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The process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water.

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The light reactions capture energy from sunlight, which they change to chemical energy that is stored in molecules of NADPH and ATP.

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he Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle of photosynthesis are the chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.

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Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions.

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C4 plants avoid photo-respiration by using another enzyme called PEP during the first step of carbon fixation.

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composed of two oxygen atoms bonded together. Molecular oxygen (O₂) is a diatomic molecule that is composed of two oxygen atoms held together by a covalent bond.

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A simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.

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Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms.

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Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas with a density about 53% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide molecules consist of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms.

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Chlorophyll is any of several related green pigments found in the mesosomes of cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants.

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Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.

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Stroma, in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast

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Grana, the plural of granum, are stacks of structures called thylakoids which are little discs of membrane on which the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place.

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Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.

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A compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue.

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An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

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An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

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The branch of physical science that deals with the relations between heat and other forms of energy

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The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.

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Power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines.