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The pitch is about 60 feet and 6 inches away from the home plate the ball leaves the pitchers hand it takes 0.1 second for the player to see the ball by the time the ball already went 12 feet the batter takes about seven hundredths to calculate speed and spin and trajectory about in that time the ball traveled a traveled another 10 feet it takes the brain 0.017 second for the human brain and body to to work together to take a swing with the bat

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One of the most memorable home runs in the St. Louis Cardinals' baseball history is David Freese's out of the park hit in the 2011 World Series Game 6. This homerun tied the game in the bottom of the ninth inning and inspired the team to go onto to win the World Series.

Most people don't really know how difficult it is to hit a fast ball in the major leagues. Fans look at players like Cardinals' first baseman Albert Pujols and third baseman Freese, and think that those things come naturally. But it takes a lot of effort, training and even knowledge of physics to hit a major league pitch.

There are various aspects of science in baseball, and both batters and hitters use physics in every at bat. Since major league pitches are so hard to hit, physics is sometimes unknowingly used to make it easier to hit.

According to Major League Baseball , the pitcher's mound is 60 feet, 6 inches away from home plate. It takes the ball about 0.4 second to travel this distance. This is significant, because it emphasizes how fast a reaction time is needed to hit a homerun.

, a Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Wayne State University in Detroit, MI, determined that as the ball leaves the pitcher's hand, it takes 0.1 second for the hitter just to locate the ball. In this period of time, the ball has already traveled 12 feet. The batter then takes seven hundredths of a second to calculate speed, spin and trajectory. In this time the ball has already traveled another 10 feet. It then takes the batter 0.017 second for the brain and body to work together to execute a swing. This means that the batter has about 0.09 second to make the decision whether to swing or not. If the hitter hesitates for even a thousandth of a second, it could result in a foul ball or a strike.

The laws of motion that apply to hitting the ball are Newton's Second Law- the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. This, simply stated, means that the object's acceleration (a) is dependent on the net force (F) and mass (m) of the object. (Physicists write this mathematically as F = ma).

Another aspect of physics in baseball is the optimal angle at which the ball must be hit. According to Brian Schutzenhofer, a physics teacher at Hazelwood East High School, the best angle at which to hit the ball is when the bat is at a 45°. This is the angle at which the ball will travel farthest, thus resulting in a homerun.

Pitchers are another thing all together. A pitcher uses his body movement to execute a pitch. Exploratorium.edu , which is the website for the science, art, and human perception museum in San Francisco, states that pitchers use something called the sequential summation of movement. According to an article written by , a physics professor at Austin College in Sherman, TX, this is the momentum of body to ball. In this action, the largest body mass moves first, then so on, according to decreasing body mass. To do that, the pitcher first drives his legs, hips, shoulders, arms, wrists and finally the fingers. This whip-like action gives the pitcher the ability to get the most momentum and accuracy on the ball. Pitchers transfer the momentum from their body into the ball. This is why they use the windup that is so familiar to us. Taking a forward step also makes throwing the ball much easier, which is why the pitcher starts behind the pitching rubber and ends up thrusting his entire body forward. According to Exploratorium.edu, the average major league pitcher can throw a ball at 95 miles per hour. David Barker

Thus, if Pujols, well know home run hitter, would have pitches thrown at him a fraction of a second late, he wouldn't be as famous as he is today. Pujols changed the whole mood of the 2011 World Series when he hit his legendary three home runs in one night during

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License

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One of the most memorable home runs in the St. Louis Cardinals' baseball history is David Freese's out of the park hit in the 2011 World Series Game 6. This homerun tied the game in the bottom of the ninth inning and inspired the team to go onto to win the World Series.

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I learned that their is a lot more that what their is about soccer the ball has a lot of places to kick to make it go to different places and the foot has a lot of places that can kick hard and soft .

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I learned a lot about the science around a soccer ball. Like when you kick a soccer ball you have to hit a certain spot on the ball to hit the type of shot you want. In the article it says " when you hit the soccer ball with little to no spin on the ball it  turns into a knuckle shot." what that means is the less spin you put on your shot the more it will move.  For crosses you want as much curve as you can.

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For the jump shot, there is little horizontal movement because the jump shot deals more with up and down movement. The basketball itself is pushed off of his finger tips and the force and angle is happens when released from the players hand.

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The way a soccer ball travels is determined by , gravity, drag, normal, friction, and magus. The meters per second Will cause more friction but will cause the ball to not be affected by gravity, but the spin will greatly affect the balls travel.ωup = " ωup0 2 + 1 Crr2 [vx0µgtb + vy0µgtb + vz 2 0(1 − e)] is the affect of gravity to friction.

