# data[].attributes.body
2001-2009

*won the disputed 2000 presidential election (problems in Florida):
Bush v. Fire settled by Supreme Court after problems counting the votes, awarded the election to Bush.

*president when the 9/11 attacks occurred:
al-Qaeda attacked US, hit Twin Towers and other key targets, Bush launched a war on terrorism.

*created the Dept. of Homeland Security

*Operation Enduring Freedom:
Part of war on terror following 9/11, a strike against Afghanistan to end al-Qaeda activity in Afghanistan.

*Operation Iraqi Freedom:
2003 invasion of Iraq against Saddam Hussein.

# data[].attributes.body
1993-2001

*NAFTA:
The North American Free Trade Agreement, removed trade barriers between US, Mexico, and Canada.

*second president in U.S. history to be impeached:
After Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton was the second president to be impeached, following the Monica Lewinsky Affair and his cover up

*tried to get health care reform passed, but failed

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1989-1993

“Read my lips:  No new taxes!”:
promised not to impose taxes during his whole presidency, then enforced taxes at the end, losing support and the next election to Clinton.

*Operation Desert Storm:
1991 invasion to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait, able to remove all Iraqi forces in 100 hours

*ousted Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega:
Panamanian general and dictator from 1983 to 1989. Noriega was ousted from power after the U.S. invasion in late 1989, convicted in the United States of drug trafficking, and imprisoned in Miami, Florida.

# data[].attributes.body
1933-1945

*New Deal:
Govt proposed welfare programs to help those hurt economically during the Great Depression. programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

*Brain Trust:

Many of the advisers who helped Roosevelt during his presidential candidacy continued to aid him after he entered the White House. More influential than Roosevelt's cabinet.

*liberal Democrat: government sponsored welfare programs to help those hurt financially in the Great Depression.

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1901-1909

Trustbuster: opposed the formation of bad trusts, but supported good trusts. Used the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to break up bad trusts

Square Deal:
all Americans are entitled to an equal opportinity to succeed, Focused on busting trusts, gov't regulation of big biz, fair chance for labor, and environmental conservation. create a "Square Deal" or fair deal for everyone

Became president upon the assassination of William McKinley

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1981-1989

*Conservative Coalition:
Combination of conservative Republicans with conservative and mostly southern democrats

*supply-side economics / Reaganomics:
Reduction of taxes by 25% over 3 years, decreased deficit spending to reduce debt, largest tax cut in history.

*Iran-Contra scandal:
Sold missiles to Ayatollah Khomeini in return for hostages and sent the profits to aid Nicaragua, but avoided charges, became known as the Teflon President ( no charges would stick).

*missile defense program, aka “Star Wars”:
Use of satellites and technology to comprehensively protect against nuclear weapons

*Soviet Union  = “evil empire”

* “Tear down this wall!”  [Berlin Wall]:
Told Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1989 with deescalation of Cold War tensions.

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1977-1981

*human rights policy:
Targeted foreign policy to promotion of human rights

*Camp David Accords:
Worked to broker peace between Egypt and Israel after the October War in 1973, Carter held peace conference in 1979 and achieved peace between Egypt and Israel, but alienated the Arabs.

*Iranian Hostage Crisis: failure to diplomatically negotiate the return of several hostages, 2 helicopters crashed trying, hurt chances of reelection. Reagan successfully regained the hostages.

# data[].attributes.body
1974-1977

*only president to never have been elected as vice-president or president by the Electoral College:
Not formally elected by electoral college, but became president after Nixon resigned.

*became president upon the resignation of Richard Nixon:
Nixon resigned, Ford became new president after resignation.

*pardoned Richard Nixon:
Failed to restore public confidence in the govt after Watergate, pardoned Nixon of his crimes and lost popularity.

* “I am a Ford, not a Lincoln”

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1969-1974

*New Federalism:
Reduced the role of the govt in domestic affairs, gave more accountability to stateside reduce some of the federal aid programs

*opening of China:
Improved relations with China with strategies like Ping Pong diplomacy to lessen tensions with the People's Republic of China, became the 1st president to recognize PR of China

*Vietnamization:
Called for the gradual deescalation of the war and withdrawal of US troops from the war, while training the South Vietnamese to take over fighting the USSR and the North Vietnamese.

