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Quillin SJ, Seifert HS. Neisseria gonorrhoeae host adaptation and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Apr;16(4):226-240. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.169. Epub 2018 Feb 12. PMID: 29430011; PMCID: PMC6329377.

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Hitchcock P. Scientific evidence on condom effectiveness for sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention: workshop summary. Herndon (VA): DIANE Publishing, 2001. (From a workshop held by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, june 12-13, 2001.)

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[1], Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al., GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France (2013): International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available at: <ce:inter-ref id="intr0010" xlink:href="http://globocan.iarc.fr">http://globocan.iarc.fr, </ce:inter-ref>.

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The earliest records of the disease are from 1161, when the English parliament enacted a law to ensure the stopped spread of the disease. The same thing happened in 1256 in France. in 1879, Neisser discovered the bacteria that was causing the symptoms and proved it when introducing it through the urethra of healthy men and causing symptoms.  It was also given the name The Clap because people felt a clapping sensation when urinating.

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There is a estimated total of 30.6 million cases of Gonorrhea worldwide.

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Gonorrhea is the second most common reported disease in the US. N. Gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to the antibiotics used to treat the bacteria. Since 2009, the reported cases have increased 82.6%. Gonorrhea has been reported higher is adolescents and young adults.

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If left untreated, Gonorrhea can cause PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease), infertility, ectopic pregnancy with chronic pain, epididymo-orchitis, reactive arthritis, infertility in men, as well as prostate cancer.

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According to the CDC, uncomplicated Gonorrhea is normally treated with Ceftriaxone injection and oral Azithromycin due to the emerging strains of drug-resistant Neisseria Gonorrhoeae. Partners should also be tested and treated even if they show no symptoms. Rocephin is given because is in a class of medication called Cephalosporin antibiotics and it works by killing bacteria.

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Most important virulence factor& How it contributes to pathogenicity:

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Most important virulence factor& How it contributes to pathogenicity:

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Gonorrhea possesses a wide variety of virulent factors such as pili, Opa protein, LOS, Por protein and IgA1 protease.

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Discharge from the vagina that is creamy or green, pain or burning with urination, urination urgency, women may experience heavier periods, spotting or suprapubic pain, painful sexual intercourse, sore throat and fever, men can also experience pain on penis and swelling and pain in testicles. In some cases, Gonorrhea may not cause any symptoms.

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Gonorrhea is transmitted through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth or anus of an infected person even if ejaculation is not present, or if there is no penetration. Gonorrhea can also be passed down from a mother to their child through birth.

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The bacterium Neisseria Gonorrhoeae is the cause for Gonorrhea.

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According to the CDC Gonorrhea is treated with an injection of Ceftriaxone and oral Azithromycin.

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On men Gonorrhea is usually diagnosed by doing a urine test, on women Gonorrhea is diagnosed after having a positive vaginal or endocervical culture using nucleic acid amplification testing. Can also be diagnosed using a Gonorrhea culture.

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Abstinence is a sure way to not contract Gonorrhea, also if engaging in sexual activities using a condom can help prevent Gonorrhea. There is no vaccine to prevent Gonorrhea, but there should be because people are not always going to be truthful to their partners, be abstinent or sometimes they might not even know they have Gonorrhea and having the vaccine could help prevent a lot of  long term consequences.

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Gonorrhea
Also referred to as The Clap