# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?

Tropical rain forest is dense forest. The whole forest is always green all year.

Why does deforestation occur?

People cut down forests to cultivate land, pastures, and cities.

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

Deforestation impacts people's breath because tree less,without tree some animals can’t live.II also can destroy habitat.

# data[].attributes.body
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

There will be less trees and it can cause climate change, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding ,increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and lots of problems for indigenous people.

# data[].attributes.body
What is Rainforest

A rain forest is simply an area of tall, mostly evergreen trees and a high amount of rainfall. This dense rain forest is on the island of Borneo, which straddles two oceans (the Indian and the South Pacific) and is shared by three nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei).

# data[].attributes.body
What are Tropical Rainforest?

Tropical rainforests are rainforest  that occur in areas of tropical rainforests climate  in which there is no dry season.

# data[].attributes.body
What is a rainforest?

Rainforests are forests characterized by high and continuous rainfall, with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests between 2.5 and 4.5 metres (98 and 177 in) and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
See all the wonderful things au au poobrasert has made

# data[].attributes.headline
What are tropical rainforests?Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
What are tropical rainforests?Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
the tropical rainforest is hot and wet. The tropical rainforest biome has four main characteristics: very high annual rainfall, high average temperatures, nutrient-poor soil, and high levels of biodiversity.
Deforestation happens for many reasons, such as logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining. A variety of industries cause deforestation either directly or indirectly, but the main driver is animal agriculture. The majority deforestation in the Amazon Basin since the 1960s has been caused by cattle ranchers and land speculators who burned huge tracts of rainforest for pasture.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?
A rainforest is a forest that grows in an area with a high rainfall.
A tropical rainforest is a rainforest with a high rainfall that grows in a tropical region. Tropical regions – and therefore tropical rainforests –  are found near the Equator, an imaginary line that circles the globe, dividing the northern and southern hemispheres.

# data[].attributes.body
1) What is a tropical rainforest ?

what is a rainforest

Tropical rainforests are thick and luxuriant evergreen forests found in areas with high rainfall and high temperatures throughout the year. Tropical rainforests are the earth’s oldest living ecosystems. An ecosystem refers to all  the plants, animals and people in an area, and the way they interact with one another and their environment.

a)

Characteristics of a rainforest

Tropical rainforests are characterised by broad-leaved, evergreen trees. Evergreen trees do not shed all their leaves at the same time. They continuously grow new leaves to replace older ones that died and fall. This gives the rainforests the appearance of having dense foliage throughout the year.

Structure of a rainforest

What is a structure of a rainforest

In a tropical rainforest, plants grow to different heights. This gives rise to the three-layered structure commonly associated with tropical rainforests.

There are 3 structures in a rainforest the emergent, canopy and the undergrowth.
The emergent layer is the top of the rainforest.
The canopy layer is the middle part of the rainforest where the tree branches are.
The undergrowth layer or the rainforest floor is the lowest layer.

# data[].attributes.body
The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long

# data[].attributes.body
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
The people that live in the forest to lost habitat.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm

3. The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.

# data[].attributes.body
why does deforestation occur ?

deforestation occur by factories that cut tree and burning forest cause the tree to die

# data[].attributes.body
Why does deforestation occur?

causes of deforestation are agricultural expansion, logging, and infrastructure expansion.

# data[].attributes.headline
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
what are tropical rainforest
Topical rainforest is a hot, moist biome found near Earth's equator.

# data[].attributes.body
what are tropical forest?
What is a tropical forest? Tropical forests are closed canopy forests growing within 28 degrees north or south of the equator.

# data[].attributes.headline
Sugar G7E                             Why does deforestation occur?

# data[].attributes.subject
Sugar G7E                             Why does deforestation occur?

# data[].attributes.body
Mostly from Agriculture and industry, also including cutting and burning trees.

# data[].attributes.body
1.What are tropical rainforests?
A tropical rainforest is a forest that grows in a tropical area with high rainfalls.
2.Why does deforestation occur?
a) Agriculture
b) Unsustainable forest management
c) mining
3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
The loss of trees can cause the loss of habitats for some living things, soil erosion, flooding and the increasing amount of green house gases.

# data[].attributes.body
Sydney G7A
1. What are topical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season. All months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest.
2. Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation refers to the loss or destruction of naturally ocurring forests,primarily due to human activities such as logging, cuting trees for fules.
3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
The loss of trees and other vegatation can cause climate change, which will affect the environment and also there will be fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and because of this it affected the human.

# data[].attributes.body
1 What are tropical rainforests?
Tropical rainforests are mainly located between the latitudes of 23.5°N (the Tropic of Cancer) and 23.5°S (the Tropic of Capricorn)—the tropics. Tropical rainforests are found in Central and South America, western and central Africa, western India, Southeast Asia, the island of New Guinea, and Australia.
Credits to google

2 Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation refers to the loss or destruction of naturally occurring forests, primarily due to human activities such as logging, cutting trees for fuel, slash-and-burn agriculture, clearing land for livestock grazing, mining operations, oil extraction, dam building, and urban sprawl or other types of development
Credits to google

3   How does deforestation impact the people and the environment

The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.
credits to google

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?

Ans: Tropical rainforests are rainforests that grows in a tropical climate with no dry season.

Physical features:

Over 2,000mm rainfall per year

Temperature is between 20°C and rarely exceeds 35°C.

Why does deforestation occur?

1. Substinence  farming
2. Commercial Agriculture
3. Logging
4. Wood Removal
5. Buildings

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
1. fewer crops
2. soil erosion
3. Increase in endangered animal species.
4. Loss of tribal cultures.

(Structure of the Rainforest)

# data[].attributes.body
1.What are tropical rainforests
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season

2.Why does deforestation occur
People nowadays cut down trees to make products made out of wood.

3.How does deforestation impact the people and the environment
By cutting trees, a large amount of carbon dioxide will be released into the environment and a lost of culture.

# data[].attributes.body
1) What are tropical rainforests?
Tropical rainforests are forests without dry seasons,  it tends to rain a lot and there are warm climates in a tropical rainforest.

2) Why does deforestation occur?
Some of the main causes of deforestation can be cutting trees for resources, oil extraction, agricultural expansion etc..

3) How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
Deforestation can cause climate change, loss of cultural properties, soil erosion etc.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What are tropical rainforests?

Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate, which there is no dry season.
2.Why does deforestation occur?

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?
The tropical rainforest is earth's most complex biome in terms of both structure and species diversity.
Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation refers to the loss or destruction of naturally occurring forests, primarily due to human activities such as logging, cutting trees for fuel.
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change,  flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?

Tropical rainforests are forests with tall trees, warm climates, and lots of rain. Which is a very suitable place for a lot of living creatures to be in a single area.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?
Tropical rainforests are earth's most complex biome of both structure and species diversity.
Why does deforestation occur?
It occurs because people cut and burn down trees for resourses or to farm and ttake the land.

# data[].attributes.body
Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season and have lots of plants.
Characteristic:

Very wet with over 2,000 mm of rainfall per year.

Very warm with an average daily temperature of 28°C. The temperature never drops below 20°C and rarely exceeds 35°C.

The atmosphere is hot and humid .

The climate is consistent all year round. There are no seasons

Structure:
Most rainforests are structured in four layers: emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor.

Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation happens because logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining.

Crop production
Crop production is a branch of agriculture that deals with growing crops for use as food and fiber.

Cattle grazing
In agriculture, grazing is a method of animal husbandry whereby domestic livestock

Palm oil production
Its use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is widespread because of its lower cost and the high

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

Deforestation impact people in a bad way. The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.

# data[].attributes.headline
How does deforestation impact people and the environment? 

# data[].attributes.subject
How does deforestation impact people and the environment? 

# data[].attributes.body
Deforestation would cause  the increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere then resulting in the increase of the temperature on Earth.
Raising of temperature would then cause the melting of ice in the two poles and then there would be more floods ,and lesser habitat for the animal living in the two poles.

# data[].attributes.body
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

Deforestation can cause soil erosion and flooding which cause buildings to collapse and many people will die.

# data[].attributes.body
Why does deforestation occur?

Deforestation occurs when trees are cut down so their wood can be burned or used to make things, such as buildings, furniture, or paper.

# data[].attributes.body
why does deforestation occur
Deforestation occurs when humans cut down large areas of forests for land. Causes of deforestation include logging or infrastructure and agricultural expansion.

How does deforestation impact the people and the environment
Deforestation impact people and the environment in many different ways. Such as loss of biodiversity, extinction of living things, loss of unique culture. In the long run effects can include melting of polar ice caps, increase in sea level or even climate change.

what is a tropical rainforest
A tropical rainforest is defined as a hot and wet biome which occurs in places that rain all year long. They are known for their diverse plants and animals.

# data[].attributes.body
What are rainforests?
Rainforests are forests that recieves heavy rainfall, have a humid and dense climate and has the highest biodiversity.

Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation occurs usually because humans need more space to grow their crops, raise their livestock or to just get more wood for fuel or paper.

How does deforestation impact the environment?
Deforestation can impact the environment in many ways, including greenhouse gases which can cause climate change which can dry out the forests leading to forest fires that will cause even more greenhouse gases. People who live in the forest also get affected because they have been uncontacted for very long so if they get in contact with the cutters, dieseses can spread because they don't have the same immune system as us. Animals also get affected by deforestation because some, like spider monkeys, rarely even go to the ground due to predators and spend their lives in the trees. Cutting down forests don't only impact their lifestyles and homes, but it can also impact their safety because of predators which also unbalances the food chain.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforest?
Tropical rainforest is a plase that will be always be raining there are also a lot of animales in the forest.
Why does deforestation occur?

Deforestation occurs many because of many reasons example logging and many other reasons.
Hwo dose deforestation impact people and the environmrnt?

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical forests?
Tropical Forests grow in an area that are warm twelve months a year and experience a great amount of rainfall. These forests are filled with tall trees making them dark and humid. Due to the heavy rainfall throughout the year, the forest is rich in plant growths and animals.
https://youtu.be/alXVcTpmzuc
Why Does Deforestation Occur?
Deforestation and forest degradation can happen quickly, such as when a forest is clear-cut to make way for a palm oil plantation or a new settlement. It can also happen gradually as a result of ongoing forest degradation as temperatures rise due to climate change caused by human activity.
https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/forests_practice/deforestation_causes2/#:~:text=Deforestation%20and%20forest%20degradation%20can,change%20caused%20by%20human%20activity.
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide. If forests are cleared, or even disturbed, they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
https://www.wwf.org.uk/learn/effects-of/deforestation

# data[].attributes.body
What are Tropical Rainforests
Tropical rainforests are forests with a high amount of precipitation and has a slightly hot temperature.
Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation occurs when a forest gets cut down or burnt down which occurs when people need wood or land.
How does deforestation impact the environment?
Deforestation impacts the environment in a bad way causing many inhabitants to die or also going as far as causing trees to release co2 and increase global warming

# data[].attributes.body
deforestation clearance, clearcutting or cleaning is the removal of a forest or stand by tree from land which then converted to a non-forest use.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?

# data[].attributes.body
Tropical rainforests also spell out tropical rainforests, fertile forests are found in tropical wetlands and lowlands around the equator. Tropical rainforests around the world make up one of the world's largest living organisms. The (main life zone) is dominated by broadleaf trees that form a dense canopy above. In contrast to the general idea, some tropical rainforests do not occur in places where there is a constant and intense rainfall. For example, in an area known as the "dry rainforest" in northeastern Australia, the climate is separated by a dry season, which reduces annual rainfall. This article discusses only the most abundant rainforest, the ever-humid tropical rainforest.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?

