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Literature Reviews

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Can gifted students receive effective instruction in the regular classroom? Lisa Benson (2002), a classroom teacher, observes that in her experience, gifted students quickly become frustrated in mixed-ability classes, especially those gifted students who exhibit a high degree of creativity. Further, she believes that the typical large classroom lacks the necessary resources to serve all students well.

Do most researchers agree with this practitioner's assessment?

Renzulli (cited in Knobel &amp; Shaughnessey, 2002) believes that gifted students can be served in regular classrooms containing students of varying ability. He suggests, however, that these regular classroom teachers need either special training in teaching gifted students or access to specialists who can come into the classroom to provide assistance.

Melser's (1999) research indicates that gifted students' reading achievement improves at about the same rate whether those students are in a heterogeneous or a homogeneous class; however, she found that gifted students in heterogeneous classes often had better self-esteem. She concluded that gifted students in homogeneous classes had lower self-esteem because they had to compete with students of equal or superior ability.

Even when schools officially espouse the goal of grouping students of differing abilities together, their efforts to accomplish this goal sometimes run up against practical realities. For example, Burns and Mason (2002) found that elementary school principals in their study, when creating supposedly heterogeneous class groupings, tended to avoid assigning low-performing students and high-ability students to the same classes because the principals assumed that teachers would gear the instructional pace to the lower portion of the class. Burns and Mason also found that students in the high-ability classes received better instruction, had more motivated or better qualified teachers, and benefited from high-ability classmates who contributed to an improved academic climate.

Rogers (2002) analyzed the research on various grouping options for gifted learners and found that full-time gifted programs demonstrate the strongest benefits, followed by cluster grouping within heterogeneous classes (an arrangement in which the top five to eight gifted learners at a grade level are placed in one classroom with a classroom teacher who has special training in gifted education); acceleration of the curriculum through such methods as grade telescoping (time compression of the junior or senior high school curriculum); regrouping for enriched learning in specific subjects; cross-grade grouping or nongraded classrooms; enrichment pullout programs; and within-class ability grouping. Rogers also found that cooperative grouping, which has demonstrated benefits for most learners, has not been shown to enhance learning for gifted learners. On the basis of her research review, Rogers concluded that gifted students need some form of grouping by ability so that their curriculum may be appropriately broadened and extended.

Shields (2002) supports Rogers's findings. Her research found that homogeneous grouping generally had a significant, positive effect on gifted students' academic achievement, attitudes concerning themselves as learners, and school experiences. But what about the students who were not identified as gifted and who were left behind in the regular classes? According to Shields, students placed appropriately in regular classes did not suffer socially or emotionally when students identified as academically talented or gifted were served in separate, homogeneous classes.

A study by Gentry, Rizza, and Owen (2002) examined gifted students' perceptions of the amount of challenge and the amount of choice that various academic programs offered them. The study found that elementary-level gifted students perceived no difference in how much they were challenged academically, whether they attended magnet schools for gifted children, gifted classes within regular schools, or regular classes. At the middle school level, however, students in the gifted magnet schools reported significantly more challenging work than did students in gifted or regular classes within regular schools. No meaningful difference existed among the groups in the amount of academic choice that they experienced at either the elementary or middle school levels. These researchers expressed concern, however, that little differentiation occurs for gifted students in regular elementary classrooms.

To overcome the concerns of Gentry, Rizza, and Owen and to better accommodate the needs of gifted students, Tomlinson (2001) stresses that a differentiated classroom can meet the uncommon needs of these learners. She suggests that teachers can differentiate instruction for advanced learners in many ways, such as giving them more advanced reading or research material, calling on them to think at a deeper level of complexity, and asking them to use more advanced skills. Tomlinson suggests, however, that even though regular classrooms that employ differentiated instruction can accommodate many needs of gifted students, most schools will need to provide a variety of services and learning options for the full range of learners.

Lloyd (1999), in his review of the research on multi-age classrooms, concludes that this grouping arrangement has positive and often significant effects on both the academic and the social-emotional learning of high-ability students. He observes that teachers in multi-age classrooms are more likely to focus on the individual characteristics of their students, whereas teachers in single-grade classes are more likely to approach students as members of a particular grade and to expect similarities rather than differences. He suggests that multi-age classes provide a positive alternative to self-contained classes or pullout programs for gifted students.

Sternberg, interviewed by Shaughnessy (2002), outlines three overarching issues that schools must address in the education of gifted children. First, students are not simply gifted or nongifted; rather, there are various types of gifts and many ways to capitalize on strengths and to correct and compensate for weaknesses of all students. Therefore, schools need to do a better job of identifying giftedness in all its forms. Second, giftedness is not just a state but also a process: Given the right opportunities, many students who now perform only adequately could become expert learners if their teachers understood how to develop competencies within students. Third, schools need to look past students' unconventional backgrounds when identifying students as gifted. Sternberg posits that our conventional measures favor cultural majority-group children and not those, for instance, who live in homes where English is not spoken.

