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1.MUHAMMAD AMIRUL SHAFWAN BIN MOHD SHAMRAM
(2019939761)
2.SHARUL IKHMAL BIN MD NASRI
(2019794485)
3.NURUL IZZAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ
(2019368933)
4. NUR HASYA DINAH BINTI MOHAMMED FADZIR
(2019940699)

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The history of ancient India is in many ways similar to that of the Ancient Near East but in other ways unique. Indian cultures were less concerned with notions of historical record keeping. Despite the commencement of urban cultures in the Indus Valley by 2500 BC, there is no certain chronology of Indian history until the 7th-6th centuries BC, and much of what we know about this derives from the writings of Greek visitors such as Megasthenes (ca. 350 – 290 BC). This is partly due to the fact that Indian culture rarely developed a tradition of unified centralized authority with its consequent need to preserve memory of its accomplishments (royal acts and accomplishments or res gestae). Political development remained minimal. Indian civilization was characterized instead by the development of strong spiritual and social constructs that enabled their society to maintain stability and continuity without strong political institutions.

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1.BRAHMINS
-Well this group of people were categorized on the top of the ancient Indian social hierarchy. These were not the most rich or powerful people of the time but were very respectful and prestigious people. Even the kings used to listen to the Brahmins.

2.KSHATRIAYS/RAJPUTS
-The next level in the ancient Indian social hierarchy is of Kshatriyas or Rajputs. Kshatriya basically means a warrior. They were the people who used to be the king and belonged to royal families normally.
Being a Kshatriya or a Rajput was considered to be a matter of respect and proud. Bravery was the perfect word to describe these people. This class was the governing body of the society and protection of the society was their duty.

3.VAISYAS
Vaisyas are the next level in the ancient Indian social hierarchy. According to the Hindu mythology, the Vaisyas are required to rear cattle and perform the productive labor, pastoral tasks, trade and agriculture. This class includes the common people. They were provided with little rights of their own.

4. SHUDRAS
This was the lowest class of the ancient Indian social hierarchy. Eating anything or talking to these people was prohibited in the society to people of other classes. These people acted and worked as servants to the other three classes. These people were provided with very little or almost no rights and power of their own.

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Ancient India Social Classes Ancient World History Activities & Lessons for Students- Instructomania

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6.1  PROGRESSION OF LANDSCAPE PROFESSION

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6.1  PROGRESSION OF LANDSCAPE PROFESSION

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During the third emperor of Asoka (272- 232 BC) the pre- Aryan peoples worship the spirit, guardian gods and power of nature concieved as personal beings that include the tree spirits, water and the whole source of nature which is fertility of the vegetables or plants and also animals for example cow. Besides, Aryans also believed in heaven and god of the sky that the combination of two religious; Hinduism and Buddhism. The monument uses elements such as lotus, mountains, and also Gardens (arbours) that covered by creepers, water lakes and lotus to give significance.

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1.Libarary of congress (2011), The History Of Ancient India, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from https://www.ancient.eu/article/294/the-history-of-ancient-india/

2. Wikimedia project (2021), Culture of ancient india, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_India

3.India.gov.in (2012), Organisations Engaged in Cultural Activities, retrieved on 20 January 2021, from https://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/organisations-engaged-in-cultural-activities.php

4.Jawaharlal Nehru, Cultural India, retrived on 20 January 2021 from https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-dance/index.html

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Next, during the period the famous Great Stupa Sanchi is a oldest Buddhist monument of Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh state, India. It was built in the (273- 236 BCE) by Ashoka Maurya; the most famous of the Buddhist rulers of India. It was built with a height of 17 meter and 37 meter wide. It was the central structure consists of hemispherical dome (anda) on a base, with deep relics of space within, the dome symbolizes as a dome of heaven enclosing the earth, it is surmounted by a squared fence/ railing (harmika) that can be said to represent the mountains of the world. A central pillar (yashti) symbolizes as the cosmic axis and supports with a triple umbrella structure (chattra) which is held to represent the three Jewels of Buddhism and also the path is accessed from cardinal direction through four beautiful carved entrance.
The monument were carefully repaired to present the condition and restored in between 1912 until 1919.