Tropical rainforests are forests that rain almost all the time.

Why does deforestation occur?

Deforestation occurs for many reasons like cutting trees, logging, mining operations and oil extraction.

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

Deforestation can cause the loss of trees, climate change, soil erosion, fewer crops and flooding which decrease water supplies.

# data[].attributes.body
1.What are tropical rainforest?
tropical rainforest is the forest that has hot and wet weather as this kinf of forest are near the equater.
2.Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation can cause by many reasons such as argriculture, clearing lands for building, cutting woods for furnitureand beautiful stuff.
3.How does deforestation impact human and environment?
Deforestation can impact to human and environment in good and bad ways. people can do furniture, agriculture and having more area but in other ways it also affect the environment too. Deforestation can lead to global warming, destroying many species home, extintion.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Tropical rain forests, which are one of the largest largest biomes the world, are mostly comprised of broad leaved trees. The tropical rain forests don't have a cold season though this could vary due to each location's topography

3.Defrestaion is one of the major  causes for land slides because, when the roots of the plants are removed from the soil, the soil becomes lose and not suited for supporting weight. Thus making the soil slide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Origin

Tropical rainforests represent the oldest major vegetation type still present on the terrestrial Earth. Like all vegetation, however, that of the rainforest continues to evolve and change, so modern tropical rainforests are not identical with rainforests of the geologic past.

Tropical rainforests grow mainly in three regions: the Malesian botanical subkingdom, which extends from Myanmar (Burma) to Fiji and includes the whole of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu and parts of Indochina and tropical Australia; tropical South and Central America, especially the Amazon basin; and West and Central Africa ( see biogeographic region). Smaller areas of tropical rainforest occur elsewhere in the tropics wherever climate is suitable. The principal areas of tropical deciduous forest (or monsoon forests) are in India, the Myanmar- Vietnam-southern coastal China region, and eastern Brazil, with smaller areas in South and Central America north of the Equator, the West Indies, southeastern Africa, and northern Australia.

The flowering plants ( angiosperms) first evolved and diversified during the Cretaceous Period about 100 million years ago, during which time global climatic conditions were warmer and wetter than those of the present. The vegetation types that evolved were the first tropical rainforests, which blanketed most of Earth's land surfaces at that time. Only later-during the middle of the Paleogene Period, about 40 million years ago-did cooler, drier climates develop, leading to the development across large areas of other vegetation types.

It is no surprise, therefore, to find the greatest diversity of flowering plants today in the tropical rainforests where they first evolved. Of particular interest is the fact that the majority of flowering plants displaying the most primitive characteristics are found in rainforests (especially tropical rainforests) in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly South America, northern Australia and adjacent regions of Southeast Asia, and some larger South Pacific islands. Of the 13 angiosperm families generally recognized as the most primitive, all but two- Magnoliaceae and Winteraceae-are overwhelmingly tropical in their present distribution. Three families-Illiciaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Schisandraceae-are found predominantly in Northern Hemisphere rainforests. Five families-Amborellaceae, Austrobaileyaceae, Degeneriaceae, Eupomatiaceae, and Himantandraceae-are restricted to rainforests in the tropical Australasian region. Members of the Winteraceae are shared between this latter region and South America, those of the Lactoridaceae grow only on the southeast Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, members of the Canellaceae are shared between South America and Africa, and two families- Annonaceae and Myristicaceae-generally occur in tropical regions. This has led some authorities to suggest that the original cradle of angiosperm evolution might lie in Gondwanaland, a supercontinent of the Southern Hemisphere thought to have existed in the Mesozoic Era (252 to 66 million years ago) and consisted of Africa, South America, Australia, peninsular India, and Antarctica. An alternative explanation for this geographic pattern is that in the Southern Hemisphere, especially on islands, there are more refugia-i.e., isolated areas whose climates remained unaltered while those of the surrounding areas changed, enabling archaic life-forms to persist.

The first angiosperms are thought to have been massive, woody plants appropriate for a rainforest habitat. Most of the smaller, more delicate plants that are so widespread in the world today evolved later, ultimately from tropical rainforest ancestors. While it is possible that even earlier forms existed that await discovery, the oldest angiosperm fossils- leaves, wood, fruits, and flowers derived from trees-support the view that the earliest angiosperms were rainforest trees. Further evidence comes from the growth forms of the most primitive surviving angiosperms: all 13 of the most primitive angiosperm families consist of woody plants, most of which are large trees.

As the world climate cooled in the middle of the Cenozoic, it also became drier. This is because cooler temperatures led to a reduction in the rate of evaporation of water from, in particular, the surface of the oceans, which led in turn to less cloud formation and less precipitation. The entire hydrologic cycle slowed, and tropical rainforests-which depend on both warmth and consistently high rainfall-became increasingly restricted to equatorial latitudes. Within those regions rainforests were limited further to coastal and hilly areas where abundant rain still fell at all seasons. In the middle latitudes of both hemispheres, belts of atmospheric high pressure developed. Within these belts, especially in continental interiors, deserts formed ( see desert: Origin). In regions lying between the wet tropics and the deserts, climatic zones developed in which rainfall adequate for luxuriant plant growth was experienced for only a part of the year. In these areas new plant forms evolved from tropical rainforest ancestors to cope with seasonally dry weather, forming tropical deciduous forests. In the drier and more fire-prone places, savannas and tropical grasslands developed.

Retreat of the rainforests was particularly rapid during the period beginning 5,000,000 years ago leading up to and including the Pleistocene Ice Ages, or glacial intervals, that occurred between 2,600,000 and 11,700 years ago. Climates fluctuated throughout this time, forcing vegetation in all parts of the world to repeatedly migrate, by seed dispersal, to reach areas of suitable climate. Not all plants were able to do this equally well because some had less-effective means of seed dispersal than others. Many extinctions resulted. During the most extreme periods (the glacial maxima, when climates were at their coldest and, in most places, also driest), the range of tropical rainforests shrank to its smallest extent, becoming restricted to relatively small refugia. Alternating intervals of climatic amelioration led to repeated range expansion, most recently from the close of the last glacial period about 10,000 years ago. Today large areas of tropical rainforest, such as Amazonia, have developed as a result of this relatively recent expansion. Within them it is possible to recognize "hot spots" of plant and animal diversity that have been interpreted as glacial refugia.

Tropical rainforests today represent a treasure trove of biological heritage, and they also serve as sinks for more than 50 percent of all atmospheric carbon dioxide absorbed by plants annually. They not only retain many primitive plant and animal species but also are communities that exhibit unparalleled biodiversity and a great variety of ecological interactions. The tropical rainforest of Africa was the habitat in which the ancestors of humans evolved, and it is where the nearest surviving human relatives- chimpanzees and gorillas-live still. Tropical rainforests supplied a rich variety of food and other resources to indigenous peoples, who, for the most part, exploited this bounty without degrading the vegetation or reducing its range to any significant degree. However, in some regions a long history of forest burning by the inhabitants is thought to have caused extensive replacement of tropical rainforest and tropical deciduous forest with savanna.

Not until the past century, however, has widespread destruction of tropical forests occurred. Regrettably, tropical rainforests and tropical deciduous forests are now being destroyed at a rapid rate in order to provide resources such as timber and to create land that can be used for other purposes, such as cattle grazing ( see deforestation). Today tropical forests, more than any other ecosystem, are experiencing habitat alteration and species extinction on a greater scale and at a more rapid pace than at any other time in their history-at least since the major extinction event (the K-T extinction) at the end of the Cretaceous Period, some 66 million years ago ( see Sidebar: Status of the World's Tropical Forests).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Tropical rainforest | Definition, Characteristics, Location, Climate, Animals, Plants, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tropical rainforest, luxuriant forest found in wet tropical uplands and lowlands near the Equator. Tropical rainforests are dominated by broad-leaved trees that form a dense upper canopy and contain a wide array of vegetation and other life. Worldwide, they make up one of Earth's largest biomes (major life zones).

# data[].attributes.body
2.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?

Tropical rainforests are forests that are found in tropical climates with a lot of rain.

Why does deforestation occur?

Some of the few causes of deforestation is agricultural expansion, wood extraction, and infrastructure development.

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

Deforestation leads to climate change,  increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, soil erosion, floods, desertification, and loss of habitats for animals and tribal people. All this will lead to a lot of problems in the future.

# data[].attributes.body
1. What are tropical rainforests?
Tropical rainforests are forests which does not have dry seasons. The forests are dry, moist, and rain all year long.
2. Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation occur for many reasons, example, logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining.
3. How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
Deforestation can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and lose of habitats.

# data[].attributes.body
What are Tropical Rainforest?
Rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season and all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm.

Why does Deforestation occur?
There is many reasons why deforestation is happening and there isn't a direct reason to the cause. Deforestation occurs due to logging, agriculture, natural disasters or urbanization.

How does deforestation affect people and the environment?
When trees are cut or burned, many people may lose their lives and habitats. They would have to change their culture just so they could find a new habitat. Deforestation affects their environment too, the air quality decreases and there may be less variation of the type of food available in the forest. This again affects their culture and makes it even harder to survive.

# data[].attributes.headline
Cake G7A                                   1.What are tropical rainforests?                                                2.Why does deforestation occur?                                                         3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment?  

# data[].attributes.subject
Cake G7A                                   1.What are tropical rainforests?                                                2.Why does deforestation occur?                                                         3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment?  

# data[].attributes.body
1. Tropical rainforests are rainforests with  no dry season and an annual rainfall. There are many different kinds of plants and animals inhabiting in the tropical rainforests.
2. Deforestation occurs due to many reasons. For example, Countries require food and in order for food to be grown farms are necessary. In order to create space hundreds of forest are cut down for each farm. Logging is another reason for deforestation. Logging can be very profitable and therefore hundreds of thousands of trees are cut down every year to be sold. Extraction of minerals is also another cause of deforestation.

Population pressure can cause deforestation, especially in areas where space is limited.
3. Deforestation causes habitat loss, global warming, soil erosion, climate changes and flooding. Deforestations cause soil erosion; loose soil. When it rains, water washes the soil in water bodies, causing the water to be murky. As a result, plants under water cannot photosynthesize, and thus the amount of oxygen decreases. Therefore, plants and animals may die.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforest?
1.Tropical forest are the forest that have lots of trees which found in areas with lots of rains and high temperature.
Why does deforestation occur?
2.Deforestation are due to human activities such as agricultural, logging, mining and cattle ranching.
How does deforestation impact on human and the environment?
3.Deforestation impact people and the environment in many different ways such as increase of flooding, global warming, soil erosion, sedimentation and increase greenhouse effect.

# data[].attributes.headline
JJ                                                What are tropical rainforests?       

# data[].attributes.subject
JJ                                                What are tropical rainforests?       

# data[].attributes.body
Tropical rainforests are forests occurring in tropical areas of heavy rainfall.
Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation occurs because of many reasons, such as logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

The loss of trees can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the air and some problems for indigenous people like a lost of habitat.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforests?
tropical rainforests are forests with heavy rainfall in tropical areas or near the equator

Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation occur when people need more space for farming, buildings and etc.

