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The chemical senses-
Olfactory- Membrane is called the epithlium on the top of the nasal cavity.
(Look at power point shared on google drive)
Vestibular sacs=sense of balance (after a sumersault not knowing where you are/dizzy)
Women are the stronger sex in terms of pain tolerance.

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Pinna- the outer ear. Helps to locate sound.
Ear canal- Auditory Canal
-Sound is transferred into liquid from vibration
Vestibular Organ- Controls our balance
Ustatian Tube- the tube from your ears to your throat.
Hammer/Anvil/Stirrup- Bones that vibrate to communicate to oval window.
The Organ of Corti-
Cochlea- where hair cells turn into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
-Celia in the Basilar Membrane sends nerves to the Organ of Corti.
-Message is sent to Auditory Nerve then Thalamus.
Place Theory- Originally suggested by Helmholtz but discovered by Georg von  Bekesy. Ability to hear different pitches of sound is due to location of neuron activity on Basilar Membrane in Cochlea.
-Explains high pitches but not lower tones.
Frequency Theory- Vibration triggers neural impulses to brain at same rate as sound wave.
-Lower frequencies- Fewer Neural Impulses
-Higher frequencies- Larger amount of neural impulses.
-Problem with pitches above 1,000 hertz.
Volley Principle- Neural cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for very average pitch.
-This is a solution because it explains low, middle, and high pitches.

Conductive Deafness- Problems of conducting sound wave to cochlea.
-Why? Ear drum puncture/bones can't vibrate. Can be repaired with hearing aids.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss- nerve deafness (hair cells). Caused by Loud noises, age, or genetics. Cochlea implants may be helpful.
Mcgurk Effect- when you hear something according to your eyes.
Tritone paradox- when the brain has a preference on what to listen to.
Shepard Tone Illusion- when sounds seem to rise forever.

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I can differentiate between binocular & monocular cues.

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I can differentiate between binocular & monocular cues.

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Perception- How we organize and interpret information from our senses.
Gestalt- "whole" or "form" (sometimes what we see is not what is there)
Rules of Perception (Gestalt)-
1. Figure-Ground- we organize info into a figure seen against a ground.
2. Proximity- Group nearby figures together.
3. Similarity- Group similar figures together
4. Continuity- See smooth, continuous patterns
5. Connectedness- When linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit.
Perception-
Depth perception- 2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D (estimate distance)
-By 6 months old, we can understand depth. (Gibson/Walk)
Visual Constancy- Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images.
5 types-
1. Color
2. Shape
3. Size
4. Location
5. Brightness
Color Constancy- perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if there is changing illumination.
Size Constancy- Despite distance, objects don't change size.
Shape Constancy- same as size but with shape.

Monocular Cues-
Interposition- 1 Object blocks view of another so...
Relative Size- Assumption that 2 Objects are similar size
Relative Clarity- (Aerial Perspective) Perception that hazy objects are farther than sharp objects.
Texture Gradient- Coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture.
Relative Height- Objects higher in field of vision appear farther away.
Relative Motion- Movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearer=faster.

Binocular Cues-
Linear Perspective- Parallel Lines appear to Converge in distance
Light and Shadow- Nearby objects reflect more light into eyes.
Retinal disparity- Difference between sight/views of 2 eyes.
Convergence- Cue for perceiving depth; Eyes converge Inward towards Objects.
Stereoscopic Vision- Combine 2 retinal images to get 3D perception.
Phi Phenomenon- Illusion of Lights
Stroboscopic Movement- Motion pictures.
Auto kinetic Illusion- Perceived motion from no motion at all.
Sound Localizations-
Monaural Cue- Louder the sound the closer it is.
Binaural Cues- Stereophonic- multi-directional.

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I can learn color theories and visual cues.

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I can learn color theories and visual cues.

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Parallel Processing- Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, and motion happen at the same time)
-Hubel and Weisel found color theories.
Vision-
Wavelength- The distance from one wave peak to another
Short wavelength- Bluish colored and high pitched sounds
Long wavelength- Reddish colored and low-pitched sounds.
Amplitude-
Large- Tall wavelength, Bright colors, loud sounds
Small- Short wavelength, Dull colors, soft sounds.
Young-helmholtz Trichromatic Theory- each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors (red, green, or blue) combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing ligh waves (red+green= yellow)
Afterimage- When you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to the saturation of cones.
-Young-helmholtz theory cannot explain afterimages because with afterimage you see the opposite color.
Colorblindness- Partial or total inability to perceive hues.
Monochromats- black and white
Dichromats- R/G Y/B
Trichromats- normal vision
Opponent-Process Theory (Hering)-
-Three kinds of cones that all work in pairs (red and green) (blue and yellow) and (black and white)
Surrounding context- If an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes.

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I can understand the parts and the path of vision.

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I can understand the parts and the path of vision.

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-Optic nerve stops at thalamus before going to the occipital lobe
The Visual Path-
-Cornea=Transparent protector and place where light enters the eye.
-Pupil=Adjustable opening in the center of the Iris where light continues to enter
-contracts in bright light and relaxes in dim light (reflexive response)
-Iris=Colored part of the eye protection from damage
-Lens=Transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses onto the retina (upside down) by changing its curvature.
-Accomodation=lens shape changing according to distance
-Round=close, flat=far
-Retina=Inner lining on the back of the eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light.
-Layer 1- Rods and Cones
-Layer 2-  Bipolar cells (Specialized neurons that connect to rods and cones)
Layer 3- Ganglion Cells- Axons of these cells, made of Optic Nerve and sends info to thalamus specifically the LGN.
-2 kinds of ganglion cells-
-Magnocellur Cells (M Cells) that detect motion
-Parvocellur Cells- Detect color/ what item is
-Acuity- ability to distinguish fine details, Sharpness.
-Blind spot=where there are no rods or cones but can still see what is there. No receptors.
-Blind-sight=Ability to respond to something not consciously perceived.
-Fovea= Line of central focus that only hold cones.
-Optic Nerve- Carries visual info to the occipital lobe but first goes to the thalamus.
-Optic Chiasm=Spot where nerves cross each other in the eye.
-Lateral Geniculate Nucleus- Area in Thalamus that interprets images.
-Transduction- when light passes through the layers of the retina.

-Rods outnumber cones 20/1
- Cones are in fovea while rods are in peripheral retina
-Cones are not sensitive to light while rods are.

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I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds

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I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds

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Absolute Threshold- the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
Just noticeable difference/Weber's Law- the amount something must be changed in order for it to be detected 50% of the time.
-Constant fraction/Proportion of original stimulus.
-Varies among senses: 8% of light, 2% weight, .3% tone.
-Bright color needs to have even brighter difference to be able to notice a difference.
Subliminal Threshold- When stimuli are detectable less then 50% of the time.
Signal Detection Theory- The difference between what is actually happening and what you think you see

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I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception

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I can understand the difference between top-down and bottom-up processes of sensation and perception

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Priming- "saying folk, soak, croak then asking what the white of an egg is"
Sensory adaptation- basically "getting used to something" or adapting to senses.
Perceptual Set- the psychological factors that determine how you perceive your environment
-Perception=top-down
-Sensation=bottom-up
-Bottom-up is always more accurate
-Inattentional Blindness- when you are unable to know what is going on around an object that you are focusing on.
-Change blindness- when your environment shifts
Sensation Edpuzzle-
1. Perception comes from top-down, Sensation is bottom-up, Top-down processing can change how features are perceived by changing what we expect. (easily primed)
2.