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I learned that in order to be able to swim you need to be able to breath a different way than you would if you were running. Also you need to use a certain philosophy in swimming depending on what you coach wants you to do. The way you move your body in the water moves you a certain way in the water and if you are not doing something specific correctly then you will slow down. If your not doing a stoke correctly you will not go very fast either. Swimming uses more science than you would thi

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USA Swimming is the National Governing Body for the sport of swimming in the United States. We are a 400,000-member service organization that promotes the culture of swimming by creating opportunities for swimmers and coaches of all backgrounds to participate and advance in the sport through teams, events and education.

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There are many elements a goalie has to consider when a shot is taken. Some of these things include the angles at which the ball may be kicked, both vertical and horizontal. They must also consider how much force is behind the shot and how much of the goal the shooter has.

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The geometry of the soccer goalkeeper, or goalie, position can be summarized by the expression "playing the angles." Other than possessing the ability to catch a ball struck toward the net, as well as being sufficiently agile to dive to block or cover shots, a goalie's understanding of the angles at which balls will be directed at the goal will usually decide goal-tending success or failure. The goalkeeper, the last line of defense on the soccer field, is responsible for the protection of a goal that is 24 ft wide and 8 ft high (7.3 m and 2.3 m). As a basic geometric proposition, the closer the goalie can get to the shooter, the less net area the shooter has available as a target.

The understanding of goalie geometry is not restricted to the horizontal angles of a shot toward the goal. The goalie must also appreciate the vertical geometry of the flight of the ball, an understanding of the fact that the ball can be directed along a horizontal and a vertical axis. When the goalie may cut down a shooter's angle by moving closer to the shooter, the goalie may then become vulnerable to a shot lofted above the goalie, known as a "chip."

There are three specialized situations in which goaltender angle play is of particular importance: the corner kick, the free kick, and the breakaway.

A corner kick arises on a number of occasions in the course of a soccer game, where the ball is kicked or directed past the goal line by a defender. The corner kick is an offensive set piece, with the offensive players moving in a coordinated attack as soon as the ball is struck. The goalie must be positioned at the place in the goal crease where he/she can move most efficiently to block either a kick, a volley, or a header that will be attempted on the corner kick.

A free kick is awarded on a defensive foul that occurs outside of the penalty area. A defending team will usually set up a wall of five or six defenders; the offensive player will either attempt to bend the ball with a spinning kick around the wall for a direct shot on goal, or fake the direct kick and pass to a teammate who has a better shooting angle on the goal, avoiding the wall. The goalie's optimum position will depend on the angle between the ball placement and the goal; commonly, the goalie takes up a position where he/she can see around the wall, without entirely eliminating his/her ability to move laterally along the goal line to respond to the kick.

A breakaway is the greatest challenge faced by a soccer goalie. If the goalkeeper is positioned at the goal line waiting for the shooter to make a move, the shooter will control the angle and be able to move to his/her most desired position to take a shot. If the goalie rushes at the shooter to cut down the angle,

the shooter may elect to "chip" the ball over the onrushing goalie's head. A goalie must take a position that reduces the shooter's angle without entirely compromising the goalie's ability to stop a lofted shot.

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The geometry of the soccer goalkeeper, or goalie, position can be summarized by the expression "playing the angles." Other than possessing the ability to catch a ball struck toward the net, as well as being sufficiently agile to dive to block or cover shots, a goalie's understanding of the angles at which balls will be directed at the goal will usually decide goal-tending success or failure.

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I learned a lot about science in football. The way a football is thrown is affected by gravity, the speed of light, and friction. If those three things were changed, there would be many different outcomes throughout the game. You could run faster, but it would be harder to jump and throw the ball. Also, if the speed of light is reduced, penalties would be almost impossible as time would move differently for everyone. Overall, the delicate balance in physics lets us enjoy the game of football.

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Every year, the NFL makes rule changes that affect team strategy and game outcomes. Some of these rules are designed to maintain the safety of players, while others are designed to increase the competitiveness of the game. However, there is one aspect of the game that the NFL can never change: the laws of physics.

In the new series by Forbes Science, "Football Physics," Chad Orzel ponders how drastically different football would look if the laws of physics were to change. Taking a guide from "Newton's Football: The Science Behind America's Game" (Allen St. John and Ainissa Ramirez) he proposes changing the force of gravity, the speed of light, and the equivalence principle. The force felt from gravity is a consequence of where football is played, on Earth, and the speed of light is a fundamental constant of nature. The equivalence principle states that gravitational mass, which describes how two objects interact due to gravity, and inertial mass, which is related to how an object accelerates under any force, are exactly the same.