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
Deforestation can increase global warming which can create floods that will affect the people, deforestation also affects the tribal people and animals living in those forests.

# data[].attributes.headline
1.What are tropical rainforests? 2. Why does deforestation occur? 3. How does deforestation impact people and the environment?  

# data[].attributes.subject
1.What are tropical rainforests? 2. Why does deforestation occur? 3. How does deforestation impact people and the environment?  

# data[].attributes.body
(I'll start with two because one has and image)
2. Deforestation occurs because people (often lumberjacks) are down trees to make certain things like furniture, e.g. bed, couch (sofa), table, chair, etc...But deforestation can also occur from different things, like mining, burning of trees or natural disasters. Because Brazil is the home to The Amazon rainforest, many of it's tress are cut off every year.

3. Deforestation can affect both people and animal, since we lose most of our natural resources from the wild and animals lose their natural habitat from deforestation. Animals can also loose their source of food from deforestation.

(finally here's one)

1. It's pretty self explanatory. HeRe
(A rain forest is a forest that has  a large amount of tall and large trees in one area. They are the Earth's oldest living ecosystem.)
-Cherry G7N

# data[].attributes.headline
What are tropical rainforests? Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
What are tropical rainforests? Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
1.Tropical rainforests do not have a dry season.  Animals that live there have to adapt to it. It receives a lot of rainfall, between 2.5 and 4.5 metres and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests.
2. Deforestation occurs due to people cutting down trees, for furniture and for building. It can also happen gradually as a result of ongoing forest degradation as temperatures rise due to climate change caused by human activity.
3. Deforestation affects wildlife, and animals lose their habitat.

# data[].attributes.headline
Pimchand G7NWhy does deforestation occur?Deforestation happens for many reasons, such as logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining.Sometimes, people also buy large amounts of forests to use the wood as land for agriculture or cattle grazing lands.What are tropical rainforests?The tropical rainforest is known and identified by seeing if it is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long. It is known for its large dense canopies of vegetation that form three different layers. The top layer or canopy contains giant trees that grow to heights of 75 m or more.How does deforestation impact people and the environment?  For the people that still do not know, around the world there are indigineous people living in forests in villages. Some of them live in trees and rely on the forest to live, just like all the other animals in th forest.And when there is a loss of trees and other vegetation, it can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.

# data[].attributes.subject
Pimchand G7NWhy does deforestation occur?Deforestation happens for many reasons, such as logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining.Sometimes, people also buy large amounts of forests to use the wood as land for agriculture or cattle grazing lands.What are tropical rainforests?The tropical rainforest is known and identified by seeing if it is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long. It is known for its large dense canopies of vegetation that form three different layers. The top layer or canopy contains giant trees that grow to heights of 75 m or more.How does deforestation impact people and the environment?  For the people that still do not know, around the world there are indigineous people living in forests in villages. Some of them live in trees and rely on the forest to live, just like all the other animals in th forest.And when there is a loss of trees and other vegetation, it can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.

# data[].attributes.headline
What are tropical rainforests?Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
What are tropical rainforests?Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
the tropical rainforest is hot and wet. The tropical rainforest biome has four main characteristics: very high annual rainfall, high average temperatures, nutrient-poor soil, and high levels of biodiversity.

Deforestation happens for many reasons, such as logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining. A variety of industries cause deforestation either directly or indirectly, but the main driver is animal agriculture. The majority deforestation in the Amazon Basin since the 1960s has been caused by cattle ranchers and land speculators who burned huge tracts of rainforest for pasture. The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for indigenous people.Deforestation can directly lead to biodiversity loss when animal species that live in the trees no longer have their habitat

# data[].attributes.headline
Don't forget to add your name if your post is coming up as anonymous...

# data[].attributes.subject
Don't forget to add your name if your post is coming up as anonymous...

# data[].attributes.headline
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
1. When people cut down trees,  animals in the surrounding areas lose habitats.

2. The humidity in the surrounding area decreases.

3. Because the trees in the surrounding area cannot photosynthesise and reduce CO2 levels, greenhouse gases in the area.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
What Is Deforestation?

Deforestation is the clearing, destroying, or otherwise removal of trees through deliberate, natural, or accidental means. It can occur in any area densely populated by trees and other plant life, but the majority of it is currently happening in the Amazon rainforest.

The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and a host of problems for Indigenous people.

Deforestation occurs for a number of reasons. The most common reason is agriculture, with 80% of deforestation resulting from extensive cattle ranching,and logging for materials and development. It has been happening for thousands of years, arguably since people began converting from hunter/gatherer to agricultural based societies, and required larger, unobstructed tracks of land to accommodate cattle, crops, and housing. However, after the onset of the modern era, it became an epidemic.

Effects of Deforestation on the Environment

Loss of Habitat

One of the most dangerous and unsettling effects of deforestation is the loss of animal and plant species due to their loss of habitat. 70% of land animals and plant species live in forests. Not only does deforestation threaten species known to us, but also those unknown.

The trees of the rainforest that provide shelter for some species also provide the canopy that regulates the temperature. Deforestation results in a more drastic temperature variation from day to night, much like a desert, which could prove fatal for many inhabitants.

Increased Greenhouse Gases

In addition to the loss of habitat, the lack of trees also allows a greater amount of greenhouse gases to be released into the atmosphere. Healthy forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, acting as valuable carbon sinks. Deforested areas lose that ability and release more carbon.

Water in the Atmosphere

Trees also help to control the level of water in the atmosphere by helping to regulate the water cycle.

One of the most important forests for regulating water cycles across the planet is the Amazon rainforest. Its millions of trees work together to release moisture into the air, creating atmospheric "rivers" that regulate Earth's weather patterns.

In deforested areas, there is less water in the air to be returned to the soil. This then causes dryer soil and the inability to grow crops.

Soil Erosion and Flooding

Further effects of deforestation include soil erosion and coastal flooding. Trees help the land to retain water and topsoil, which provides the rich nutrients to sustain additional forest life.

Without forests, the soil erodes and washes away, causing farmers to move on and perpetuate the cycle. The barren land which is left behind in the wake of these unsustainable agricultural practices is then more susceptible to flooding, specifically in coastal regions.

Effects of Deforestation on Indigenous People

As large amounts of forests are cleared away, allowing exposed land to deteriorate and the habitats of innumerable species to be destroyed, the Indigenous communities who live there and depend on the forest to sustain their way of life are also under threat.

The loss of forests has an immediate and direct effect on their lifestyle. Many Indigenous communities depend on what the forest has to offer for food, medicine, building materials, and cultural resources. Because many of these communities are located in remote areas in dense forests, the loss of these resources poses many challenges to their health and wellbeing.

Deforestation has human rights implications, particularly for the many Indigenous groups who are frontline communities.

Often, frontline communities have little say in how their local environment is altered by governments and corporations. At the same time, these communities face the most immediate and threatening impacts of environmental degradation and climate change.

The governments of nations with rainforests within their borders often attempt to evict Indigenous tribes before the deforestation begins. This undermines the sovereignty of these Indigenous groups, especially when governments fail to seek their consultation and consent before starting any projects.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Deforestation is the process of permanently removing standing forests, which occurs for a variety of reasons and has many devastating effects.

# data[].attributes.body
A rainforest is an area of tall, mostly evergreen trees and a high amount of rainfall. Rain forests are Earth’s oldest living ecosystems, with some surviving in their present form for at least 70 million years. They are incredibly diverse and complex, home to more than half of the world’s plant and animal species even though they cover just 6% of Earth’s surface. Rain forests thrive on every continent except Antarctica. The largest rain forests on Earth surround the Amazon River in South America and the Congo River in Africa. The tropical islands of Southeast Asia and parts of Australia support dense rainforest habitats. Even the cool evergreen forests of North America’s Pacific Northwest and Northern Europe are a type of rainforest.
-candy

# data[].attributes.headline
1. Why does deforestation occur? 2. What are tropical rainforests? 3. How does deforestation impact people and the environment?  

# data[].attributes.subject
1. Why does deforestation occur? 2. What are tropical rainforests? 3. How does deforestation impact people and the environment?  

# data[].attributes.body
Deforestation occur because people are always cutting down trees in the rainforest to make goods, such as beds, tables, chairs, etc...Deforestation often occurs, and when it does, around 18 million acres (7.3 million hectares) of forest are lost. Deforestation also occurs due to natural disasters or mining. Brazil is the home to The Amazon, so it suffers from deforestation.

# data[].attributes.body
What are tropical rainforest?
Tropical Rainforests is a place where there are no dry season, it’s hot and moist , it mostly rain for the hole year and that’s why there are no dry season.

Why does deforestation occur?
Deforestation occur when people is cutting down trees or burning down trees, deforestation occur worldwide.

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
When deforestation occurs, it will cause a lot of problem such as losing of trees, climate change, desertification, soil erosion, fewer crops, flooding, increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the main problem that cause everything is people/human.

# data[].attributes.headline
What are tropical rainforests?Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
What are tropical rainforests?Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long.Tropical rainforests are mainly located between the latitudes of 23.5°N (the Tropic of Cancer) and 23.5°S (the Tropic of Capricorn)—the tropics. Tropical rainforests are found in Central and South America, western and central Africa, western India, Southeast Asia, the island of New Guinea, and Australia.

Deforestation happens for many reasons, such as logging, agriculture, natural disasters, urbanization and mining. There are several ways to clear forest -- burning and clear-cutting the land are two methods.

Trees absorb and store carbon dioxide. If forests are cleared, or even disturbed, they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Forest loss and damage is the cause of around 10% of global warming. There's simply no way we can fight the climate crisis if we don't stop deforestation.

# data[].attributes.body
How does deforestation impact people and environment

# data[].attributes.headline
What are tropical rainforests?Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
What are tropical rainforests?Why does deforestation occur?How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
1.Deforestation occurs when agriculture expands and logging occurs by business workers https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/deforestation.htm

2. Tropical rainforests is a kind of rain forest but it is found near the wet tropical areas near the equator. https://www.britannica.com/science/tropical-rainforest

3. The loss of trees will cause climate change ,desertification, soil erosion and the spread of disease. Making people die faster and there would be greenhouse gases to harm the environment. https://www.pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation

# data[].attributes.body
Why does deforestation occur

# data[].attributes.body
Why does deforestation occur ?
Ans:
How does deforestation impact people and environment ?
Ans:
What are tropical rainforests ?

# data[].attributes.body
something like this

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
An area of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. The tropical rainforests of South America contain the largest diversity of species on Earth.[1][2]

Location of tropical (dark green) and temperate/subtropical (light green) rainforests in the world.

Tropical rainforest climate zones (Af).

Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests that occur in tropical rainforest climate where there is no dry season - all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm. True rainforests are typically found between 10 degrees north and south of the equator (see map); they are a subset of the tropical forest biome that occurs roughly within the 28-degree latitudes (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). Tropical rainforests are a type of tropical moist broadleaf forest, that includes the more extensive seasonal tropical forests.

Tropical rainforests ecosystems are distinguished by their consistent, high temperatures, exceeding 18°C monthly, and substantial annual rainfall. The abundant rainfall results in nutrient-poor, leached soils, which profoundly affect the flora and fauna adapted to these conditions. These rainforests are renowned for their significant biodiversity. They are home to 40%-75% of all species globally, including half of the world's animal and plant species, and two-thirds of all flowering plant species. Their dense insect population and variety of trees and higher plants are notable. Described as the "world's largest pharmacy," over a quarter of natural medicines have been discovered in them. However, tropical rainforests are threatened by human activities, such as logging and agricultural expansion, leading to habitat fragmentation and loss.