The research summarized here demonstrates that schools have many options for meeting the needs of gifted students in both homogeneous and mixed-ability grouping arrangements. Each school must decide on the best arrangements for its high-ability students on the basis of its own student population, organizational structure, staff expertise, and school culture.

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Research Link / Grouping Gifted Students - ASCD

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Can gifted students receive effective instruction in the regular classroom? Lisa Benson (2002), a classroom teacher, observes that in her experience, gifted students quickly become frustrated in mixed-ability classes, especially those gifted students who exhibit a high degree of creativity. Further,

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Do I need consent if I am just receiving feedback from students based on different methods? I could potentially only use performance results for regular classroom activities.

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Does the "best" grouping method depend on the type of students in class, or is there a real solution?

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Am I biased by my own teaching methods?

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Will I be able to measure data?

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Factors to consider:

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Did my own ability lead to my decision to group based on ability? "Research shows that tracking and ability grouping practices are detrimental to low-ability students" (Mohnsen, 2008).

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Teaching physical education in middle school can sometimes seem like a never-ending journey, but this new edition will help you plan and map out your voyage--and successfully reach your destination. Using Teaching Middle School Physical Education, Third Edition, you can meet the specific needs of middle school students and prepare them for our rapidly changing world while also meeting the latest physical education standards.

This comprehensive resource has been updated with many exciting features:
-A CD-ROM with examples of task cards, software, and daily lesson plans
-Detailed standards-based lesson agendas to help you clearly present the information to your students
-Recommended equipment lists and comprehensive information to help you build and implement your program without having to dig through numerous resources
-Realigned unit plans to help you document that you are meeting the current national standards
-Assessments for every standard in each unit

Teaching Middle School Physical Education, Third Edition, provides a blueprint for developing an effective environment and sound curriculum and for teaching and assessing middle school students based on the latest physical education guidelines. Part I examines changes in society, technology, health, and education and how you can use those changes to shape your middle school physical education program. Part II guides you step by step in developing a physical education curriculum from start to finish, including selecting a curriculum committee, defining a physically educated person, and establishing benchmarks in alignment with the exit standards. In this part you'll also learn how to select instructional units, integrate physical education with other subjects, and develop unit and lesson plans.

In part III you'll learn about the needs of middle school learners and the corresponding teaching behaviors, instructional styles and strategies, instructional materials, and new technologies that are especially effective at the middle school level. You'll explore how to motivate and reach all types of learners and why and how to select particular teaching styles or strategies. Part IV outlines a complete physical education program for fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Each unit includes an overview, a list of standards linked directly to the grade-level standards, and a day-by-day lesson outline. You also receive assessment tool ideas for each unit, which are aligned with the standards.

Teaching Middle School Physical Education, Third Edition, is both comprehensive and flexible in its approach to providing you with high-quality, up-to-date information that is practical for both veterans and new teachers. This new version will help you stay the course and complete a successful journey with your next physical education class.

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Teaching Middle School Physical Education

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Teaching physical education in middle school can sometimes seem like a never-ending journey, but this new edition will help you plan and map out your voyage--and successfully reach your destination. Using Teaching Middle School Physical Education, Third Edition, you can meet the specific needs of middle school students and prepare them for our rapidly changing world while also meeting the latest physical education standards.

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RESOURCES:

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Important quote:

"Teachers enhance student learning by utilizing different grouping strategies, teaching cues, management techniques, transitions, progressions, and modifications to equipment and space based on the awareness they gain about their students. When preparing for instruction, accomplished teachers consider variables such as class size, skill levels, and developmental levels relative to students’ physical, emotional, cognitive, and social characteristics." (NBPTS, nd)

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Students using different partners will enhance the social aspect of the physical environment (Alderman, Beighle, Pangrazi, 2006)

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Ability grouping may be "divisive and harmful to pupils' self-esteem" (Bailey, 2013, p. 70)

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Designed for all trainee and newly qualified teachers, teacher trainers and mentors, this volume provides a contemporary handbook for the teaching of physical education, covering Key Stages 2, 3 and 4 in line with current DfEE and TTA guidelines.

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Attitude towards ability based PE classes.

Could grouping based on ability promote a

safer environment? (Haynes, Fletcher, Miller, 2008)

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Different strategies for grouping students (Shimon, 2011)

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Introduction to Teaching Physical Education: Effective strategies to group students in physical education classes

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Although counting off by numbers does work, it is often not as effective as other methods. This strategy usually takes up too much time, some students may not honor their assigned number (change groups), a few students may jockey for a better position in line to make sure they end up with the same number as their friends, or students may forget their numbers, which is often the case with younger children.

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Adaptive Phys Ed: Including students with

disabilities in the general education class

(Connecticut State Dept. of Education, 2014)

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Using differentiated instruction to group students. (Ellis, 2009)

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I have used multiple ways to group

students, but I want to find which

method will benefit them the most.

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Research topic:

What is the best method of grouping students

in Physical Education?