THE GREAT STUPA OF SANCHI

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The culture of India is one of the oldest and unique. In India, there is amazing cultural diversity throughout the country. The South, North, and Northeast have their own distinct cultures and almost every state has carved out its own cultural niche. There is hardly any culture in the world that is as varied and unique as India. India is a vast country, having variety of geographical features and climatic conditions. India is home to some of the most ancient civilizations, including four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.

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1.Patricia.B (Assistant Editor) (2018), Great Stupa Buddhist Monument Sanchi India, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Stupa-Buddhist-monument-Sanchi-India

2.Wikimedia project (2021),
Sanchi, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchi

3.Amy.T (Corrections Manager) (2015), Topic Borobudur, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Borobudur

4.Wikimedia project (2021),
Borobudur, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

5.Barbara.A.S (2020),
Topic Angkor Wat, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angkor-Wat

6.Wikimedia project (2021),
Angkor Wat, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat

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Angkor "Buddhist Monastery in the city” is a Buddhist temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world by land area, on a site measuring 162.6 hectares (1.626 km²; 402 acres). Originally constructed as a Hindu templededicated to the god Vishnu for the Khmer Empire. It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman IIin the early 12th century in Yaśodharapura (Khmer : present-day Angkor), the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. But towards the end of 12th century, it was converted into a Buddhist Temple, which continues to present day. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation. The temple is at the top of the high classical style of Khmer architecture. Today, it is one of the most important pilgrimage site for the Buddhists in Cambodia and around the world. It has become a symbol of Cambodia, appearing on its national flag, and it is the country's prime attraction for visitors.

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Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and ranks with Bagan in Myanmar and Angkor Wat in Cambodia as one of the great archeological sites of Southeast Asia. Borobudur remains popular for pilgrimage, with Buddhists in Indonesia celebrating Vesak Day at the monument. Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction.

The monument's three divisions symbolize the three "realms" of Buddhist cosmology, namely Kamadhatu (the world of desires), Rupadhatu (the world of forms), and finally Arupadhatu (the formless world). Ordinary sentient beings live out their lives on the lowest level, the realm of desire. Those who have burnt out all desire for continued existence leave the world of desire and live in the world on the level of form alone: they see forms but are not drawn to them. Finally, full Buddhas go beyond even form and experience reality at its purest, most fundamental level, the formless ocean of nirvana.

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1. Angkor Wat Wikipedia, retrieved on 19 January 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Wat

2.  Borobudur Temple Compounds - Wikipedia, retrieved on 11 January 2021. from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur

3. Borobudur, Indonesia in 4K (Ultra HD)
https://youtu.be/tDuhIrzBjbQ

4. Anthropology Magazine Sapiens,
https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/how-kings-created-angkor-wat-then-lost-it/

5. Ancient Civilization World, retrieved on 23 January 2017, from
https://ancientcivilizationsworld.com/india/#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C%20we%20can%20say,that%20led%20to%20its%20demise.

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The uniqueness of the structures at Borobudur for Humans

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The uniqueness of the structures at Borobudur for Humans

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Borobudur, Indonesia  [Amazing Places 4K]

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HINDUISM
-Hinduism is the oldest religion in India. In fact, some of the Hindu gods were most likely worshipped by the people of ancient Harappa. When the Aryans came into India, they brought their beliefs, and the stories of their gods in their holy book, the Rig Veda.

The Aryans believed in re-incarnation. This means that they believed that people, when their lives are over, are re-born into something else. It could be another person or even an animal. What kind of re-birth you got depended on how well you worshipped the gods in this life.