Orzel does a beautiful job of highlighting how the interplay between inertial mass, gravitational mass, and friction is incredibly important for football strategy. He paints a picture of football players being able to jump higher, and throw the ball farther, but only at the expense of the ability to accelerate using friction. Alternatively, players might be able to run faster, but lose the ability to jump or throw the ball. Along this line of thought, one can also conjure up images of players sliding around on the group if there were no friction, or bouncing around like an astronaut in outer space.

Perhaps the most chaotic scenario proposed is what would happen if speed of light were reduced. If football players were suddenly moving at relativistic speeds, they would experience effects known as length contraction and time dilation. The perceived length of the field would change depending on a player's speed, and assigning penalties might become near impossible because time would pass differently for each player and referee. Collisions between players would not just result in a concussion, but might even create a storm of exotic particles, much like you see in collider experiments.

It is a great deal of fun to consider the changes Orzel proposes. For scientists, it's always important to relax assumptions about constants we take for granted, and consider how remarkably different the world might look. For football aficionados, these changes could drastically change the game, resulting in different strategies and methods to protect players. However, one could envision some of these scenarios taking place in the not so far off future. As humans spend more time in space, low gravity football could become a reality.

Acknowledgements: Many thanks to Tomo Lazovich, a PhD Student in Physics, for providing his expertise and commentary on the subject.
Original Article: Newton's Football: The Science Behind America's Game
Managing correspondent: Karri DiPetrillo

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The Physics of Football - Science in the News

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Every year, the NFL makes rule changes that affect team strategy and game outcomes. Some of these rules are designed to maintain the safety of players, while others are designed to increase the competitiveness of the game. However, there is one aspect of the game that the NFL can never change: the laws of physics.

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The way the saxophone makes sound is by the reed vibrating and sending the air through the instrument. The reed is the key to the instrument making it's sound. The reeds vibrations is controlled by the air blown into it. The sound of the instrument is based off of the pressure between the players mouth and the mouthpiece. Without the reed the saxophone would not platy at all

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How does a saxophone work? Saxophone acoustics: an introduction

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The sound that we hear from the violin comes from how the sound waves vibrate through the air. Whenever a person uses the fingering of the violin they shorten the length of the sound waves. The sound is also affected by the resonance in the f - holes. The violin reaches different frequencies of sound from a G3 to an E5 without any fingers. The sound is also affected on how close the bow is played in conjunction to the bridge. The sound is more defined when the bow is used closer to the bridge and is darker and murkier when away from the bridge. The dampness of the air around the violin may also affect the way the violin tunes. The tone of the violin may also be affected by the wood it is made of. For example: redwood vs. oak.

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I learned a lot about the science I

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Soccer is a sport that demonstrates science not only by using physics, but other such ways as well. To be exact asymmetric air forces contribute to it's path to make the motion it is set to. Reduced air density can lead to the players kicking (or having other contact with the ball) the ball in high altitudes. Not to mention that  physic equations are continuously expressed throughout the sport. Also astonishing plays can be simply interpreted by the terms of physics.

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With the attention of sports fans worldwide focused on South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup, U.S. scientist John Eric Goff has made the aerodynamics of the soccer ball a focus of his research.

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What I love basketball about is how the fundamentals work. The fundamentals of basketball are the foundation for every individual play, offensive or defensive strategy, and every move that your players make. The best players have perfected the basics of the game. Learning and mastering these basics make the rest of the game much easier!

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Next time the kids head out to practice their shots, consider this: there are scientific principles involved in every shot! Trajectory, force, gravity, energy, motion, air pressure, percentage -injecting a little bit of science into summertime fun can be as simple as asking the right questions when you are out on the court and then putting a few of those ideas into action.

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i have learned the science of basketball is shooting dribbling and defense you have to shoot a basketball at a good angle and a good release  and you have to have hands up defense.

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What i love about wanting to be aTechnical Engineer is that The discipline of engineering is extremely broad, and encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of applied science, technology and types of application.

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Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process[1] to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems. Modern engineering comprises many subfields which include designing and improving infrastructure, machinery…

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soccer uses science, physics is one way, it could be the way you kick the ball or the way it sores through the air. Just kicking a ball
relates to the physics of motion, the physic of friction, and even aerodynamics. it is not easy. soccer is the most popular sport,it can be very fun but difficult the slightest thing lie the roughness of the ball against the cleat. it can all depend on all kinds of science.