The structure of a tropical rainforest is stratified into layers, each hosting unique ecosystems. These include the emergent layer with towering trees, the densely populated canopy layer, the understory layer rich in wildlife, and the forest floor, which is sparse due to low light penetration. The soil is characteristically nutrient-poor and acidic. Tropical rainforests have a long history of ecological succession, influenced by natural events and human activities. They are crucial for global ecological functions, including carbon sequestration and climate regulation. Indigenous communities have inhabited these forests, relying on them for sustenance and shelter, but face challenges from modern economic activities.

Conservation efforts are diverse, focusing on both preservation and sustainable management. International policies, such as the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ( REDD and REDD+) programs, aim to curb deforestation and forest degradation. Despite these efforts, tropical rainforests continue to face significant threats from deforestation and climate change, highlighting the ongoing challenge of balancing conservation with human development needs.

Tropical rainforests are hot and wet. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) during all months of the year. Average annual rainfall is no less than 1,680 mm (66 in) and can exceed 10 m (390 in) although it typically lies between 1,750 mm (69 in) and 3,000 mm (120 in). This high level of precipitation often results in poor soils due to leaching of soluble nutrients in the ground.

Tropical rainforests exhibit high levels of biodiversity. Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests. Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet. Two-thirds of all flowering plants can be found in rainforests. A single hectare of rainforest may contain 42,000 different species of insect, up to 807 trees of 313 species and 1,500 species of higher plants. Tropical rainforests have been called the " world's largest pharmacy", because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered within them. It is likely that there may be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests.

Tropical rainforests are among the most threatened ecosystems globally due to large-scale fragmentation as a result of human activity. Habitat fragmentation caused by geological processes such as volcanism and climate change occurred in the past, and have been identified as important drivers of speciation. However, fast human driven habitat destruction is suspected to be one of the major causes of species extinction. Tropical rain forests have been subjected to heavy logging and agricultural clearance throughout the 20th century, and the area covered by rainforests around the world is rapidly shrinking.

Tropical rainforests have existed on earth for hundreds of millions of years. Most tropical rainforests today are on fragments of the Mesozoic era supercontinent of Gondwana. The separation of the landmass resulted in a great loss of amphibian diversity while at the same time the drier climate spurred the diversification of reptiles. The division left tropical rainforests located in five major regions of the world: tropical America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and New Guinea, with smaller outliers in Australia. However, the specifics of the origin of rainforests remain uncertain due to an incomplete fossil record.

Other types of tropical forest

Several biomes may appear similar-to, or merge via ecotones with, tropical rainforest:

Moist seasonal tropical forest

Moist seasonal tropical forests receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer wet season and a cooler winter dry season. Some trees in these forests drop some or all of their leaves during the winter dry season, thus they are sometimes called "tropical mixed forest". They are found in parts of South America, in Central America and around the Caribbean, in coastal West Africa, parts of the Indian subcontinent, and across much of Indochina.

These are found in cooler-climate mountainous areas, becoming known as cloud forests at higher elevations. Depending on latitude, the lower limit of montane rainforests on large mountains is generally between 1500 and 2500 m while the upper limit is usually from 2400 to 3300 m.

Tropical freshwater swamp forests, or "flooded forests", are found in Amazon basin (the Várzea) and elsewhere.

Forest structure

Rainforests are divided into different strata, or layers, with vegetation organized into a vertical pattern from the top of the soil to the canopy. Each layer is a unique biotic community containing different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular strata. Only the emergent layer is unique to tropical rainforests, while the others are also found in temperate rainforests.

Forest floor

Western lowland gorilla

The forest floor, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. This more open quality permits the easy movement of larger animals such as: ungulates like the okapi ( Okapia johnstoni), tapir ( Tapirus sp.), Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), and apes like the western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla), as well as many species of reptiles, amphibians, and insects. The forest floor also contains decaying plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.

Understory layer

The understory layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. The understory is home to a number of birds, small mammals, insects, reptiles, and predators. Examples include leopard ( Panthera pardus), poison dart frogs ( Dendrobates sp.), ring-tailed coati ( Nasua nasua), boa constrictor ( Boa constrictor), and many species of Coleoptera. The vegetation at this layer generally consists of shade-tolerant shrubs, herbs, small trees, and large woody vines which climb into the trees to capture sunlight. Only about 5% of sunlight breaches the canopy to arrive at the understory causing true understory plants to seldom grow to 3 m (10 feet). As an adaptation to these low light levels, understory plants have often evolved much larger leaves. Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are in the understory.

Canopy layer

The canopy is the primary layer of the forest, forming a roof over the two remaining layers. It contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30-45 m in height. Tall, broad-leaved evergreen trees are the dominant plants. The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy, as it often supports a rich flora of epiphytes, including orchids, bromeliads, mosses and lichens. These epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse. It is suggested that the total arthropod species richness of the tropical canopy might be as high as 20 million. Other species inhabiting this layer include many avian species such as the yellow-casqued wattled hornbill ( Ceratogymna elata), collared sunbird ( Anthreptes collaris), grey parrot ( Psitacus erithacus), keel-billed toucan ( Ramphastos sulfuratus), scarlet macaw ( Ara macao) as well as other animals like the spider monkey ( Ateles sp.), African giant swallowtail (Papilio antimachus), three-toed sloth ( Bradypus tridactylus), kinkajou ( Potos flavus), and tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla).

Emergent layer

Congolian rainforest dominated by Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, near Isiro

The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees, called emergents, which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 45-55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70-80 m tall. Some examples of emergents include: Hydrochorea elegans, Dipteryx panamensis, Hieronyma alchorneoides, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Lecythis ampla and Terminalia oblonga. These trees need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. Several unique faunal species inhabit this layer such as the crowned eagle ( Stephanoaetus coronatus), the king colobus ( Colobus polykomos), and the large flying fox ( Pteropus vampyrus).

However, stratification is not always clear. Rainforests are dynamic and many changes affect the structure of the forest. Emergent or canopy trees collapse, for example, causing gaps to form. Openings in the forest canopy are widely recognized as important for the establishment and growth of rainforest trees. It is estimated that perhaps 75% of the tree species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica are dependent on canopy opening for seed germination or for growth beyond sapling size, for example.

Artificial tropical rainforest in Barcelona

Tropical rainforests are located around and near the equator, therefore having what is called an equatorial climate characterized by three major climatic parameters: temperature, rainfall, and dry season intensity. Other parameters that affect tropical rainforests are carbon dioxide concentrations, solar radiation, and nitrogen availability. In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall. However, the abundance of rainfall changes throughout the year creating distinct moist and dry seasons. Tropical forests are classified by the amount of rainfall received each year, which has allowed ecologists to define differences in these forests that look so similar in structure. According to Holdridge's classification of tropical ecosystems, true tropical rainforests have an annual rainfall greater than 2 m and annual temperature greater than 24 degrees Celsius, with a potential evapotranspiration ratio (PET) value of <0.25. However, most lowland tropical forests can be classified as tropical moist or wet forests, which differ in regards to rainfall. Tropical forest ecology- dynamics, composition, and function- are sensitive to changes in climate especially changes in rainfall.

Soil types are highly variable in the tropics and are the result of a combination of several variables such as climate, vegetation, topographic position, parent material, and soil age. Most tropical soils are characterized by significant leaching and poor nutrients, however there are some areas that contain fertile soils. Soils throughout the tropical rainforests fall into two classifications which include the ultisols and oxisols. Ultisols are known as well weathered, acidic red clay soils, deficient in major nutrients such as calcium and potassium. Similarly, oxisols are acidic, old, typically reddish, highly weathered and leached, however are well drained compared to ultisols. The clay content of ultisols is high, making it difficult for water to penetrate and flow through. The reddish color of both soils is the result of heavy heat and moisture forming oxides of iron and aluminium, which are insoluble in water and not taken up readily by plants.

Soil chemical and physical characteristics are strongly related to above ground productivity and forest structure and dynamics. The physical properties of soil control the tree turnover rates whereas chemical properties such as available nitrogen and phosphorus control forest growth rates. The soils of the eastern and central Amazon as well as the Southeast Asian Rainforest are old and mineral poor whereas the soils of the western Amazon (Ecuador and Peru) and volcanic areas of Costa Rica are young and mineral rich. Primary productivity or wood production is highest in western Amazon and lowest in eastern Amazon which contains heavily weathered soils classified as oxisols. Additionally, Amazonian soils are greatly weathered, making them devoid of minerals like phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, which come from rock sources. However, not all tropical rainforests occur on nutrient poor soils, but on nutrient rich floodplains and volcanic soils located in the Andean foothills, and volcanic areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central America.

Oxisols, infertile, deeply weathered and severely leached, have developed on the ancient Gondwanan shields. Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus. The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a bright red color and sometimes produces minable deposits (e.g., bauxite). On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile.

Nutrient recycling

File:Cogumelos brancos.jpg This high rate of decomposition is the result of phosphorus levels in the soils, precipitation, high temperatures and the extensive microorganism communities. In addition to the bacteria and other microorganisms, there are an abundance of other decomposers such as fungi and termites that aid in the process as well. Nutrient recycling is important because below ground resource availability controls the above ground biomass and community structure of tropical rainforests. These soils are typically phosphorus limited, which inhibits net primary productivity or the uptake of carbon. The soil contains microbial organisms such as bacteria, which break down leaf litter and other organic matter into inorganic forms of carbon usable by plants through a process called decomposition. During the decomposition process the microbial community is respiring, taking up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. The decomposition rate can be evaluated by measuring the uptake of oxygen. High temperatures and precipitation increase decomposition rate, which allows plant litter to rapidly decay in tropical regions, releasing nutrients that are immediately taken up by plants through surface or ground waters. The seasonal patterns in respiration are controlled by leaf litter fall and precipitation, the driving force moving the decomposable carbon from the litter to the soil. Respiration rates are highest early in the wet season because the recent dry season results in a large percentage of leaf litter and thus a higher percentage of organic matter being leached into the soil.

Buttress roots

Base of Ceiba pentandra in eastern Ecuador

A common feature of many tropical rainforests is the distinct buttress roots of trees. Instead of penetrating to deeper soil layers, buttress roots create a widespread root network at the surface for more efficient uptake of nutrients in a very nutrient poor and competitive environment. Most of the nutrients within the soil of a tropical rainforest occur near the surface because of the rapid turnover time and decomposition of organisms and leaves. Because of this, the buttress roots occur at the surface so the trees can maximize uptake and actively compete with the rapid uptake of other trees. These roots also aid in water uptake and storage, increase surface area for gas exchange, and collect leaf litter for added nutrition. Additionally, these roots reduce soil erosion and maximize nutrient acquisition during heavy rains by diverting nutrient rich water flowing down the trunk into several smaller flows while also acting as a barrier to ground flow. Also, the large surface areas these roots create provide support and stability to rainforests trees, which commonly grow to significant heights. This added stability allows these trees to withstand the impacts of severe storms, thus reducing the occurrence of fallen trees.