Hinduism has many gods, but they are all believed to be the main god, Brahman, showing himself in different forms. Hinduism also has many different “sects”, or groups that believe different things. People in different regions may have completely different beliefs from each other, worship different gods, and have different rituals.

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2.BUDDHISM
Gautama Buddha was a young Hindu man born to riches and luxury. His parents tried to keep him from seeing any suffering, sickness, or death. But one day, as a young adult, he saw an old man who was suffering. Buddha questioned why people suffered. He wanted to make sense of it. He left his family and went off to meditate by himself. He sat under a tree and meditated until he reached “enlightenment”. He came to the conclusion that, for a person to reach nirvana, or a state of complete happiness, he had to get rid of all his desires. If you don’t desire anything, you can’t suffer from the loss of it.

Buddha told others of his thoughts, and the belief spread. He taught that people could escape the cycle of reincarnation by living a very good life. He developed what is called the 8-fold Path, the way to reach nirvana.

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The most spectacular and interesting things about the Khmer Empire are these major temples, along with the massive agricultural system built by the empire’s kings to support the people and increase their wealth. With this infrastructure, the medieval Khmer people transformed a giant floodplain into a highly engineered landscape over the course of hundreds of years.

The scale of the hydraulic system is perhaps unparalleled in the preindustrial world. They built channels that were over 20 km in length and 40–60 m wide, above-ground reservoirs thousands of acres in size, and a vast network of walled fields used for flooded rice agriculture. The largest of these were constructed by kings, who claimed credit for them in inscriptions etched on the walls of temples and commemorative stone slabs called stelae.

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Dance in India comprises numerous styles of dances, generally classified as classical or folk. As with other aspects of Indian culture, different forms of dances originated in different parts of India, developed according to the local traditions and also imbibed elements from other parts of the country.

Bharatanatyam
-Dating back to 1000 BC, barathanatyam is a classical dance from the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu, practiced predominantly in modern times by women. The dance is usually accompanied by classical Carnatic Music. Bharatnatyam is a major genre of Indian classical dances that originated in the Hindu temples of Tamil Nadu and neighboring regions.

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1)The history of ancient India
https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~rauhn/ancindia.htm

2)History Summarized: Ancient India
https://youtu.be/rJfj47PnsJY

3)Timeline of Rulers of INDIA (1526-2020)
https://youtu.be/uqJT0jkaitk

4)How ancient India laid modern society's foundation
https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Science/How-ancient-India-laid-modern-society-s-foundation

5)Ancient indian contributions to science
http://ancientindianwisdom.com/contribution-to-science-overview/contributions-to-science

6)India’s Most Incredible Medical Contributions
https://homegrown.co.in/article/10038/indias-most-incredible-medical-contributions-to-the-world

7)Mathematical inventions in ancient India
https://www.itsmydesh.in/2017/09/10-mathematical-inventions-in-ancient.html

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6.3 THE GREAT STUPA OF BOROBUDUR, JAVA INDONESIA (PURE 'MANDALA')

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6.3 THE GREAT STUPA OF BOROBUDUR, JAVA INDONESIA (PURE 'MANDALA')

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Borobudur is a massive 19 century Buddhist Temple in Central Java, Indonesia, 26 miles Northwest of Yogyakarta. It is the world's largest Buddhist Temple that combines the symbolic forms of stupa (a Buddhist commemorative with continuing holy relics), the temple mountain (the Mount Meru of Hindu mythology) and also the mandala (a mystic of Buddhist traditional symbol of the universe). It also combines the square as earth and the circle as heaven. Besides, it was style influences  by India Gupta and post- Gupta art and the monument was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991 until now. It was built between about 778 and 850 CE, under the Shailendra Dynasty and it was buried under volcanic ash from about 1000 and overgrown with vegetation until the English Lieutenant Governor Thomas Stamford Raffles discovered in 1814. In 1907 until 1911, the Team of Dutch archaeologists restored the site and the second restored was completed in 1983.

