# data[].attributes.body
Approx. ¼ of indigenous people living in urban areas in the provinces were in poverty. In comparison 13% of non-indigenous population in these areas were in poverty (Statistic Canada, 2020).

# data[].attributes.body
rates of food insecurity in Indigenous communities are higher than the national average. This is a direct result of federal and provincial policies that prevented and reduced access to food and land based medicines that had maintained Indigenous people’s health and well-being for generations (Loppie and Wein, 2009).

# data[].attributes.body
settler colonialism has created the conditions that have led to disproportionately poorer health outcomes

# data[].attributes.headline
Disproportionate Affects of Indigenous Peoples 

# data[].attributes.subject
Disproportionate Affects of Indigenous Peoples 

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estimated 50% of

Aboriginal youth will drop out, or be pushed out, of high schools; resulting in diminished literacy and employment, as well as increased poverty in future generations (Loppie and Wein, 2009)

# data[].attributes.body
growing number of Aboriginal peoples, particularly women, who are attaining post-secondary degrees, inadequate educational opportunities for most adults manifest as
a lack of capacity to promote education among their children (Loppie and Wein, 2009).

# data[].attributes.body
Insufficient education also diminishes the skills one might have to offer the labour market, often resulting in low paying jobs (Loppie and Wein, 2009).

# data[].attributes.body
education often includes poor literacy, which affects
ones ability to acquire information about proper nutrition or healthy food preparation (Loppie and Wein, 2009).

# data[].attributes.body
Their annual earnings from employment are considerably lower than they are for other Canadians (Loppie and Wein, 2009).

# data[].attributes.body
Social exclusion in turn, prevents individuals from pursing education and training (Loppie and Wein, 2009)

# data[].attributes.body
colonization, colonialism, systemic racism and discrimination, Aboriginal peoples have been denied access to the resources and conditions necessary to maximize SES (Loppie and Wein, 2009).

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Lack of affordable housing has created situations of overcrowding in First Nation and Inuit communities as well as homelessness for Aboriginal people living in urban areas. Many on-reserve homes are overcrowded and lack appropriate ventilation, resulting in excessive mould, which has been implicated in several health problems

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Canadian government working alongside First nations to improve water infrastructures on reserves, end long term drinking water advisories public system and prevent short term advisories from becoming long term (Government of Canada, 2020)

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Drinking water contaminated, and inadequate

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On reserve homes are three times more likely to be in need of repair than indigenous homes off reserve, and six times more likely than that of non indigenous homes (Burnette, 2020).

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Contributes to poor physical and mental health and also been linked to lower educational outcomes and family stress (Statistic Canada, 2020).

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1/3 of indigenous people in urban areas in food insecure households. Food insecurity occurs when one or more household members do not have access to an acceptable amount of quality healthy food because of financial constraints (Statistic Canada, 2020).

# data[].attributes.body
1 in 4 indigenous people (Aboriginal, metis, and Inuit) or 25% are living in poverty and 4 in 10 or 40% of Canada’s Indigenous children live in poverty (Canadian Poverty Institute, n.d.).

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Resources were minimal and conditional to terms set by the Canadian Government

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Historic Treaties signed after 1763 provided large areas of land, occupied by the First nations, to the Crown in exchange for reserve lands and other "benefits": peace, safe passage, access to shared resources, trade alliances (Government of Canada, 2020)

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Striped of lands and traditional livelihoods and cultures and placed on much less valuable lands as reserves

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Geographical disparities in the provision of services means that only those living in certain areas have access to a range of local cultural services and opportunities i.e. rural Vs Urban (European Commission, 2005)

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lack of knowledge of the extensive services arising from a lack of information or being outside a social network (European Commission, 2005)

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children suffered abuse and suffered neglect, and they eventually left their adopted families. These children were also affected by radicalized power dynamics as well as loss of culture and identity (Potter, 2019)

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phenomenon involved a situation where children were apprehended from reservations and indigenous families on the pretext, they were saving them from the effects of crushing poverty, unsanitary health conditions, poor housing and malnutrition (Potter, 2019)

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Intergenerational trauma

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established to eliminate parental involvement in the intellectual, cultural, and spiritual development of indigenous children (Potter, 2019)

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Diets have been poor as result of minimal knowledge of nutrition and of food pattern issues derived from residential schools (Potter, 2019).

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Lack of education

# data[].attributes.body
Resources scarce to sharing and Indigenous Populations had to depend on the Colonies (Wilson, 2014)

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Unable to provide the financial support for minimal living

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Metis and Inuit Women were also oppressed and discriminated against and prevented from: Serving in Canadian armed forces, getting a college or University degree, leaving their communities for long periods due to employment, becoming an ordained minister and becoming a professional such a doctor or lawyer (Wilson, 2014)

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Oppression of First Nation women under Indian Act results in long-term poverty, marginalization, and violence (Wilson, 2014).

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Exclusions in status were metis and Inuits, and women lost their status if their husband died or married a non-status man

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Status gives access to further social and financial assistances and allows rights to associated activities (Wilson, 2014).

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Government of Canada decides who is of status and deemed "Indian" and who is not (Wilson, 2014).)

# data[].attributes.body
Status

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Male dominance in European Culture Vs. the indigenous believing male and female are of equal.

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European population GREW and out numbered the Indigenous population

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Competition, individualism and male-superiority  Vs. everything has a spirit and deserves to be respected.

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Ownership and Use of Land

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Role and Place of Women

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Giving own names and descriptions to land omitting the idea Indigenous Peoples had already given names to the land, landmarks, bodies of water and mountains (Wilson, 2014).

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Impose own cultural values, religions, and laws, make policies that do not favour the Indigenous Peoples (Wilson, 2014).

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Seize land and control access to resource and trade (Wilson, 2014).

# data[].attributes.headline
Treaties, reserves, and paternalistic policies

# data[].attributes.subject
Treaties, reserves, and paternalistic policies

# data[].attributes.body
Disruption of first settler agreement to keep peace and trade alliances

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State of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions to which they cannot meet their minimum needs (Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020) 

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Distinct food procurement, preparation, and distribution practices among indigenous groups. 

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Food Insecurity: The inability to acquire or consume an adequate diet quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways (Government of Canada, 2020) 

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Nutrition experiments using Canadian aboriginal children to study malnourishment: control and treatment groups of malnourished children were denied adequate nutrition. These experiments attempted to control as many factors as possible at no cost to the research subjects (MacDonald et al., 2014). 

# data[].attributes.body
Malnutrition: deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients (WHO, 2020). In this case indigenous populations lack resources, proper knowledge and are bound to inequalities which makes most malnourished don a deficiency level.

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Circumstances of extreme poverty, ingenious people suffer from malnutrition (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, n.d.)

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Environmental degradation and contamination of ecosystems - decline in abundance or accessibility to traditional food sources  (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, n.d.)