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With the attention of sports fans worldwide focused on South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup, U.S. scientist John Eric Goff has made the aerodynamics of the soccer ball a focus of his research.

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I love basketball because of the fundamentals

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Next time the kids head out to practice their shots, consider this: there are scientific principles involved in every shot! Trajectory, force, gravity, energy, motion, air pressure, percentage -injecting a little bit of science into summertime fun can be as simple as asking the right questions when you are out on the court and then putting a few of those ideas into action.

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Science and art overlaps.They both are means of investigation.They both involve ideas, theories  hypotheses that are tested that includes our minds and hands.Artists like for scientist study materials, people, culture, history. Artists like for them to do this because they like to learn and transform information into something else.

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The Enduring Relationship of Science and Art

Science and art naturally overlap. Both are a means of investigation. Both involve ideas, theories, and hypotheses that are tested in places where mind and hand come together—the laboratory and studio. Artists, like scientists, study—materials, people, culture, history, religion, mythology— and learn to transform information into something else. In ancient Greece, the word for art was techne, from which technique and technology are derived—terms that are aptly applied to both scientific and artistic practices.

Art and Scientific Investigation in Early-European Art
Leonardo da Vinci, painter and draftsman of the High Renaissance, is best known as an artist whose works were informed by scientific investigation. Leonardo observed the world closely, studying physiology and anatomy in order to create convincing images of the human form. He believed that the moral and ethical meanings of his narrative paintings would emerge only through the accurate representation of human gesture and expression. For this Christian artist, science and art were different paths that led to the same destination—a higher spiritual truth. His Sketch of Uterus with Foetus (c. 1511–13) is one of several thousand drawings he produced in his lifetime in which artistic and scientific investigation are bound together. These extraordinary drawings are revered as examples of the Renaissance concept of the integration of all disciplines.

The Astronomer (1668) by Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer is another example of the profound connection between science and art. The people of 17th-century Netherlands had an exploratory spirit. Equally interested in this world and the larger universe, the familiar and the exotic, they were intent on looking and investigating. It was here in the early 17th century that the microscope and telescope were first developed. Vermeer's painting celebrates an astronomer. Yet it equally celebrates the work of artists and the materials of this world. The painting hanging on the back wall was created by a local artist; the Middle Eastern carpet on the table was crafted by a foreign artist; Vermeer's own paints (ground mineral pigments mixed with linseed oil) and brushes were produced by local artisans. The globe at which the astronomer gazes evidences the link between science and art most pointedly, for it demonstrates this astronomer's—and his culture's—combined interest in finely crafted objects and scientific systems, such as cartography and astronomy.

The Science of Color in 19th-Century Painting
In the late-19th and early-20th centuries, the physiological, psychological, and phenomenal effects of color and light were of primary concern to Impressionist and Post-Impressionist artists such as Edgar Degas (1834–1917), Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890), Auguste Renoir (1841–1919), Paul Gauguin (1843–1903), and Claude Monet (1840–1926). Considered by many to be the greatest nature painter in modern-art history, Monet suggested that our sense of our physical environment changes continuously with our shifting perceptions of light and color. In On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt (1868), a painting of his wife-to-be, Monet captures a fleeting "impression" of the landscape through loose brushwork and composition. His impression is pre- cognitive—before the mind labels, identifies, and converts what it sees into memory. Tellingly, the woman in the painting looks not at the house and trees across the river, but down at their wavering, upside-down reflections in the river, a perspective that echoes the process of perception itself. Images in the form of light enter the eye, an orb with a nerve-sensitive background. As light penetrates, it is inverted and projected onto the back of that light-sensitive orb, where the brain processes the information. Monet's painting captures the vibration between impression and perception—the contingent moment. It conveys a sense of trembling as the light and color of the landscape shift and time passes.

A number of years after Monet's Bennecourt, Georges Seurat began painting A Sunday on La Grande Jatte— 1884 (1884–1886) (above). As an art student at the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, he studied the physics of color, and this enormous painting is an exercise in color theory. Unlike Renaissance and Dutch artists, Seurat and Monet did not mix their own paint. They benefited from breakthroughs by French chemists in the early 19th century who had invented both premixed paints packaged in tubes and synthetic pigments, such as ultramarine blue, which previously had been made from ground lapis lazuli and was, therefore, the most expensive pigment. Neither Seurat nor Monet, with little money in their pockets, could have created their blue-filled, experimental works without the scientific breakthroughs earlier that century.