THE GREAT STUPA OF BOROBUDUR

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In the conclusion, we can say that ancient India was a civilization that did not last long. It began in around the 25th century BC and ended in around the 17th century BC. Its short duration is due to invasions from other civilizations, or maybe due to some type of cataclysm that led to its demise.

Indian social structure followed the caste system, which organized the population into Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

The economic organization was based on agricultural activities. Rice production and irrigation canals were controlled by the government, but the diversity of India’s natural regions prompted other types of crops. The religions prohibited the consumption of meats, which is why the diet was exclusively vegetarian. The trade of cotton, weapons, metals and precious stones meant great riches.

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Kathakali
-Kathakali primarily developed as a Hindu performance art, performing plays and mythical legends related to Hinduism. While its origin are more recent, its roots are in temple and folk arts such as Kutiyattam and religious drama traceable to at least the 1st millennium CE. A Kathakali performance incorporates movements from the ancient martial arts and athletic traditions of south India.

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Kathak
-Kathak evolved during the Bhakti movement , particularly by incorporating childhood and amorous stories of Hindu god Krishna, as well as independently in the courts of north Indian kingdoms. It transitioned, adapted and integrated the tastes and Persian arts influence in the Mughal courts of the 16th and 17th century, was ridiculed and declined in the colonial British era,then was reborn as India gained independence.

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The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Among a number of architectural styles and traditions, the contrasting Hindu temple architecture and Indo-Islamic architecture are the best known historical styles. Both of these, but especially the former, have a number of regional styles within them. An early example of town planning was the Harappan architecture of the Indus Valley Civilisation. People lived in cities with baked brick houses, streets in a grid layout, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, granaries, citadels, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. Much other early Indian architecture was in wood, which has not survived.

Indus Valley Civilization (2600 BCE – 1900 BCE)
-The Indus Valley Civilization covered a large area around the Indua River basin and beyond in late Bronze age India. In its mature phase, from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, it produced several cities marked by great uniformity within and between sites, including Harappa, Lothal and the UNESCO world heritage site Mohenjo Daro.

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600 BCE—250 CE
After the Indus Valley Civilization, there are few traces of Indian architecture, which probably mostly used wood, or brick which has been recycled, until around the time of the Maurya Empire, from 322 to 185 BCE. From this period for several centuries onwards, much the best remains are of Indian rock-cut architecture, mostly Buddhist, and there are also a number of Buddhist images that give very useful information. Walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings which consistently used chaitya arches, no doubt in wood, for roofs and upper structures above more solid storeys are important features of the architecture during this period.

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Gupta architecture
Gupta period represented a hiatus in Indian rock-cut architecture, with the first wave of construction finishing before the empire was assembled, and the second wave beginning in the late 5th century, after it ended.

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India is the planet's largest, oldest and if you exclude the 19th and 20th centuries wealthiest civilization. The influence of ancient Indian history on the modern world is due to the many manifestations of Indian genius and the fact that the language people used was so logical that it nourished critical thinking on the fundamental unity underlying mankind's diversity.Up to the 17th century, the wealth in India was more than twice that of the rest of the world combined. So many of the foundations of modern society science, medicine, mathematics, metaphysics, religion and astronomy originated in India. We can call India the cradle of human civilization, the birthplace of speech, the mother of history and numerous languages, the grandmother of legends and traditions.

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Andhra Pradesh
The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh belongs to the two Telugu-speaking regions of Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra and is part of Telugu cuisine. The food of Andhra Pradesh is known for its heavy use of spices, and the use of tamarind

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Assam
Assamese cuisine is a mixture of different indigenous styles, with considerable regional variation and some external influences. Although it is known for its limited use of spices,[43] Assamese cuisine has strong flavours from its use of endemic herbs, fruits, and vegetables served fresh, dried, or fermented.

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Indians invented zero and the number system, one of the greatest innovations in history. The decimal system, the value of pi, algebra, trigonometry, calculus and many mathematical concepts were all born in India. The largest number Greeks and Romans used was 10 to the power of 6; well before 5000 B.C., Indians used numbers as big as 10 to the power of 53.