*Watergate scandal:
Caught bugging phones and sabotaging Democrats leading up to reelection in 1972, authorized the break in to the Dem. National headquarters funded by CREEP (Committee to Reelect the President). Scandal broke, Nixon tried to cover up the break in and was charged with obstruction of justice and abuse of power, not impeached but resigned.

*only president to resign

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1963-1969

*Great Society:
Johnson's plan to lessen poverty, fund public education, and clean up the environment, expanding welfare and insurance measures.

*Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed him to escalate the Vietnam War:
In order to win the war in Vietnam after the attack on US destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin, the president was authorized to use whatever force necessary without an official declaration of war. Expanded presidential powers regarding the war effort.

*became president when Kennedy was assassinated:
Was able to use the emotions of Americans over Kennedy's death to mobilize new legislation and continue Kennedy's legacy, achieved Civil Rights legislature.

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1961-1963

*Catholic religion a factor in the 1960 election:
Critics believed that his religion would affect his decision making capabilities, assured people that he would continue separation of church and state as president.

*Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis:
Botched coupe against Cuban leadership led by the Americans who trained exiles to overthrow the communist govt. withdrawal of American support led to Castro's build up of nuclear weapons as protection during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

*New Frontier:
JFK's domestic policy, which promoted aid to schools, more social security, and Civil Rights. Return of FDR liberal policies stimulated the economy, cuts in taxes. President in more direct control over domestic policy than before.

*assassination in Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963
Shot by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas while riding in a convertible with his wife at a parade

*challenged Americans to land a man on the moon: JFK's moon speech ("we choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills..."), was used to inspire Americans to win the Space Race against the USSR and put a man on the moon first.

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1953-1961

* “I like Ike”:
Campaign slogan, ran on modern Republicanism and conservative govt practices.

*integration of Central High in Little Rock:
Forced the integration of the Little Rock 9 by calling in soldiers to oppose the Arkansas Natl Guard called in by Gov. Faubus to oppose integration.

*CIA overthrew governments in Iran and Guatemala: overthrew Iranian Shah and leftist regime in Guatamala to maintain US control, created anti-American sentiments in Latin America and the Middle East

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1945-1953

*Fair Deal:
An attempt to continue FDR's New Deal, increased minimum wage, social security, and health insurance. Ended discrimination in wartime industries and desegregated the armed forces.

*president when the policy of containment started:
Worked to contain the communist threat, actively combatting the spread of communism by the USSR, led to nuclear arms race and defense spending to contain.

*Hiroshima and Nagasaki:
Authorized the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to win WWII in the pacific theater.

*helped Greece and Turkey when communists threatened them:
As part of containment, provided aid to Greece and Turkey who were seen as threatened to fall under communist control with the spread of the USSR. Wanted to prevent further spread of communism in Europe, part of containment policy

*became president when FDR died in office

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1929-1933

*president when the Great Depression hit:
largely blamed- his efforts were too little too late to help the economy during the Great Depression.

*Reconstruction Finance Corporation:
created to assist insurance companies, banks, agriculture, RRs, and businesses, used to bail out failing businesses bankrupt by Great Depression

*trickle-down economics:
The theory that by loaning money to the banks and wealthiest people in the pyramid of economics the money would then 'trickle down' to the lower classes.

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1923-1929
“The business of America is business”:
promoted business interests, less govt spending, lower income tax to help businesses.

* became well-known due to the Boston Police Strike of 1919:
following a police strike in Boston,
Coolidge called in the National Guard to restore order. Public sympathy lay with Coolidge, demonstrating popular hostility toward labor militancy in the wake of the war.

*became president upon the death of Warren Harding

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1921-1923

* “return to normalcy”:
Harding proposed "return to normalcy" following WWI, go back to the way things were before the war.

*Teapot Dome scandal:
Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome to private oil companies, without competitive bidding, at low rates.

*Ohio Gang:
A group of Harding's friends to whom he gave jobs, responsible for corruption of Harding's presidency.

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1913-1921

* “He kept us out of war”:
Ran on the slogan "he kept us out of war" as he was successful in keeping the US out of WWI in his first term, then entered the war soon after being elected.

*trouble with Pancho Villa:
Pancho Villa led raids  across the border trying to provoke war with the US, Wilson used military to put down attempts.

* “The world must be made safe for democracy”