Using these new paints, Seurat invented a technique called Pointillism to investigate how adjacent colors blend when taken in by the eye. Up close, the surface of his painting contains thousands of painted dots and dashes, discrete areas of color. But Seurat placed these dots of complementary colors next to each other—purple and yellow, orange and blue, green and red—so that at a distance they interact to create vibrant blended colors and larger, whole forms. Carrying his scientific approach to color theory to the edges of the image, Seurat represented the range of the visible spectrum in the painting's border dominated by red and blue.

20th-Century Art and Science
Pablo Picasso's (1881–1973) portrait of art dealerDaniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910) combines Monet's ideas about the contingency of time and Seurat's theory about the perception of discrete elements. Here, Picasso breaks up the figure and objects in his composition in the style known as Cubism. Instead of rendering his subjects as distinctly recognizable forms, he paints them from several points of view. Kahnweiler's head, suit, watch fob, and hands, as well as the still life to the left and the decorated wall behind, remain identifiable, but these elements have been broken up into flattened planes and rearranged across the picture surface. Painted just a few years after Albert Einstein put forth his theory of relativity, which asserts the contingent nature of observing reality, Picasso's work similarly illustrates the elusive presence of his subject—Mr. Kahnweiler. Picasso's Cubist painting style, like studying Einstein's scientific theory, requires careful analysis, but it rewards the viewer's effort with perception and understanding.

The invention of photography in the middle of the 19th century was a technological wonder—artistically and scientifically. The practice of oxidizing and fixing images on light-sensitive paper or a metal plate posed a great challenge to painters, who had historically been charged with the task of providing their culture with images of itself and the world around them. People believed this new medium could represent the world accurately and more quickly. Ansel Adams (1902–1984) one of the most extraordinary photographers of the North American landscape, used his camera to capture the spirit and beauty of the American West. His majestic vistas of mountains and rivers, such as The Tetons and the Snake River, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming (1942), embraced the bond between man and nature while recording with astonishing technical accuracy the phenomenal effects of light and atmosphere.

Today, light-and-space artist James Turrell seeks to link the terrestrial and celestial realms in his work at Roden Crater, a natural cinder volcano situated on the southwestern edge of the Painted Desert in northern Arizona. Since 1972, Turrell has been transforming the crater into a large-scale artwork by subtly manipulating and reshaping its form. Like Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci did, Turrell uses his knowledge of engineering, and, like Seurat and Monet, he employs his knowledge of the effects of light and space. When Turrell completes his gigantic project, visitors standing in the middle of the crater on the reflective material with which the artist has lined it will feel suspended between the sky and earth.

There has long been a connection between art and science, one that can be traced back to the Egyptian pyramids. History proves that the two disciplines cannot exist without each other, enduring in constantly changing and evolving relationships.

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The Enduring Relationship of Science and Art

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Science and art naturally overlap. Both are a means of investigation. Both involve ideas, theories, and hypotheses that are tested in places where mind and hand come together-the laboratory and studio. Artists, like scientists, study-materials, people, culture, history, religion, mythology- and learn to transform information into something else.

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has more interesting physics than ant other sport in the world.you need to create movement through movement. and how fast you move the club because if you swing it down it will go up and if you take your eye off for a split second it will curve off or if you dont turn enough it will also go to one side

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An understanding of scientific principles could help duffers and other recreational golfers to improve their shot-making.

Peter Gwynne, Contributor

(Inside Science) - You're eagerly waiting to try out your new set of golf clubs. But before you set out for the course, you can benefit from a lesson or two - in physics.

"Knowing a few things about the fundamental processes involved in the golf swing is very helpful on the course," said Peter Dewhurst.

A professor emeritus in theoretical and applied mechanics, and industrial engineering at the University of Rhode Island, in Kingston, Dewhurst has written " The Science of the Perfect Swing," recently published by Oxford University Press.

The book details research by himself and others on the mechanics of golf swings, along with detailed explanations of the science revealed by that research.

"Golf is the game that has more interesting physics than any other," Dewhurst explained.

According to Steven Nesbit, a professor of mechanical engineering at Layafette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, Dewhurst's book is the latest in a long line by authors who have focused on the science of golf.

"The book is based on everything learned since the 1960s," Nesbit said.

"It shows the public how physics can be involved in everything" in the golf game, added Raymond Penner, professor of physics at Vancouver Island University in British Columbia, Canada, who had no involvement with the book.