Forest succession

Succession is an ecological process that changes the biotic community structure over time towards a more stable, diverse community structure after an initial disturbance to the community. The initial disturbance is often a natural phenomenon or human caused event. Natural disturbances include hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, river movements or an event as small as a fallen tree that creates gaps in the forest. In tropical rainforests, these same natural disturbances have been well documented in the fossil record, and are credited with encouraging speciation and endemism. Human land use practices have led to large-scale deforestation. In many tropical countries such as Costa Rica these deforested lands have been abandoned and forests have been allowed to regenerate through ecological succession. These regenerating young successional forests are called secondary forests or second-growth forests.

Biodiversity and speciation

Tropical rainforests exhibit a vast diversity in plant and animal species. The root for this remarkable speciation has been a query of scientists and ecologists for years. A number of theories have been developed for why and how the tropics can be so diverse.

Interspecific competition

Interspecific competition results from a high density of species with similar niches in the tropics and limited resources available. Species which "lose" the competition may either become extinct or find a new niche. Direct competition will often lead to one species dominating another by some advantage, ultimately driving it to extinction. Niche partitioning is the other option for a species. This is the separation and rationing of necessary resources by utilizing different habitats, food sources, cover or general behavioral differences. A species with similar food items but different feeding times is an example of niche partitioning.

Pleistocene refugia

The theory of Pleistocene refugia was developed by Jürgen Haffer in 1969 with his article Speciation of Amazonian Forest Birds. Haffer proposed the explanation for speciation was the product of rainforest patches being separated by stretches of non-forest vegetation during the last glacial period. He called these patches of rainforest areas refuges and within these patches allopatric speciation occurred. With the end of the glacial period and increase in atmospheric humidity, rainforest began to expand and the refuges reconnected. This theory has been the subject of debate. Scientists are still skeptical of whether or not this theory is legitimate. Genetic evidence suggests speciation had occurred in certain taxa 1-2 million years ago, preceding the Pleistocene.

Human dimensions

Habitation

Tropical rainforests have harboured human life for many millennia, with many Indian tribes in South- and Central America, who belong to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Congo Pygmies in Central Africa, and several tribes in South-East Asia, like the Dayak people and the Penan people in Borneo. Food resources within the forest are extremely dispersed due to the high biological diversity and what food does exist is largely restricted to the canopy and requires considerable energy to obtain. Some groups of hunter-gatherers have exploited rainforest on a seasonal basis but dwelt primarily in adjacent savanna and open forest environments where food is much more abundant. Other people described as rainforest dwellers are hunter-gatherers who subsist in large part by trading high value forest products such as hides, feathers, and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest.

Indigenous peoples

A variety of indigenous people live within the rainforest as hunter-gatherers, or subsist as part-time small scale farmers supplemented in large part by trading high-value forest products such as hides, feathers, and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest. Peoples have inhabited the rainforests for tens of thousands of years and have remained so elusive that only recently have some tribes been discovered. These indigenous peoples are greatly threatened by loggers in search for old-growth tropical hardwoods like Ipe, Cumaru and Wenge, and by farmers who are looking to expand their land, for cattle(meat), and soybeans, which are used to feed cattle in Europe and China. On 18 January 2007, FUNAI reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. The province of Irian Jaya or West Papua in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups.

The pygmy peoples are hunter-gatherer groups living in equatorial rainforests characterized by their short height (below one and a half meters, or 59 inches, on average). Amongst this group are the Efe, Aka, Twa, Baka, and Mbuti people of Central Africa. However, the term pygmy is considered pejorative so many tribes prefer not to be labeled as such.

Some notable indigenous peoples of the Americas, or Amerindians, include the Huaorani, Ya̧nomamö, and Kayapo people of the Amazon. The traditional agricultural system practiced by tribes in the Amazon is based on swidden cultivation (also known as slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation) and is considered a relatively benign disturbance. In fact, when looking at the level of individual swidden plots a number of traditional farming practices are considered beneficial. For example, the use of shade trees and fallowing all help preserve soil organic matter, which is a critical factor in the maintenance of soil fertility in the deeply weathered and leached soils common in the Amazon.

There is a diversity of forest people in Asia, including the Lumad peoples of the Philippines and the Penan and Dayak people of Borneo. The Dayaks are a particularly interesting group as they are noted for their traditional headhunting culture. Fresh human heads were required to perform certain rituals such as the Iban "kenyalang" and the Kenyah "mamat". Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are, amongst others, referred to as " Negrito".

Cultivated foods and spices

Yam, coffee, chocolate, banana, mango, papaya, macadamia, avocado, and sugarcane all originally came from tropical rainforest and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest. In the mid-1980s and 1990s, 40 million tons of bananas were consumed worldwide each year, along with 13 million tons of mango. Central American coffee exports were worth US$3 billion in 1970. Much of the genetic variation used in evading the damage caused by new pests is still derived from resistant wild stock. Tropical forests have supplied 250 cultivated kinds of fruit, compared to only 20 for temperate forests. Forests in New Guinea alone contain 251 tree species with edible fruits, of which only 43 had been established as cultivated crops by 1985.

Ecosystem services

In addition to extractive human uses, rain forests also have non-extractive uses that are frequently summarized as ecosystem services. Rain forests play an important role in maintaining biological diversity, sequestering and storing carbon, global climate regulation, disease control, and pollination. Half of the rainfall in the Amazon area is produced by the forests. The moisture from the forests is important to the rainfall in Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest region was one of the main reason that cause the severe Drought of 2014-2015 in Brazil For the last three decades, the amount of carbon absorbed by the world's intact tropical forests has fallen, according to a study published in 2020 in the journal Nature. In 2019 they took up a third less carbon than they did in the 1990s, due to higher temperatures, droughts and deforestation. The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s.

Despite the negative effects of tourism in the tropical rainforests, there are also several important positive effects.

In recent years ecotourism in the tropics has increased. While rainforests are becoming increasingly rare, people are travelling to nations that still have this diverse habitat. Locals are benefiting from the additional income brought in by visitors, as well areas deemed interesting for visitors are often conserved. Ecotourism can be an incentive for conservation, especially when it triggers positive economic change. Ecotourism can include a variety of activities including animal viewing, scenic jungle tours and even viewing cultural sights and native villages. If these practices are performed appropriately this can be beneficial for both locals and the present flora and fauna.

An increase in tourism has increased economic support, allowing more revenue to go into the protection of the habitat. Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from park-entrance fees and similar sources can be utilised specifically to pay for the protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas. Revenue from taxation and tourism provides an additional incentive for governments to contribute revenue to the protection of the forest.

Tourism also has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with the environment. Such increased awareness can induce more environmentally conscious behavior. Tourism has had a positive effect on wildlife preservation and protection efforts, notably in Africa but also in South America, Asia, Australia, and the South Pacific.

Conservation

Loss of primary (old-growth) forest in the tropics has continued its upward trend, with fire-related losses contributing an increasing portion.[51]

Deforestation

Mining and drilling

Deposits of precious metals ( gold, silver, coltan) and fossil fuels ( oil and natural gas) occur underneath rainforests globally. These resources are important to developing nations and their extraction is often given priority to encourage economic growth. Mining and drilling can require large amounts of land development, directly causing deforestation. In Ghana, a West African nation, deforestation from decades of mining activity left about 12% of the country's original rainforest intact.

Conversion to agricultural land

With the invention of agriculture, humans were able to clear sections of rainforest to produce crops, converting it to open farmland. Such people, however, obtain their food primarily from farm plots cleared from the forest and hunt and forage within the forest to supplement this. The issue arising is between the independent farmer providing for his family and the needs and wants of the globe as a whole. This issue has seen little improvement because no plan has been established for all parties to be aided.

Agriculture on formerly forested land is not without difficulties. Rainforest soils are often thin and leached of many minerals, and the heavy rainfall can quickly leach nutrients from area cleared for cultivation. People such as the Yanomamo of the Amazon, utilize slash-and-burn agriculture to overcome these limitations and enable them to push deep into what were previously rainforest environments. However, these are not rainforest dwellers, rather they are dwellers in cleared farmland that make forays into the rainforest. Up to 90% of the typical Yanamomo diet comes from farmed plants.

Some action has been taken by suggesting fallow periods of the land allowing secondary forest to grow and replenish the soil. Beneficial practices like soil restoration and conservation can benefit the small farmer and allow better production on smaller parcels of land.

Climate change

The tropics take a major role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The tropics (most notably the Amazon rainforest) are called carbon sinks.[citation needed ] As major carbon reducers and carbon and soil methane storages, their destruction contributes to increasing global energy trapping, atmospheric gases.[citation needed ] Climate change has been significantly contributed to by the destruction of the rainforests. A simulation was performed in which all rainforest in Africa were removed. The simulation showed an increase in atmospheric temperature by 2.5 to 5 degrees Celsius.

Declining populations

Some species of fauna show a trend towards declining populations in rainforests, for example, reptiles that feed on amphibians and reptiles. This trend requires close monitoring. The seasonality of rainforests affects the reproductive patterns of amphibians, and this in turn can directly affect the species of reptiles that feed on these groups, particularly species with specialized feeding, since these are less likely to use alternative resources.

Protection

Efforts to protect and conserve tropical rainforest habitats are diverse and widespread. Tropical rainforest conservation ranges from strict preservation of habitat to finding sustainable management techniques for people living in tropical rainforests. International policy has also introduced a market incentive program called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) for companies and governments to outset their carbon emissions through financial investments into rainforest conservation.

References

1. ^ Olson, David M.; Dinerstein, Eric; Wikramanayake, Eric D.; Burgess, Neil D.; Powell, George V. N.; Underwood, Emma C.; d'Amico, Jennifer A.; Itoua, Illanga; et al. (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth". BioScience. 51 (11): 933-938. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

2. ^ Newman, Arnold (2002). Tropical Rainforest: Our Most Valuable and Endangered Habitat With a Blueprint for Its Survival into the Third Millennium (2 ed.). Checkmark. ISBN 0816039739.

3. The Regents of the ^ University of Michigan. The Tropical Rain Forest. Retrieved on 14 March 2008.

4. ^ Bourgeron, Patrick S. (1983). "Spatial Aspects of Vegetation Structure". In Frank B. Golley (ed.). Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Structure and Function. Ecosystems of the World (14A ed.). Elsevier Scientific. pp. 29-47. ISBN 0-444-41986-1.

5. ^ Webb, Len (1 October 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests". Journal of Ecology. 47 (3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551-570. doi:10.2307/2257290. JSTOR 2257290.

6. ^ Erwin, T.L. (1982). "Tropical forests: Their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species" (PDF). The Coleopterists Bulletin. 36 (1): 74-75. JSTOR 4007977.

7. ^ Denslow, J S (1987). "Tropical Rainforest Gaps and Tree Species Diversity". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 18: 431. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002243.

8. ^ Malhi, Yadvinder & Wright, James (2004). "Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 359 (1443): 311-329. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1433. PMC . PMID 15212087.

9. ^ Moreira, A.; Fageria, N. K.; Garcia y Garcia, A. (2011). "Soil Fertility, Mineral Nitrogen, and Microbial Biomass in Upland Soils of the Central Amazon under Different Plant Covers" (PDF). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 42 (6): 694-705. doi:10.1080/00103624.2011.550376. S2CID 73689568.

10. ^ Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters. 6 (4): 544-547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMC . PMID 20106856.

11. ^ 'They're killing us': world's most endangered tribe cries for help. The Guardian (22 April 2012). Retrieved on 24 June 2016.

