territories, stressing the need for a comprehensive solution to the Palestinian cause.

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The UN General Assembly passed a resolution reaffirming Palestinians' right to self-determination a resolution that garnered support from 176 countries and objection from seven states, including Israel and the U.S.

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May 1, 2017 - Hamas Declares Willingness to Accept Interim Palestinian State alongside Israel (pre-1967 Boundaries)

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May 1, 2017 - Hamas Declares Willingness to Accept Interim Palestinian State alongside Israel (pre-1967 Boundaries)

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"The Palestinian militant group Hamas has published a new policy document - the first since its founding charter [in 1988]. It declares for the first time a willingness to accept an interim Palestinian state within pre-1967 boundaries...
The new document, which Hamas says does not replace the charter, accepts the establishment of a Palestinian state within territories occupied by Israel in 1967 as a stage towards the 'liberation' of all of historic Palestine west of the River Jordan.
The document says this does not, however, mean Hamas recognises Israel's right to exist in any part of the land or that it no longer advocates violence against Israel."

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Feb. 5, 2021 - International Criminal Court Rules It Has Jurisdiction to Investigate Alleged War Crimes in Israel-Occupied Territories 

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Feb. 5, 2021 - International Criminal Court Rules It Has Jurisdiction to Investigate Alleged War Crimes in Israel-Occupied Territories 

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The International Criminal Court in The Hague has ruled that it has jurisdiction to investigate alleged war crimes in Israel-occupied territories.
Palestinians praised the decision with the Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority, Muhammad Shtayyeh, stating, “The resolution is a message to the perpetrators of crimes, that their crimes will not be subject to a statute of limitations, and that they will not go unpunished." Palestine joined the ICC in 2015 and asked for the inquiry that lead to this ruling. Israel is not a member of the court.

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A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 11 people - half of them children - on a crowded Jerusalem bus.

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Israeli forces kill four Palestinians in military strikes in the Gaza Strip including two teenage boys who were hit in a botched missile attack on Hamas fugitives. In Israel's north, two Palestinian infiltrators kill an Israeli in a village near the West Bank town of Jenin before they are hunted down.

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Just two days before an Israeli general election in which Mr Sharon is campaigning on his militarist policies, Israeli forces launch their biggest raid on Gaza since the prime minister came to power two years ago. The raid kills 12 Palestinians and critically injures eight.

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At least 15 people, many of them students, are killed after a Palestinian suicide bombing of a bus in the northern Israeli town of Haifa - the first such attack in a two-month lull. In apparent response, Israeli launches helicopter gunship attacks on a Gaza refugee camp, Jabalya.

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A bomb, which may have been planted by Jewish extremists, explodes in a West Bank school playground in a village south of Jenin, injuring 20 Palestinian children.

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A Palestinian suicide bomber blows apart a bus in the heart of Jerusalem, killing at least 20 people, including children, wounding more than 100 and inflicting the most serious blow yet to the six-week-old ceasefire.

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Palestinian militants launch a large bomb attack on a US embassy convoy driving through Gaza, killing three American security guards and severely wounding a diplomat. Meanwhile, Ariel Sharon dismisses a draft peace agreement drawn up by leftwing Israeli politicians and Palestinian leaders as the "greatest historic mistake" since the Oslo peace accords a decade ago.

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At least ten people are killed and another 50 wounded in a suicide attack on a bus outside Ariel Sharon's official residence in Jerusalem. The al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade claims responsibility, but the attack fails to derail a prisoner swap in which Israel begins freeing 436 of the 7,000 Palestinian detainees it holds in exchange for an abducted Israeli businessman and the bodies of three dead soldiers.

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Ten people are killed when two Palestinians from Gaza blow themselves up in the Israeli port of Ashdod, prompting the Israeli prime minister, Ariel Sharon, to cancel his first summit meeting with his Palestinian counterpart, Ahmed Qureia.

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Palestinian fighters kill five Israeli soldiers by blowing up an armoured vehicle in a Gaza refugee camp as troops fight house-to-house in a Gaza City neighbourhood to search for the body parts of six soldiers killed in a similar attack on Tuesday.

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At least 16 people are killed and 80 injured when Palestinian militants carry out suicide bombings on two buses in the southern Israeli city of Beersheba. Earlier in the day, Ariel Sharon, the Israeli prime minister, has proposed an accelerated timetable for the evacuation of Jewish settlements in the Gaza strip from as early as the beginning of 2005.

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A series of car bomb attacks on holiday resorts in Sinai, Egypt kills 34 people and injures 59. Most of the victims are Israeli tourists and Egyptian workers.

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Tentative hopes of reviving the Middle East peace process are jolted when a suicide bomber blows himself up outside a seafront nightclub in Tel Aviv, killing five people and wounding about 50.

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A Palestinian suicide bomber blows himself up at an Israeli shopping mall in Netanya, eight miles from the West Bank, killing five and wounding at least 30. Islamic Jihad claims responsibility.

