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Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis was a Hungarian physician who, during the mid-1800s, identified the connection between hand hygiene and disease spread (Srinivas, 2020).

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Florence Nightingale was a pioneer hospital reformer and was commonly known as the heroine of the Crimean War. The Crimean War took place from 1854-1856. During this time, 40% of hospital admissions ended in death. During the war, Nightingale learned many lessons that would aid in lowering mortality rates (McDonald, 2020).

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A very rare voice recording with animated facial movements is pictured above. The voice was recorded on an Edison wax cylinder, or a phonograph cylinder. It was one of the first devices to record sound and was created in 1877 (Wills, 2019).

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First published in 1860, Nightingale's Notes on Nursing was a revolutionary piece of literature that would change the way medicine viewed personal cleanliness.  The book reflects lessons learned during the Crimean War and identifies positive changes that could be made to prevent high death rates (McDonald, 2020).  Florence Nightingale was the first nurse to identify the effectiveness of handwashing within hospitals. Although she didn't fully understand how specific micro-organisms caused diseases, she instructed nurses to wash their hands frequently throughout the day (Hillier, 2020).

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1980 - Adopting Hand Washing into Practice 

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1980 - Adopting Hand Washing into Practice 

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Before this healthcare innovation, many didn't understand or believe in the correlation between the spread of germs and hand washing. Scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister were both critical in discovering different germs and how to prevent them from spreading. It wasn't until 1980 that hand washing was fully understood and officially incorporated into American healthcare under national CDC guidelines (Strochlic, 2020).

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CDC Guidelines - How to Properly Wash Your Hands 

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CDC Guidelines - How to Properly Wash Your Hands 

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1. Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold), turn off the tap, and apply soap.

2. Lather your hands by rubbing them together with the soap. Lather the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your nails.

3. Scrub your hands for at least 20 seconds. Need a timer? Hum the “Happy Birthday” song from beginning to end twice.

4. Rinse your hands well under clean, running water.

5. Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them (CDC, 2020.)

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

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2021 - Hand Washing and Hand Sanitizer in Healthcare 

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2021 - Hand Washing and Hand Sanitizer in Healthcare 

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Hand sanitizer has been integrated into all healthcare facilities and, when used synergistically with handwashing, is an excellent method of fighting bacteria's spread. Handwashing and hand sanitizer play vital roles in preventing the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Handwashing mechanically removes pathogens, and hand sanitizer containing 80% ethanol or 75% isopropanol has been proven to drastically reduce the number of pathogens spread (Roy et al., 2020).