Dewhurst's own research has focused on several areas. They include the aerodynamics of a golf ball in flight, the fundamentals of striking the ball, the generation of spin, and a formula for sending the ball in intentionally curved paths, such as deliberate hooks and slices.

To physicists, the golf stroke represents a means of transferring energy.

"The whole swing is about your body creating energy through movement. The ability to transfer that energy to the club is the most important factor in how fast you swing the club," Nesbit said. "Everybody creates enough energy to hit the ball far. It's a matter of translating that energy to the club."

Stability is critical for an effective transfer.

"None of the primates with strength exceeding ours can even throw a ball, as they can't stand stably on two feet," Dewhurst noted. "Stability means smooth movement."

The lesson from that observation: "Don't try to hit the ball as far as you can," he said. "Hit within the limits of your personal stability."

It's also important for players to remember that the golf ball "is not just a passive object passing through the air," Dewhurst explained. Rather, it exhibits aerodynamic flight caused by backspin imparted by the club.

"That changes the perspective from the idea that you knock it further to the idea of good launch conditions you should aim for," he continued. "You need a sufficiently high launch angle, which many amateurs don't achieve."

In addition, Dewhurst pointed out, "It's helpful to know that the contact time between club and ball is about one hundredth of an eye blink. So there's no massaging the ball during contact; it's always a weak shot when you try to do that."

Another cause of weak shots, according to scientific studies, is failure to maintain the speed of the swing.

"The difference between a professional and a duffer is that duffers hit their peak speed well before impact with the ball and then slow down; they swing too hard at the beginning," Penner said. "Professional golfers' maximum speed occurs when the club hits the ball."

Dewhurst's studies of the spin on golf balls in flight have revealed the benefits of new urethane-covered balls advertised as "high-spin."

During its brief time of contact with the golf club, the ball skids up the clubface while rotating rapidly. Applying a concept known as the spin coefficient of restitution to the process, which describes how much energy is imparted to the spin, Dewhurst found that high-spin balls get their extra spin because they grip the clubface much better than conventional balls.

"The ball actually jumps off the clubface in a spin-skid condition, exactly as if a clock spring had been wound up inside it," he said. That gives amateurs the opportunity to stop the ball on the green as effectively as professional players.

Other recent advances in equipment show less promise in improving the performance of recreational golfers, according to Dewhurst.

"Handicaps have barely shifted over the years," he said. "The big driver head has made a difference to the average player's driving distance, but it doesn't help them stay any straighter. So in terms of driver performance the game's over. Every improvement is maxed out."

Dewhurst and other scientists who study the swing emphasize that golfers don't need a detailed scientific understanding to improve their play.

"Golf professionals know instinctively what works," Dewhurst explained. But for recreational players, Penner noted, "it's beneficial to know why what's happening in their swing happens, so that they can start to adjust."

Golfers frequently rely on teaching professionals to help them make those adjustments. In recent years, a few teachers have incorporated scientific findings into their instruction.

"A scientific understanding of the swing is very important," said Mike Jacobs, who heads the Michael Jacobs X Golf School in Manorville, New York. "It's the golf pro's job to translate the science onto the course."

Jacobs routinely uses kinetics and kinematics techniques, as well as the results of scientific studies, to improve his students' swings.

"The challenge," he said, "is not to throw the golfer into the deep end of a technical discussion."

However deep or shallow the understanding, a feel for the science of the swing is just the first step in improving a golfer's score on the course.

"Science can make you more efficient," Nesbit said. "But at the end of the day you've got to practice."

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An understanding of scientific principles could help duffers and other recreational golfers to improve their shot-making. Peter Gwynne, Contributor (Inside Science) - You're eagerly waiting to try out your new set of golf clubs. But before you set out for the course, you can benefit from a lesson or two - in physics.

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I love playing baseball, there's a lot of physics in the game like the laws of motion and also angles apply to the game . Also there's very little reaction time for the hitter to hit the ball which makes this sport difficult at the major league level.

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One of the most memorable home runs in the St. Louis Cardinals' baseball history is David Freese's out of the park hit in the 2011 World Series Game 6. This homerun tied the game in the bottom of the ninth inning and inspired the team to go onto to win the World Series.

Most people don't really know how difficult it is to hit a fast ball in the major leagues. Fans look at players like Cardinals' first baseman Albert Pujols and third baseman Freese, and think that those things come naturally. But it takes a lot of effort, training and even knowledge of physics to hit a major league pitch.