12. Sibaja, Marco (6 June 2012) ^ Brazil's Indigenous Awa Tribe At Risk. Huffington Post

13. ^ González-Ruibal, Alfredo; Hernando, Almudena; Politis, Gustavo (2011). "Ontology of the self and material culture: Arrow-making among the Awá hunter-gatherers (Brazil)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 30: 1. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.10.001. hdl:10261/137811.

14. Myers, N. (1985). ^ The primary source, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, pp. 189-193, ISBN 0-393-30262-8

15. ^ Watts, Jonathan (28 November 2017). "The Amazon effect: how deforestation is starving São Paulo of water". The Guardian.

16. ^ VERCHOT, LOUIS (29 January 2015). "The science is clear: Forest loss behind Brazil's drought". Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).

17. ^ Harvey, Fiona (4 March 2020). "Tropical forests losing their ability to absorb carbon, study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.

18. ^ Stronza, A. & Gordillo, J. (2008). "Community views of ecotourism: Redefining benefits" (PDF). Annals of Tourism Research. 35 (2): 448. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002.

19. ^ "Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests". WRI.org. World Resources Institute. June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023.

20. ^ Tomich, P. T., Noordwijk, V. M., Vosti, A. S., Witcover, J (1998). "Agricultural development with rainforest conservation: methods for seeking best bet alternatives to slash-and-burn, with applications to Brazil and Indonesia" (PDF). Agricultural Economics. 19 (1-2): 159-174. doi:10.1016/S0169-5150(98)00032-2.

21. ^ Semazzi, F. H., Song, Y (2001). "A GCM study of climate change induced by deforestation in Africa". Climate Research. 17: 169-182. Bibcode:2001ClRes..17..169S. doi:10.3354/cr017169.

22. Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G., & ^ Monge- Nájera, J. (2020). Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment. Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(1), 336-343.

23. Oliveira, M.E., & Martins, M. (2001). When and where to find a pitviper: activity patterns and habitat use of the lancehead, ^ Bothrops atrox, in central Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetological Natural History, 8(2), 101-110.

24. ^ Varghese, Paul (August 2009). "An Overview of REDD, REDD Plus and REDD Readiness" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010.

External links

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests that occur in tropical rainforest climate where there is no dry season - all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
An area of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. The tropical rainforests of South America contain the largest diversity of species on Earth.[1][2]

Location of tropical (dark green) and temperate/subtropical (light green) rainforests in the world.

Tropical rainforest climate zones (Af).

Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests that occur in tropical rainforest climate where there is no dry season - all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm. True rainforests are typically found between 10 degrees north and south of the equator (see map); they are a subset of the tropical forest biome that occurs roughly within the 28-degree latitudes (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). Tropical rainforests are a type of tropical moist broadleaf forest, that includes the more extensive seasonal tropical forests.

Tropical rainforests ecosystems are distinguished by their consistent, high temperatures, exceeding 18°C monthly, and substantial annual rainfall. The abundant rainfall results in nutrient-poor, leached soils, which profoundly affect the flora and fauna adapted to these conditions. These rainforests are renowned for their significant biodiversity. They are home to 40%-75% of all species globally, including half of the world's animal and plant species, and two-thirds of all flowering plant species. Their dense insect population and variety of trees and higher plants are notable. Described as the "world's largest pharmacy," over a quarter of natural medicines have been discovered in them. However, tropical rainforests are threatened by human activities, such as logging and agricultural expansion, leading to habitat fragmentation and loss.

The structure of a tropical rainforest is stratified into layers, each hosting unique ecosystems. These include the emergent layer with towering trees, the densely populated canopy layer, the understory layer rich in wildlife, and the forest floor, which is sparse due to low light penetration. The soil is characteristically nutrient-poor and acidic. Tropical rainforests have a long history of ecological succession, influenced by natural events and human activities. They are crucial for global ecological functions, including carbon sequestration and climate regulation. Indigenous communities have inhabited these forests, relying on them for sustenance and shelter, but face challenges from modern economic activities.

Conservation efforts are diverse, focusing on both preservation and sustainable management. International policies, such as the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ( REDD and REDD+) programs, aim to curb deforestation and forest degradation. Despite these efforts, tropical rainforests continue to face significant threats from deforestation and climate change, highlighting the ongoing challenge of balancing conservation with human development needs.

Tropical rainforests are hot and wet. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) during all months of the year. Average annual rainfall is no less than 1,680 mm (66 in) and can exceed 10 m (390 in) although it typically lies between 1,750 mm (69 in) and 3,000 mm (120 in). This high level of precipitation often results in poor soils due to leaching of soluble nutrients in the ground.

Tropical rainforests exhibit high levels of biodiversity. Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests. Rainforests are home to half of all the living animal and plant species on the planet. Two-thirds of all flowering plants can be found in rainforests. A single hectare of rainforest may contain 42,000 different species of insect, up to 807 trees of 313 species and 1,500 species of higher plants. Tropical rainforests have been called the " world's largest pharmacy", because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered within them. It is likely that there may be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests.

Tropical rainforests are among the most threatened ecosystems globally due to large-scale fragmentation as a result of human activity. Habitat fragmentation caused by geological processes such as volcanism and climate change occurred in the past, and have been identified as important drivers of speciation. However, fast human driven habitat destruction is suspected to be one of the major causes of species extinction. Tropical rain forests have been subjected to heavy logging and agricultural clearance throughout the 20th century, and the area covered by rainforests around the world is rapidly shrinking.

Tropical rainforests have existed on earth for hundreds of millions of years. Most tropical rainforests today are on fragments of the Mesozoic era supercontinent of Gondwana. The separation of the landmass resulted in a great loss of amphibian diversity while at the same time the drier climate spurred the diversification of reptiles. The division left tropical rainforests located in five major regions of the world: tropical America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and New Guinea, with smaller outliers in Australia. However, the specifics of the origin of rainforests remain uncertain due to an incomplete fossil record.

Other types of tropical forest

Several biomes may appear similar-to, or merge via ecotones with, tropical rainforest:

Moist seasonal tropical forest

Moist seasonal tropical forests receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer wet season and a cooler winter dry season. Some trees in these forests drop some or all of their leaves during the winter dry season, thus they are sometimes called "tropical mixed forest". They are found in parts of South America, in Central America and around the Caribbean, in coastal West Africa, parts of the Indian subcontinent, and across much of Indochina.

These are found in cooler-climate mountainous areas, becoming known as cloud forests at higher elevations. Depending on latitude, the lower limit of montane rainforests on large mountains is generally between 1500 and 2500 m while the upper limit is usually from 2400 to 3300 m.

Tropical freshwater swamp forests, or "flooded forests", are found in Amazon basin (the Várzea) and elsewhere.

Forest structure

Rainforests are divided into different strata, or layers, with vegetation organized into a vertical pattern from the top of the soil to the canopy. Each layer is a unique biotic community containing different plants and animals adapted for life in that particular strata. Only the emergent layer is unique to tropical rainforests, while the others are also found in temperate rainforests.

Forest floor

Western lowland gorilla

The forest floor, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. This more open quality permits the easy movement of larger animals such as: ungulates like the okapi ( Okapia johnstoni), tapir ( Tapirus sp.), Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), and apes like the western lowland gorilla ( Gorilla gorilla), as well as many species of reptiles, amphibians, and insects. The forest floor also contains decaying plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste.

Understory layer

The understory layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. The understory is home to a number of birds, small mammals, insects, reptiles, and predators. Examples include leopard ( Panthera pardus), poison dart frogs ( Dendrobates sp.), ring-tailed coati ( Nasua nasua), boa constrictor ( Boa constrictor), and many species of Coleoptera. The vegetation at this layer generally consists of shade-tolerant shrubs, herbs, small trees, and large woody vines which climb into the trees to capture sunlight. Only about 5% of sunlight breaches the canopy to arrive at the understory causing true understory plants to seldom grow to 3 m (10 feet). As an adaptation to these low light levels, understory plants have often evolved much larger leaves. Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are in the understory.

Canopy layer

The canopy is the primary layer of the forest, forming a roof over the two remaining layers. It contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30-45 m in height. Tall, broad-leaved evergreen trees are the dominant plants. The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy, as it often supports a rich flora of epiphytes, including orchids, bromeliads, mosses and lichens. These epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse. It is suggested that the total arthropod species richness of the tropical canopy might be as high as 20 million. Other species inhabiting this layer include many avian species such as the yellow-casqued wattled hornbill ( Ceratogymna elata), collared sunbird ( Anthreptes collaris), grey parrot ( Psitacus erithacus), keel-billed toucan ( Ramphastos sulfuratus), scarlet macaw ( Ara macao) as well as other animals like the spider monkey ( Ateles sp.), African giant swallowtail (Papilio antimachus), three-toed sloth ( Bradypus tridactylus), kinkajou ( Potos flavus), and tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla).

Emergent layer

Congolian rainforest dominated by Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, near Isiro

The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees, called emergents, which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 45-55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70-80 m tall. Some examples of emergents include: Hydrochorea elegans, Dipteryx panamensis, Hieronyma alchorneoides, Hymenolobium mesoamericanum, Lecythis ampla and Terminalia oblonga. These trees need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. Several unique faunal species inhabit this layer such as the crowned eagle ( Stephanoaetus coronatus), the king colobus ( Colobus polykomos), and the large flying fox ( Pteropus vampyrus).

However, stratification is not always clear. Rainforests are dynamic and many changes affect the structure of the forest. Emergent or canopy trees collapse, for example, causing gaps to form. Openings in the forest canopy are widely recognized as important for the establishment and growth of rainforest trees. It is estimated that perhaps 75% of the tree species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica are dependent on canopy opening for seed germination or for growth beyond sapling size, for example.

Artificial tropical rainforest in Barcelona

Tropical rainforests are located around and near the equator, therefore having what is called an equatorial climate characterized by three major climatic parameters: temperature, rainfall, and dry season intensity. Other parameters that affect tropical rainforests are carbon dioxide concentrations, solar radiation, and nitrogen availability. In general, climatic patterns consist of warm temperatures and high annual rainfall. However, the abundance of rainfall changes throughout the year creating distinct moist and dry seasons. Tropical forests are classified by the amount of rainfall received each year, which has allowed ecologists to define differences in these forests that look so similar in structure. According to Holdridge's classification of tropical ecosystems, true tropical rainforests have an annual rainfall greater than 2 m and annual temperature greater than 24 degrees Celsius, with a potential evapotranspiration ratio (PET) value of <0.25. However, most lowland tropical forests can be classified as tropical moist or wet forests, which differ in regards to rainfall. Tropical forest ecology- dynamics, composition, and function- are sensitive to changes in climate especially changes in rainfall.

Soil types are highly variable in the tropics and are the result of a combination of several variables such as climate, vegetation, topographic position, parent material, and soil age. Most tropical soils are characterized by significant leaching and poor nutrients, however there are some areas that contain fertile soils. Soils throughout the tropical rainforests fall into two classifications which include the ultisols and oxisols. Ultisols are known as well weathered, acidic red clay soils, deficient in major nutrients such as calcium and potassium. Similarly, oxisols are acidic, old, typically reddish, highly weathered and leached, however are well drained compared to ultisols. The clay content of ultisols is high, making it difficult for water to penetrate and flow through. The reddish color of both soils is the result of heavy heat and moisture forming oxides of iron and aluminium, which are insoluble in water and not taken up readily by plants.

