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Mass = The amount of matter in an object.

Weight = The downward force of attraction towards the center of the Earth on an object within its gravitational field.

Force = A push or a pull.

CONTACT FORCES

NORMAL FORCE = The upward force of a solid surface on an object.

TENSION = The pulling force transmitted in a string, cable, chain, rod.

FRICTION = A force that opposes motion.

BUOYANT FORCE = Upward force of a liquid surface on an object.

AIR RESISTANCE = Force of air particles on an object falling in air.

DRAG = Force of air particles on a HORIZONTALLY moving object  in air.

LIFT = The aerodynamic force acting on aircraft that opposes gravity.

NON-CONTACT (FIELD) FORCES

Gravitational force =The attractive force between masses.

Electrostatic force = The force acting between charges, either attractive or repulsive. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.

Magnetic force = The force between magnets, either attractive or repulsive. Like magnetic poles repel; opposite poles attract.

FIELD = The region around an object in which another object with specific properties will experience a force.

Gravitational field = The region around a mass in which another mass experiences a force of attraction.

Electrostatic field = The region around a charge in which another charge experiences a force.

Magnetic field = The region around a magnet in which  another magnet will experience a force.

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The ends of a string (or rod or cable or chain transmitting tension) will exert a pull force on the objects to which it is connected.

Tension acts in the direction of the string at the point of attachment.

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This is:

The same as Weight

The force between masses

It is only ATTRACTIVE

It is a non-contact (distance) force

We calculate weight using this formula:
Weight = m.g (where g is acceleration due to gravity, g=9,8 N/kg)

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This is:

a non-contact (distance) force

the force between CHARGES.

an attractive or repulsive.

following the principle: "Unlike charges attract, like charges repel".

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MAGNETIC FORCE = The attractiveness force between MAGNETS. It is a non-contact force.

MAGNETIC FIELD = A region around a magnet where another magnetic material will experience a force.

Magnetic field direction is N to S outside the magnet.

Magnetic field direction is S to N inside the magnet.

1. Unit for Magnetic field strength = Tesla

2. ONLY THREE METALS ON EARTH ARE NATURALLY MAGNETIC:

Fe, Co, Ni. (they are called ferromagnetic)

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Friction = A force opposing motion.

Solid surfaces are subjected to two types of friction:

1. static friction and

2. kinetic friction

Static friction:

acts when the surfaces are stationary — think of a box on the floor.

Static friction is what keeps the box from moving without being pushed,

and it must be overcome with a sufficient opposing force before the box will move.

Static friction has to do with the microscopic roughness of surfaces.

The “rough” surfaces will interlock.

In order to move, these interlocked areas must be broken or plastically deformed before the surfaces can move.

Kinetic friction:

is the force that resists the relative movement of the surfaces once they are in motion.

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Coefficient of friction (µ) = A measure of the “stickiness” of two surfaces in contact.

Wood-steel boundary has a low µ.

Wood-sandpaper boundary has a high µ.

Just as there are two types of friction, there are two types of coefficients of friction:

static µ (µ s)

kinetic µ (µ k)

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Coefficients of friction for different materials in contact

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Coefficients of friction for different materials in contact

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f s > f k
Because:

The interlocked areas of two static surfaces must be “broken off” or plastically deformed before the surfaces can move.

Abrasion must occur, which requires a large amount of energy.

Once the surfaces are moving, the interlocked areas have already broken off and plastically deformed, requiring less energy to keep moving.

To overcome static friction requires more energy than to overcome kinetic friction, due to more energy required for ABRASION OF THE SURFACES WHEN APPLYING FORCE ON STATIONARY SURFACES.

Ultimately, it is easier to keep an object moving than to make it move.

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LAB PRAC (on pages 17 - 19 of your digital notes): 

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LAB PRAC (on pages 17 - 19 of your digital notes): 

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AIM: Investigating the relationship between normal force and friction.

INVESTIGATIVE QUESTION: What is the relationship between the normal force and friction?

Experiment at a glance:

A container with mass piece inside is pulled along on a flat, level surface.

By adding more mass to the container, we will measure the resulting frictional force.

The frictional force acts between the container and supporting surface.

We must determine how the frictional force relates to the normal force.

REMEMBER:

Where the object is on a flat level surface, the normal force is equal to the weight.

F N = Weight = m × g

MATERIALS AND APPARATUS:

container (with string attached) holding mass pieces

extra mass pieces

spring balance

weighing scale

METHOD:

1. Measure the mass of the container with one mass piece in it on mass scale. Record in a data table.

2. Calculate and record the weight and then the normal force on the mass.

3. Put the container with mass piece on the table or solid surface.

4. Attach the spring balance to the hook.

5. Make a small mark on the desk from which to start pulling the container with mass piece.

6. Pull sideways to the point that the block just starts moving.

7. Record the force reading in a data table.

8. Put a second mass piece into the container. Record the total mass.

9. Calculate and record the normal force.

10. Pull it sideways to the point that it starts to move. Record the force on the spring balance.

11. Repeat this three times. In each case, start the block from the same position and pull gently.

12. Repeat the experiment for larger masses and complete the table.

RESULTS:
Table to record the force required to overcome the frictional force and move the block.

Picture below of prac setup:

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Which is the independent variable?

Which is the independent variable?

How do the readings for the stationary block and a moving block compare? Is there a difference? Why?

Draw a labelled free-body diagram of all the forces acting on the block just as it is about to start moving.

Why is the weight on the block being changed when the aim of the investigation is to find out how the normal force affects frictional force?

Why are three readings taken for each setup and an average calculated?

What is the shape of your graph?

What is the relationship between the normal force of the block and the friction force?

Calculate the gradient of the graph.

What physical quantity does the gradient of the graph represent?

What would happen if the block was not placed on the smooth desk, but rather on a rough surface, or a much smoother surface? Will this affect the results?

CONCLUSION:
Write a conclusion for this investigation.

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Plot a graph of the Friction (average force applied) to the block at rest against the Normal force of the block.

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FRICTION FORMULA - emerging from the data:

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FRICTION FORMULA - emerging from the data:

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We have seen that frictional force is directly proportional to normal force.

As an object's mass increases, the static friction between it and another surface increases due to a larger normal force on it.

Therefor:
f   ∝  F N

In a formula:

f   =  μ.F N

Where μ is the gradient of the graph of friction vs. F N

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A free body diagram is a sketch of a body:

with all of the forces acting on the body shown.

the body is free from the surrounding objects

the body is drawn as a dot

all the forces acting are drawn pointing outwards from the center of the body

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Introduction to Free Body Diagrams or Force Diagrams

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The Reality of our First Free Body Diagram

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FREE BODY DIAGRAMS OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS

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FREE BODY DIAGRAMS OF DIFFERENT SCENARIOS

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F Net = 0

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A plane flying forward at constant velocity:

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A plane flying forward at constant velocity:

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F Net = 0

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F Net > 0

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A car decelerating (applied force from engine < friction on road):

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A car decelerating (applied force from engine < friction on road):

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F Net < 0

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A car braking (decelerating under the influence of friction with no engine applied force):

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A car braking (decelerating under the influence of friction with no engine applied force):

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ANSWERS TO BOOKLET