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Sushruta was the father of medicine -- the first to invent the art of performing surgery with anesthesia. The first school of medicine, Ayurveda, was based on a systematic knowledge of plant-derived medicines and is practiced effectively even today. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism, physiology, genetics, immunity, psychology and etiology can be found in many ancient Indian texts.

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Angkor Wat temple complex at Angkor wat, Colombia. It was built in 12th century by the King Suryavarman II. The Angkor wat also the vast religious complex for comprises more than a 1000 buildings itself, and it is the best cultural wonders of the world because it is the world's largest religious structure compared to Borobudur is the world's largest Buddhist temple. It was covering some 160 hectares and remarks the highest point of Khmer architecture. In other hand, Angkor wat is the city that served as the Royal Centre from Dynasty of Khmer kings ruled one of the largest, most prosperous, and also the most sophisticated kingdoms in the history of Southeast Asia. Angkor wat temple, expresses the influence of the both religious Hinduism and Buddhism art of the structure building. The five central towers of Angkor wat symbolizes the peaks of the Mount Meru, which according to Hindu mythology same like Borobudur  and the mountains to be surrounded by an ocean. It was built with height of 188 meter bridge that allows people access to the site. Besides, the temple is reached by passing through three galleries that each separated by a paved walkway and the temple wall are covered with the bas- relief sculptures of very high quality that representing Hindu gods and ancient Khmer. In the early 15th century Angkor wat was abandoned. Angkor wat was rediscovered after the French colonial regime was established in 1863. The Angkor wat was still established as a historic place for tourist in Colombia with beautiful landscape and environment.

ANGKOR WAT TEMPLE

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The Indian system of astronomy is by far the oldest. It was the source from which the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and Jews derived their knowledge. The motion of the stars on the tables of Giovanni Cassini and Tobias Mayer, used in the 19th century, do not vary by even a minute from Indian calculations made 4,500 years before. Indian tables give the same annual variation of the moon as discovered by Tycho Brahe a variation unknown to the schools of Alexandria and the Arabs.

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The Buried Mysteries Of Angkor Wat | The City Of God Kings | Timeline

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1.The Paleolithic age
- Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age; the earliest period of human development, last until approx 8000 BC. The Paleolithic Period is divided into two eras: the Lower Paleolithic (to 40,000 BC) and the Upper Paleolithic (40,000–8000 BC).

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2. The Mesolithic Age
The Mesolithic Age, also known as Middle Stone Age, was the second part of the Stone Age. In India, it spanned from 9,000 B.C. to 4,000 B.C. This age is characterized by the appearance of Microliths (small bladed stone tools). The Mesolithic Age was a transitional phase between the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age. The people of this age lived on hunting, fishing, and food gathering; later on they also domesticated animals.

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The Neolithic Age

-The Neolithic Age, which means New Stone Age, was the last and third part of the Stone Age. In India, it spanned from around 7,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C. The Neolithic Age is mainly characterized by the development of settled agriculture and the use of tools and weapons made of polished stones. The major crops grown during this period were ragi, horse gram, cotton, rice, wheat, and barley. Pottery first appeared in this age.

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The Chalcolithic Culture

-With the end of the Neolithic Age, several cultures started using metal, mostly copper and low grade bronze. The culture based on the use of copper and stone was termed as Chalcolithic meaning stone-copper Phase. In India, it spanned around 2000 BC to 700 BC. This culture was mainly seen in Pre-Harappan phase, but at many places it extended to Post-Harappan phase too. The people were mostly rural and lived near hills and rivers. The Chalcolithic culture corresponds to the farming communities, namely Kayatha, Ahar or Banas, Malwa, and Jorwe.

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Yakshi figure

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Pillar of sanchi

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Candi of Borobudur

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Angkor Wat Temple

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Angkor Wat central tower