There are various aspects of science in baseball, and both batters and hitters use physics in every at bat. Since major league pitches are so hard to hit, physics is sometimes unknowingly used to make it easier to hit.

According to Major League Baseball , the pitcher's mound is 60 feet, 6 inches away from home plate. It takes the ball about 0.4 second to travel this distance. This is significant, because it emphasizes how fast a reaction time is needed to hit a homerun.

, a Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Wayne State University in Detroit, MI, determined that as the ball leaves the pitcher's hand, it takes 0.1 second for the hitter just to locate the ball. In this period of time, the ball has already traveled 12 feet. The batter then takes seven hundredths of a second to calculate speed, spin and trajectory. In this time the ball has already traveled another 10 feet. It then takes the batter 0.017 second for the brain and body to work together to execute a swing. This means that the batter has about 0.09 second to make the decision whether to swing or not. If the hitter hesitates for even a thousandth of a second, it could result in a foul ball or a strike.

The laws of motion that apply to hitting the ball are Newton's Second Law- the acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. This, simply stated, means that the object's acceleration (a) is dependent on the net force (F) and mass (m) of the object. (Physicists write this mathematically as F = ma).

Another aspect of physics in baseball is the optimal angle at which the ball must be hit. According to Brian Schutzenhofer, a physics teacher at Hazelwood East High School, the best angle at which to hit the ball is when the bat is at a 45°. This is the angle at which the ball will travel farthest, thus resulting in a homerun.

Pitchers are another thing all together. A pitcher uses his body movement to execute a pitch. Exploratorium.edu , which is the website for the science, art, and human perception museum in San Francisco, states that pitchers use something called the sequential summation of movement. According to an article written by , a physics professor at Austin College in Sherman, TX, this is the momentum of body to ball. In this action, the largest body mass moves first, then so on, according to decreasing body mass. To do that, the pitcher first drives his legs, hips, shoulders, arms, wrists and finally the fingers. This whip-like action gives the pitcher the ability to get the most momentum and accuracy on the ball. Pitchers transfer the momentum from their body into the ball. This is why they use the windup that is so familiar to us. Taking a forward step also makes throwing the ball much easier, which is why the pitcher starts behind the pitching rubber and ends up thrusting his entire body forward. According to Exploratorium.edu, the average major league pitcher can throw a ball at 95 miles per hour. David Barker

Thus, if Pujols, well know home run hitter, would have pitches thrown at him a fraction of a second late, he wouldn't be as famous as he is today. Pujols changed the whole mood of the 2011 World Series when he hit his legendary three home runs in one night during

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One of the most memorable home runs in the St. Louis Cardinals' baseball history is David Freese's out of the park hit in the 2011 World Series Game 6. This homerun tied the game in the bottom of the ninth inning and inspired the team to go onto to win the World Series.

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I've learned that soccer does a lot with science and requires doing things to the ball defying the forces of nature. Surface roughness and air in the ball all are parts of the path the ball goes through after it leaves the players foot. Many of the extremely good plays in soccer we think are unbelievable all do with simple psychics. "It is a living laboratory where physics equations are continuously expressed" says scientist John Eric Goff, who is studying the science of soccer. Even in the plays, you use science and math to determine how hard to kick the ball and when it's in the air, where it will land. I enjoy playing soccer and now know how much science is involved.

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With the attention of sports fans worldwide focused on South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup, U.S. scientist John Eric Goff has made the aerodynamics of the soccer ball a focus of his research.

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I was aware that planes used physics and chemistry to fly. But I had no idea of the laws of motion and the science of sound waves that were involved in a plane that can travel at the speed of sound. Apparently, it can create a shock wave in front of the plane that lets it continue to move. I'm sure that there is a lot more to it.

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How does a plane fly? How is a plane controlled? What are the regimes of flight?

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Both artist and scientist use similar processes when trying to come out with their outcome. The brain is unaware of the outcome with both and and both experiment throughout the whole process.

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Where art meets neuroscience: a new horizon of art therapy

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To utilize nonstandard, medical therapies within the well-established medical model, we must demonstrate the utility and efficacy of novel tools and approaches. The scientific method is one way we can demonstrate that art and art therapy modify the brain's physiology and structure and lead to a more flexible, adaptable individual.

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Iv learned that dancing involves much science from the velocity of the way you hit your feet to the ground in tap to the gravitational force pulling you down when you leap dancing has mostly the same science as sports where it is a vigorous and science filled exercise..

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"Raising the Barre"
By Lori Brandt | Interface Magazine

If feet could talk, those belonging to a dancer would probably have much to say. And Jeff Russell, assistant professor of dance science, is listening.