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The State of Israel. (2008). Oslo Accords. The Knesset. https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/oslo_eng.htm

Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Israel-Palestinian Negotiations. https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/israel-palestinian%20negotiations.aspx

Makan. (2020, October 28). 2000 Camp David Summit. https://www.makan.org.uk/glossary/2000_camp_david/

BBC NEWS. (n.d.). Key Maps. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/03/v3_israel_palestinians/maps/html/population_settlements.stm

American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. (n.d.). Major Palestinian Terror Organizations. Jewish Virtual Library. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/major-palestinian-terror-organizations

Barakat, M. (2019, November 15). Independence remains an elusive dream for Palestinians. Anadolu Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/independence-remains-an-elusive-dream-for-palestinians/1646238

Just Vision. (n.d.). Palestinian Declaration of Independence. https://justvision.org/glossary/palestinian-declaration-independence

ProCon.org. (2021, February 8). Historical Timeline: 1900-Present - Israeli-Palestinian - ProCon.org. https://israelipalestinian.procon.org/historical-timeline-1900-present/#2005-present

The Guardian. (n.d.). Timeline: Israel and the Middle East | Israel and the Middle East | guardian.co.uk. https://www.theguardian.com/israel/page/0,12575,850553,00.html

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Israel launches air, sea and ground attacks on the Gaza Strip, capping a day that sees tensions climb sharply all over the Middle East.

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Israeli troops kill five Palestinian policemen manning a checkpoint in the West Bank and launch a major bombardment of security targets in the Gaza Strip. Thousands of Palestinians gather outside a West Bank hospital chanting for revenge.

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A Palestinian suicide bomber kills himself and five Israelis at a shopping mall in the northern coastal town of Netanya. More than 40 people are wounded. In retaliation Israel bombs the West Bank towns of Nablus and Ramallah with F-16 warplanes - the first such use of airpower against the occupied territories.

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A suicide bomber kills 19 young Israelis at a popular seafront discotheque at the Dolphinarium in Tel Aviv. As Israeli mobs chant "death to the Arabs", Yasser Arafat orders his forces in the occupied territories to enforce a ceasefire.

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Two car bombs explode in central Israel, hours after three Palestinian militants are killed in by Israeli helicopter gunships. Israeli ministers say they will continue the policy of "targeted killings".

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Israeli troops assassinate a Hamas militant with anti-tank missiles near the West Bank city of Nablus.

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Six Palestinian activists in Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement are killed in an explosion at a refugee camp near the West Bank city of Nablus. Palestinians blame the Israeli army, but Israeli officials say the deaths were a "work accident" - the euphemistic jargon for the premature explosion of a bomb.

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Missiles fired from Israeli warplanes level the headquarters of the Palestinian police in the West Bank city of Ramallah, in retaliation for the Jerusalem suicide bombing. At the same time, special forces seize the offices of the Palestine Liberation Organisation at Orient House in occupied east Jerusalem.

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Israeli forces make a major incursion into the Gaza Strip. Helicopters fire missiles into a Palestinian security compound in Gaza City, and also hit a security position in the Nisart refugee camp just outside the city. The Israeli forces also fire ground-to-ground missiles into a police station in Rafah, a town at the southern end of Gaza on the border with Egypt. In other violence in Gaza, two Palestinians are killed in a clash between Israeli tanks and Palestinian gunmen at Khan Younis.

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Israeli troops and tanks raided a Gaza Strip refugee camp and a West Bank village early yesterday, killing one Palestinian and wounding at least 14. The incursions came as Shimon Peres, the Israeli foreign minister, told the United Nations that there was widespread consensus on the creation of a Palestinian state.

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A Hamas suicide bomber kills himself and injures two Israeli guards at a checkpoint close to a border crossing into the Gaza Strip.

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Israel helicopter gunships fire missiles at targets near Yasser Arafat's headquarters in Gaza City.

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Israel is rocked by another explosion when a Palestinian suicide bomber blows himself up outside a hotel in central Jerusalem, injuring three bystanders.

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Israel resumes air strikes against Yasser Arafat's Palestinian Authority, with bombers hitting a Palestinian police compound in Gaza, injuring at least 20 people.

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Nine Kenyans and three Israelis die in a suicide bomb attack on an Israeli-owned hotel near Mombasa, Kenya. Terrorists make an almost simultaneous attempt to shoot down an Israeli passenger jet taking off from Mombasa.

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A suicide bomber blows himself up in the Israeli coastal town of Netanya, injuring 58 people. The attack, marking Palestinian 'Land Day', is the first suicide bombing in Israel since the start of the war in Iraq.

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A suicide bomber kills two people in a shopping centre in Afula, Israel.

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Israel delivers another blow to the faltering road map to peace with the assassination of a Hamas leader, drawing threats of retaliation from the Islamic organisation and implicit criticism from the US secretary of state, Colin Powell.

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An Islamic Jihad cell claims responsibility for a suicide bombing in an Israeli village that killed a 65-year-old woman

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Four people, including the two bombers, die in back-to-back suicide attacks in Israel and the West Bank as the Middle East peace process suffers a further setback.

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Israeli warplanes bomb the home of a senior Hamas leader, Mahmoud Zahar, wounding him and his wife and killing two others, including his son.

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The Israeli army fights its way into Rafah refugee camp in Gaza, ostensibly in search of weapons smuggling tunnels under the border with Egypt. At the raid's end, three tunnels had been found, while more than 100 homes had been rocketed or flattened by bulldozers, about 1,500 people left homeless and two children killed after an Israeli helicopter fired a missile into a crowd.

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The Israeli air force bombs Hizbullah targets in southern Lebanon in retaliation for the killing of a soldier in a missile attack on Israel's northern border.