Soil chemical and physical characteristics are strongly related to above ground productivity and forest structure and dynamics. The physical properties of soil control the tree turnover rates whereas chemical properties such as available nitrogen and phosphorus control forest growth rates. The soils of the eastern and central Amazon as well as the Southeast Asian Rainforest are old and mineral poor whereas the soils of the western Amazon (Ecuador and Peru) and volcanic areas of Costa Rica are young and mineral rich. Primary productivity or wood production is highest in western Amazon and lowest in eastern Amazon which contains heavily weathered soils classified as oxisols. Additionally, Amazonian soils are greatly weathered, making them devoid of minerals like phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, which come from rock sources. However, not all tropical rainforests occur on nutrient poor soils, but on nutrient rich floodplains and volcanic soils located in the Andean foothills, and volcanic areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and Central America.

Oxisols, infertile, deeply weathered and severely leached, have developed on the ancient Gondwanan shields. Rapid bacterial decay prevents the accumulation of humus. The concentration of iron and aluminium oxides by the laterization process gives the oxisols a bright red color and sometimes produces minable deposits (e.g., bauxite). On younger substrates, especially of volcanic origin, tropical soils may be quite fertile.

Nutrient recycling

File:Cogumelos brancos.jpg This high rate of decomposition is the result of phosphorus levels in the soils, precipitation, high temperatures and the extensive microorganism communities. In addition to the bacteria and other microorganisms, there are an abundance of other decomposers such as fungi and termites that aid in the process as well. Nutrient recycling is important because below ground resource availability controls the above ground biomass and community structure of tropical rainforests. These soils are typically phosphorus limited, which inhibits net primary productivity or the uptake of carbon. The soil contains microbial organisms such as bacteria, which break down leaf litter and other organic matter into inorganic forms of carbon usable by plants through a process called decomposition. During the decomposition process the microbial community is respiring, taking up oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. The decomposition rate can be evaluated by measuring the uptake of oxygen. High temperatures and precipitation increase decomposition rate, which allows plant litter to rapidly decay in tropical regions, releasing nutrients that are immediately taken up by plants through surface or ground waters. The seasonal patterns in respiration are controlled by leaf litter fall and precipitation, the driving force moving the decomposable carbon from the litter to the soil. Respiration rates are highest early in the wet season because the recent dry season results in a large percentage of leaf litter and thus a higher percentage of organic matter being leached into the soil.

Buttress roots

Base of Ceiba pentandra in eastern Ecuador

A common feature of many tropical rainforests is the distinct buttress roots of trees. Instead of penetrating to deeper soil layers, buttress roots create a widespread root network at the surface for more efficient uptake of nutrients in a very nutrient poor and competitive environment. Most of the nutrients within the soil of a tropical rainforest occur near the surface because of the rapid turnover time and decomposition of organisms and leaves. Because of this, the buttress roots occur at the surface so the trees can maximize uptake and actively compete with the rapid uptake of other trees. These roots also aid in water uptake and storage, increase surface area for gas exchange, and collect leaf litter for added nutrition. Additionally, these roots reduce soil erosion and maximize nutrient acquisition during heavy rains by diverting nutrient rich water flowing down the trunk into several smaller flows while also acting as a barrier to ground flow. Also, the large surface areas these roots create provide support and stability to rainforests trees, which commonly grow to significant heights. This added stability allows these trees to withstand the impacts of severe storms, thus reducing the occurrence of fallen trees.

Forest succession

Succession is an ecological process that changes the biotic community structure over time towards a more stable, diverse community structure after an initial disturbance to the community. The initial disturbance is often a natural phenomenon or human caused event. Natural disturbances include hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, river movements or an event as small as a fallen tree that creates gaps in the forest. In tropical rainforests, these same natural disturbances have been well documented in the fossil record, and are credited with encouraging speciation and endemism. Human land use practices have led to large-scale deforestation. In many tropical countries such as Costa Rica these deforested lands have been abandoned and forests have been allowed to regenerate through ecological succession. These regenerating young successional forests are called secondary forests or second-growth forests.

Biodiversity and speciation

Tropical rainforests exhibit a vast diversity in plant and animal species. The root for this remarkable speciation has been a query of scientists and ecologists for years. A number of theories have been developed for why and how the tropics can be so diverse.

Interspecific competition

Interspecific competition results from a high density of species with similar niches in the tropics and limited resources available. Species which "lose" the competition may either become extinct or find a new niche. Direct competition will often lead to one species dominating another by some advantage, ultimately driving it to extinction. Niche partitioning is the other option for a species. This is the separation and rationing of necessary resources by utilizing different habitats, food sources, cover or general behavioral differences. A species with similar food items but different feeding times is an example of niche partitioning.

Pleistocene refugia

The theory of Pleistocene refugia was developed by Jürgen Haffer in 1969 with his article Speciation of Amazonian Forest Birds. Haffer proposed the explanation for speciation was the product of rainforest patches being separated by stretches of non-forest vegetation during the last glacial period. He called these patches of rainforest areas refuges and within these patches allopatric speciation occurred. With the end of the glacial period and increase in atmospheric humidity, rainforest began to expand and the refuges reconnected. This theory has been the subject of debate. Scientists are still skeptical of whether or not this theory is legitimate. Genetic evidence suggests speciation had occurred in certain taxa 1-2 million years ago, preceding the Pleistocene.

Human dimensions

Habitation

Tropical rainforests have harboured human life for many millennia, with many Indian tribes in South- and Central America, who belong to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, the Congo Pygmies in Central Africa, and several tribes in South-East Asia, like the Dayak people and the Penan people in Borneo. Food resources within the forest are extremely dispersed due to the high biological diversity and what food does exist is largely restricted to the canopy and requires considerable energy to obtain. Some groups of hunter-gatherers have exploited rainforest on a seasonal basis but dwelt primarily in adjacent savanna and open forest environments where food is much more abundant. Other people described as rainforest dwellers are hunter-gatherers who subsist in large part by trading high value forest products such as hides, feathers, and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest.

Indigenous peoples

A variety of indigenous people live within the rainforest as hunter-gatherers, or subsist as part-time small scale farmers supplemented in large part by trading high-value forest products such as hides, feathers, and honey with agricultural people living outside the forest. Peoples have inhabited the rainforests for tens of thousands of years and have remained so elusive that only recently have some tribes been discovered. These indigenous peoples are greatly threatened by loggers in search for old-growth tropical hardwoods like Ipe, Cumaru and Wenge, and by farmers who are looking to expand their land, for cattle(meat), and soybeans, which are used to feed cattle in Europe and China. On 18 January 2007, FUNAI reported also that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition, Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. The province of Irian Jaya or West Papua in the island of New Guinea is home to an estimated 44 uncontacted tribal groups.

The pygmy peoples are hunter-gatherer groups living in equatorial rainforests characterized by their short height (below one and a half meters, or 59 inches, on average). Amongst this group are the Efe, Aka, Twa, Baka, and Mbuti people of Central Africa. However, the term pygmy is considered pejorative so many tribes prefer not to be labeled as such.

Some notable indigenous peoples of the Americas, or Amerindians, include the Huaorani, Ya̧nomamö, and Kayapo people of the Amazon. The traditional agricultural system practiced by tribes in the Amazon is based on swidden cultivation (also known as slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation) and is considered a relatively benign disturbance. In fact, when looking at the level of individual swidden plots a number of traditional farming practices are considered beneficial. For example, the use of shade trees and fallowing all help preserve soil organic matter, which is a critical factor in the maintenance of soil fertility in the deeply weathered and leached soils common in the Amazon.

There is a diversity of forest people in Asia, including the Lumad peoples of the Philippines and the Penan and Dayak people of Borneo. The Dayaks are a particularly interesting group as they are noted for their traditional headhunting culture. Fresh human heads were required to perform certain rituals such as the Iban "kenyalang" and the Kenyah "mamat". Pygmies who live in Southeast Asia are, amongst others, referred to as " Negrito".

Cultivated foods and spices

Yam, coffee, chocolate, banana, mango, papaya, macadamia, avocado, and sugarcane all originally came from tropical rainforest and are still mostly grown on plantations in regions that were formerly primary forest. In the mid-1980s and 1990s, 40 million tons of bananas were consumed worldwide each year, along with 13 million tons of mango. Central American coffee exports were worth US$3 billion in 1970. Much of the genetic variation used in evading the damage caused by new pests is still derived from resistant wild stock. Tropical forests have supplied 250 cultivated kinds of fruit, compared to only 20 for temperate forests. Forests in New Guinea alone contain 251 tree species with edible fruits, of which only 43 had been established as cultivated crops by 1985.

Ecosystem services

In addition to extractive human uses, rain forests also have non-extractive uses that are frequently summarized as ecosystem services. Rain forests play an important role in maintaining biological diversity, sequestering and storing carbon, global climate regulation, disease control, and pollination. Half of the rainfall in the Amazon area is produced by the forests. The moisture from the forests is important to the rainfall in Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest region was one of the main reason that cause the severe Drought of 2014-2015 in Brazil For the last three decades, the amount of carbon absorbed by the world's intact tropical forests has fallen, according to a study published in 2020 in the journal Nature. In 2019 they took up a third less carbon than they did in the 1990s, due to higher temperatures, droughts and deforestation. The typical tropical forest may become a carbon source by the 2060s.

Despite the negative effects of tourism in the tropical rainforests, there are also several important positive effects.

In recent years ecotourism in the tropics has increased. While rainforests are becoming increasingly rare, people are travelling to nations that still have this diverse habitat. Locals are benefiting from the additional income brought in by visitors, as well areas deemed interesting for visitors are often conserved. Ecotourism can be an incentive for conservation, especially when it triggers positive economic change. Ecotourism can include a variety of activities including animal viewing, scenic jungle tours and even viewing cultural sights and native villages. If these practices are performed appropriately this can be beneficial for both locals and the present flora and fauna.

An increase in tourism has increased economic support, allowing more revenue to go into the protection of the habitat. Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from park-entrance fees and similar sources can be utilised specifically to pay for the protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas. Revenue from taxation and tourism provides an additional incentive for governments to contribute revenue to the protection of the forest.

Tourism also has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with the environment. Such increased awareness can induce more environmentally conscious behavior. Tourism has had a positive effect on wildlife preservation and protection efforts, notably in Africa but also in South America, Asia, Australia, and the South Pacific.

Conservation

Loss of primary (old-growth) forest in the tropics has continued its upward trend, with fire-related losses contributing an increasing portion.[51]

Deforestation

Mining and drilling

Deposits of precious metals ( gold, silver, coltan) and fossil fuels ( oil and natural gas) occur underneath rainforests globally. These resources are important to developing nations and their extraction is often given priority to encourage economic growth. Mining and drilling can require large amounts of land development, directly causing deforestation. In Ghana, a West African nation, deforestation from decades of mining activity left about 12% of the country's original rainforest intact.

Conversion to agricultural land

With the invention of agriculture, humans were able to clear sections of rainforest to produce crops, converting it to open farmland. Such people, however, obtain their food primarily from farm plots cleared from the forest and hunt and forage within the forest to supplement this. The issue arising is between the independent farmer providing for his family and the needs and wants of the globe as a whole. This issue has seen little improvement because no plan has been established for all parties to be aided.