Russell uses innovative technology in Calit2's eHealth Collaboratory to study the demands of dance on the musculoskeletal system. Russell and his team intend to learn from the feet of tap dancers by developing a custom insole for tap shoes. A thin layer of laminate is embedded with sensors and accelerometers to measure pressure and acceleration of the feet, and a data-logging chip collects the numerical values of force that a dancer's feet undergo while tapping.

Russell oversees 18 students from various disciplines conducting dance science research at the forefront of the field. Alison Ozaki, a biological sciences student and former tap dancer, remembers her own shin pain. "The rapid percussive footwork performed in tap suggests that the foot and ankle sustain stresses that could lead to injuries," explains Ozaki, who collaborates with biomedical engineering graduate student Peyton Paulick to design the insole.

The partnership is producing more than a shoe insert. "With people who excel in different subjects working together, discussions about possibilities are more open," Ozaki says. "It's rewarding to see there's something we all have in common and that is the desire to learn more."

Russell's applied research projects, which run the gamut from detecting bacteria on the barres in dance studios to studying joint flexibility and range of motion in dancers' ankles, all bridge the arts and sciences.

"Everything I'm working on has to do with understanding the demands put on the body from dance or performing," says Russell, a certified athletic trainer, who has 30 years of experience in sports medicine, orthopaedics and dance medicine. "Once we grasp that, we can determine how to make it less demanding and how to physically condition in specific areas.

"Most people don't think of dance as athletics," he adds. "But in many ways, it is just as rigorous as sports, especially in terms of the hours of practice, repetitive motion and physical demands on the body."

Two of his students are comparing balance in dancers and non-dancers. Laura Obler, majoring in dance and chemistry, and Tiffany Yu, a biological sciences major, seek to understand how dance training affects balance and what patterns people demonstrate as they try to maintain postural stability. They are using a balance platform equipped with sensors to measure and compare the degree of sway exhibited while standing on two feet and on one foot.

"This information will help us with dancers, but we may also be able to transfer it to other populations such as the elderly, who have a high risk of falling," Russell explains.

The balance platform is just one of the high-tech tools in Russell's arsenal that has applications across disciplines. He also works with a motion capture system to collect biomechanical data. Typically used to create realistic animations in film and video games, motion capture technology has also been applied to artistic endeavors and movement analysis in orthopaedics, rehabilitation and sports.

But Russell also sees the technology's potential for scientific research in performing arts. He employs six high-speed cameras with visible red and infrared light sources that track the movement of reflective markers taped strategically to a dancer's or musician's body. Special computer software combines the information from the cameras into a graphic representation, or stick figure, on a computer screen.

Russell recently tracked the movement patterns, joint angles and speed of a professional wheelchair dancer to establish a baseline for training. And he's just begun a motion capture study to look at the upper body of violinists, who often experience neck and back pain from the strenuous position required to hold their instrument.

"If we can map a performer's motions in a way that allows us to see what kinds of movement patterns are leading to painful overuse syndromes, then we can determine how to change the way we teach techniques to reduce injuries," Russell says.

David Reinkensmeyer, professor of mechanical and biomedical engineering, and anatomy and neurobiology, also is interested in studying human mobility. He designs technology that helps people recover from neurological trauma, such as stroke and spinal cord injury, and he committed funds to buy two of the cameras for Russell's system.

"There are about 30 faculty on campus with the goal of improving movement training, rehabilitation and exercise through new technologies," Reinkensmeyer says. "Russell's work and the motion capture system could be a helpful resource for us all."

Russell and eight of his students will be presenting their projects at the International Association for Dance Medicine and Science's Annual Meeting this fall in Washington, D.C. Russell, who says dance science and medicine lags about 20 years behind sports medicine, couldn't be prouder. "If I can graduate students who know what I know, do what I do and expand our exploration, we've got multiplication, and we'll see a real advancement of the field. Then we will have accomplished something."

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"Raising the Barre" By Lori Brandt | Interface Magazine If feet could talk, those belonging to a dancer would probably have much to say. And Jeff Russell, assistant professor of dance science, is listening. Russell uses innovative technology in Calit2's eHealth Collaboratory to study the demands of dance on the musculoskeletal system.

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I love playing and coaching volleyball. Science includes motion and physics. Both of these are important in volleyball! This article explains how volleyball players are constantly doing physics calculations in their heads without even knowing it! I learned that playing volleyball includes lots of physics, estimating, and math!