Agriculture on formerly forested land is not without difficulties. Rainforest soils are often thin and leached of many minerals, and the heavy rainfall can quickly leach nutrients from area cleared for cultivation. People such as the Yanomamo of the Amazon, utilize slash-and-burn agriculture to overcome these limitations and enable them to push deep into what were previously rainforest environments. However, these are not rainforest dwellers, rather they are dwellers in cleared farmland that make forays into the rainforest. Up to 90% of the typical Yanamomo diet comes from farmed plants.

Some action has been taken by suggesting fallow periods of the land allowing secondary forest to grow and replenish the soil. Beneficial practices like soil restoration and conservation can benefit the small farmer and allow better production on smaller parcels of land.

Climate change

The tropics take a major role in reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The tropics (most notably the Amazon rainforest) are called carbon sinks.[citation needed ] As major carbon reducers and carbon and soil methane storages, their destruction contributes to increasing global energy trapping, atmospheric gases.[citation needed ] Climate change has been significantly contributed to by the destruction of the rainforests. A simulation was performed in which all rainforest in Africa were removed. The simulation showed an increase in atmospheric temperature by 2.5 to 5 degrees Celsius.

Declining populations

Some species of fauna show a trend towards declining populations in rainforests, for example, reptiles that feed on amphibians and reptiles. This trend requires close monitoring. The seasonality of rainforests affects the reproductive patterns of amphibians, and this in turn can directly affect the species of reptiles that feed on these groups, particularly species with specialized feeding, since these are less likely to use alternative resources.

Protection

Efforts to protect and conserve tropical rainforest habitats are diverse and widespread. Tropical rainforest conservation ranges from strict preservation of habitat to finding sustainable management techniques for people living in tropical rainforests. International policy has also introduced a market incentive program called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) for companies and governments to outset their carbon emissions through financial investments into rainforest conservation.

References

1. ^ Olson, David M.; Dinerstein, Eric; Wikramanayake, Eric D.; Burgess, Neil D.; Powell, George V. N.; Underwood, Emma C.; d'Amico, Jennifer A.; Itoua, Illanga; et al. (2001). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth". BioScience. 51 (11): 933-938. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2.

2. ^ Newman, Arnold (2002). Tropical Rainforest: Our Most Valuable and Endangered Habitat With a Blueprint for Its Survival into the Third Millennium (2 ed.). Checkmark. ISBN 0816039739.

3. The Regents of the ^ University of Michigan. The Tropical Rain Forest. Retrieved on 14 March 2008.

4. ^ Bourgeron, Patrick S. (1983). "Spatial Aspects of Vegetation Structure". In Frank B. Golley (ed.). Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystems. Structure and Function. Ecosystems of the World (14A ed.). Elsevier Scientific. pp. 29-47. ISBN 0-444-41986-1.

5. ^ Webb, Len (1 October 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests". Journal of Ecology. 47 (3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551-570. doi:10.2307/2257290. JSTOR 2257290.

6. ^ Erwin, T.L. (1982). "Tropical forests: Their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species" (PDF). The Coleopterists Bulletin. 36 (1): 74-75. JSTOR 4007977.

7. ^ Denslow, J S (1987). "Tropical Rainforest Gaps and Tree Species Diversity". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 18: 431. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002243.

8. ^ Malhi, Yadvinder & Wright, James (2004). "Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 359 (1443): 311-329. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1433. PMC . PMID 15212087.

9. ^ Moreira, A.; Fageria, N. K.; Garcia y Garcia, A. (2011). "Soil Fertility, Mineral Nitrogen, and Microbial Biomass in Upland Soils of the Central Amazon under Different Plant Covers" (PDF). Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 42 (6): 694-705. doi:10.1080/00103624.2011.550376. S2CID 73689568.

10. ^ Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters. 6 (4): 544-547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMC . PMID 20106856.

11. ^ 'They're killing us': world's most endangered tribe cries for help. The Guardian (22 April 2012). Retrieved on 24 June 2016.

12. Sibaja, Marco (6 June 2012) ^ Brazil's Indigenous Awa Tribe At Risk. Huffington Post

13. ^ González-Ruibal, Alfredo; Hernando, Almudena; Politis, Gustavo (2011). "Ontology of the self and material culture: Arrow-making among the Awá hunter-gatherers (Brazil)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 30: 1. doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.10.001. hdl:10261/137811.

14. Myers, N. (1985). ^ The primary source, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, pp. 189-193, ISBN 0-393-30262-8

15. ^ Watts, Jonathan (28 November 2017). "The Amazon effect: how deforestation is starving São Paulo of water". The Guardian.

16. ^ VERCHOT, LOUIS (29 January 2015). "The science is clear: Forest loss behind Brazil's drought". Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).

17. ^ Harvey, Fiona (4 March 2020). "Tropical forests losing their ability to absorb carbon, study finds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077.

18. ^ Stronza, A. & Gordillo, J. (2008). "Community views of ecotourism: Redefining benefits" (PDF). Annals of Tourism Research. 35 (2): 448. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002.

19. ^ "Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests". WRI.org. World Resources Institute. June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023.

20. ^ Tomich, P. T., Noordwijk, V. M., Vosti, A. S., Witcover, J (1998). "Agricultural development with rainforest conservation: methods for seeking best bet alternatives to slash-and-burn, with applications to Brazil and Indonesia" (PDF). Agricultural Economics. 19 (1-2): 159-174. doi:10.1016/S0169-5150(98)00032-2.

21. ^ Semazzi, F. H., Song, Y (2001). "A GCM study of climate change induced by deforestation in Africa". Climate Research. 17: 169-182. Bibcode:2001ClRes..17..169S. doi:10.3354/cr017169.

22. Barquero-González, J.P., Stice, T.L., Gómez, G., & ^ Monge- Nájera, J. (2020). Are tropical reptiles really declining? A six-year survey of snakes in a tropical coastal rainforest: role of prey and environment. Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(1), 336-343.

23. Oliveira, M.E., & Martins, M. (2001). When and where to find a pitviper: activity patterns and habitat use of the lancehead, ^ Bothrops atrox, in central Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetological Natural History, 8(2), 101-110.

24. ^ Varghese, Paul (August 2009). "An Overview of REDD, REDD Plus and REDD Readiness" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2010.

External links

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests that occur in tropical rainforest climate where there is no dry season - all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm.

# data[].attributes.body
Henry G7P

# data[].attributes.body
1.Why does deforestation occur?
2. What are tropical rainforests?
3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

Answers：
1.Forests are cleared to make land and for wood.
2.The tropical rainforest is a hot, moist biome where it rains all year long.
3.The loss of trees and other vegetation can cause climate change, desertification, diseases ,soil erosion, flooding and increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

# data[].attributes.body
Henry G7P

# data[].attributes.headline
                Simon 7P               Questions :                           1. What are tropical rainforests?                                                           2. How does deforestation impact people and the environment?                       3. Why does deforestation occur?                                                   

# data[].attributes.subject
                Simon 7P               Questions :                           1. What are tropical rainforests?                                                           2. How does deforestation impact people and the environment?                       3. Why does deforestation occur?                                                   

# data[].attributes.body
Answer :
1.
A tropical rainforest is a biome where it is warm and rains all year long, it is also a very moist place where is is covered by very high trees that reach up to 75m, and barely any sunlight comes through.
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biorainforest.php
2.
It affects people in lots of ways, deforestation increases the amount of greenhouse gases since trees consume greenhouse gases. It affects the environment by loss of habitat, some animal's ecosystem is living in the trees, so when trees are cut down, their habitats are lost.
https://www.pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation#:~:text=The%20loss%20of%20trees%20and,of%20problems%20for%20indigenous%20people.
3.
Deforestation is mostly causes by livestock caring.

(ﾉ◕ヮ◕)ﾉ*:･ﾟ✧

# data[].attributes.headline
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.headline
1.)What are tropical rainforest     2.) Why does deforestation occur?3.)How does deforestation impact people and the environment?    

# data[].attributes.subject
1.)What are tropical rainforest     2.) Why does deforestation occur?3.)How does deforestation impact people and the environment?    

# data[].attributes.body
1.)The forest will always be green the whole year, because the tree don't have to save water.
2.)There are many reason why deforestaion occur such as cutting tree, burning forest.
3.)

# data[].attributes.headline
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
1. What are tropical rainforests

# data[].attributes.headline
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation#:~:text=The%20loss%20of%20trees%20and,of%20problems%20for%20indigenous%20people.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Why does deforestation occur?
2.What are tropical rainforests?
3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

1.Deforestation occurs when agriculture expands , logging occurs by business workers , urbanization and mining. https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/deforestation.htm

2. Tropical rainforests are a kind of rain forest but it is found near the wet tropical lowland and uplands near the equator and the climate in the tropical rainforests would never dry off.https://www.britannica.com/science/tropical-rainforest

3. The loss of trees will cause climate change ,desertification , soil erosion ,spread of disease and flooding, making people die faster and there would be greenhouse gases to harm the environment. https://www.pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation

# data[].attributes.headline
1.Why does deforestation occur?2.What are tropical rainforests?3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment? 

# data[].attributes.subject
1.Why does deforestation occur?2.What are tropical rainforests?3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment? 

# data[].attributes.body
1. It occurs when people destroy the forest, by logging, agriculture, and mining.
Information Taken From:
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/deforestation.htm

2. Tropical rainforest is forest that doesn't have any dry season. They are wet places, with a high rainfall zone. Thus according to the nasa.gov website which shows that the average precipitation of tropical forest are around 79 to 394 inches of rain per year.
Although the tropical rainforest doesn't have any dry season but it still a hot place.
Information Taken From: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/biome/biorainforest.php

3.It can impact the environment by, increase green house gases in the environment. Thus this will causes global warming. When lots of trees have been cleared away their are no roots, to absorb the water when a heavy rain hit. Thus this will causes soil erosion and flood which will impact human by losing their homelands.
Information taken from
https://www.pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation

# data[].attributes.body
Tropical rainforests are found in wet tropical uplands and lowlands near the equator. They make up one of Earth's largest biomes, broad-leaved tree, vegetation and other life can be found in tropical rainforests.
https://www.britannica.com/science/tropical-rainforest

2. Why does deforestation occur?

Deforestation occurs by human activities, such as  logging, agriculture and mining
https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/deforestation/310969

3. How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

On the environment, deforestation can affect animals of loss habitat, increasing greenhouse gasses, soil erosion, flooding and droughts.
Deforestation can affect people, like tribal people, on not having enough recourses like food, shelter and water.

# data[].attributes.body
Why does deforestation occur?
Occur by logging, agricultural, natural disaster  etc.

What are tropical rainforests?
A hot and moist biome which rain all year long.

How does deforestation impact people and the environment?
It destroys the environment and for the small tribe living in the forest it will destroy their home.

# data[].attributes.headline
1.What are tropical rainforests?2.Why does deforestation occur?3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment? 

# data[].attributes.subject
1.What are tropical rainforests?2.Why does deforestation occur?3.How does deforestation impact people and the environment? 

# data[].attributes.body
Uk 7p

# data[].attributes.body
You are to answer ALL 3 Core Questions with a photo, short video, link to an article, or a short answer in your own words.  You have to create a new post. Make sure to state the question in the post. Be very careful to choose content that is both reliable and related to the question. You might need to explain your photo or video in the comment. Be prepared to share and discuss your response with the class.

# data[].attributes.headline
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?

# data[].attributes.subject
How does deforestation impact people and the environment?