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Carbon Dioxide is a molecule that changed history because for centuries the compound was never considered an organic compound.
The reason to the misconception is because carbonates usually came from mineral sources which led to the thought of carbon being inorganic. Carbon dioxide contains one carbon atom joined with two oxygen atoms where carbon has a tremendous variability in the ways it forms bonds and the number of electrons to which it bonds with other atoms. This proved that the definition of “organic” is not always consistent and established that an organic compound has the element carbon and an inorganic compound consists of other elements with an exception of the element carbon. The author decided to include carbon dioxide in this book because this compound is one of many elements that was always thought to be inorganic(ie calcium carbonate) and that he/she wanted to inform us that we will be dealing with mostly organic compounds becuase they themselves are organic chemists. All in all, Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds of the carbon element. I totally agree with the author’s view because he/she explains that without this discovery the compound would never be correctly identified.

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Capsaicin is a molecule that changed history because it is responsible for the strong flavor and intense heat that is in chili peppers which have been used by humans for a minimum of nine thousand years. The molecule increases the release of saliva in mouths, which aids in digestion and has thought to stimulate the movement of food through the bowel, too. The author included capsaicin because it is one of the three compounds that causes a “hot” sensation in a chili pepper. It became very popular because it released endorphins which gives us a feeling of satisfaction and pleasure which would increase when we ate hotter kinds of chilis. The author decided to include capsaicin because the chili peppers which had capsaicin invaded the food of African and Asian cuisine which led to the East India Company and its responsibility to the development of the world stock markets. I completely agree that capsaicin is essential to the world of spices and it is one of three molecules in chili peppers that is used in many cuisines which was very important to the history of cultures and businesses throughout the years.

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Botulinum toxin is a molecule that changed history because it is one of the most deadly and lethal poisons known. An ounce of botulinum toxin is estimated to potentially kill a million people. It is a million times more deadly than dioxin which is the most lethal man-made poison. The purified toxin used in tiny amounts which are injected under the skin will interrupt nerve pulses and induce muscle paralysis which is the result of erasing wrinkles on your face temporarily.  The author decided to include botulinum toxin because it was created from the growth of a deadly microbe called Clostridium botulinum which is able to live and thrive in lower-acid-content vegetables and meats. These vegetables and meats need to be processed at high temperatures to kill this microbe. Botulinum toxin also was included because it gave way to the increasingly popular and famous Botox treatment.  I agree that botulinum toxin should be included because the molecule brings us to rethink our attitudes toward perceived evils of preservatives in the world and how this toxin is used in inappropriate circumstances, too.

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Saccharin is a molecule that changed history because it was one of the first modern artificial sweeteners to be developed. This substance is hundreds of times sweeter than sugar. Saccharin was so sweet that a small amount of it would trigger a sweetness response. A chemistry student at John Hopkins University eating his bread noticed this unusual sweetness and later returned it to the laboratory to systematically test the compounds that were being used in the day's experiments where he discovered the intensively sweet saccharin molecule. It became commercially exploited when it was discovered that it had no calorific value and high sweetness. The author included the molecule saccharin because it started to gain popularity in 1885 after becoming an accepted sugar substitute for the general population. Saccharin additionally led to other artificial sweeteners like cyclamate and aspartame due to concern about possible toxicity and the metallic aftertaste. All of these sweeteners have different structures and constitution from sugar but they all had the appropriate atoms, geometry, and flexibility which were necessary for sweetness. I fully agree that Saccharin should be included because it was one of the first sweeteners ever discovered and commercially exploited which led to other variations of sweeteners throughout the years.

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N-acetyl glucosamine is a molecule that changed history because it has provided relief for victims who have suffered from arthritis or other joint ailments. N-acetyl glucosamine and its' related derivative glucosamine are manufactured from crustacean shells that help relieve victims from arthritis. The author included the molecule N-acetyl glucosamine because it is noted to stimulate the replacement of cartilaginous material or to supplement the cartilaginous materials in the joints. I fully agree with the author that N-acetyl glucosamine is important and should be included because of its abilities to relieve this pain from arthritis with a molecule found in the shells of crustaceans such as crabs, shrimps, and lobsters. It shows how discovering a simple variation of a different molecule could lead to better lives for millions of people.

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Pentaerythritol tetranitrate is a molecule that changed history because it can be mixed with rubber to make a plastic explosive that can be pressed into any shape. The molecule's abbreviation is PETN and it has a complicated chemical name but the structure of the molecule is not very complicated. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate is chemically similar to the molecule nitroglycerin but it differs from it because it has five carbon atoms instead of three carbon atoms and it has one more nitro group. Pentaerythritol tetranitrate can be easily detonated while being shock-sensitive, and very powerful with a little odor which allows it be difficult to detect for trained dogs. The author included the molecule  Pentaerythritol tetranitrate because it is one of the most recently developed explosives which has been used for airplane bombings and the case where a man attempted to set off PETN in the soles of his sneakers on an American Airlines flight from Paris. Thankfully, the crew and passengers took immediate action to avert the disaster. I agree with the author that the molecule Pentaerythritol tetranitrate should be included because the molecule itself and its characteristics have a very important role in attacks from terrorism and from the fame it gained on bringing down the Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988.

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Nylon is a molecule that changed history because it was the first man-made fiber and it is very close to the properties of silk. This fiber is usually called "artificial silk." After four years, Carothers and his coworkers finally produced Nylon, a polyamide which means, like silk, its polymer units are held together through amide linkages. Carother's nylon additionally was made up of two different monomer units which is one with two acid groups and one with two amine groups and was chemically similar to silk. The author included the molecule nylon because of its commercial use for toothbrush bristles. Another commercial success was nylon hosiery. Nylon was the ideal polymer for stockings because it had the desirable properties of silk which were that it did not sag and wrinkle but most importantly it was less expensive than silk. After Nylon hosiery was introduced, sixty-four million pairs were manufactured and sold to the public. I agree with the author that the molecule should be included because of its use in products: fishing lines and nets, strings for tennis and badminton rackets, surgical sutures, and coatings for electrical wires. Nylon was accredited for its exceptional strength, durability, and lightness. It was also very important because it was used in the war for tire cords, mosquito netting, weather balloons, and ropes. Lastly, nylon started to be used in clothing, skiwear, carpets, furnishings, and sails because of its versatility and it became the first "engineering plastic" which was strong enough to be a replacement for metal. In turn, this produced about 10 millions pounds of nylon in 1953. These all have had a vast influence on the world.

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Tetrahydrocannabinol is a molecule that changed history because it is one of the active ingredients in marijuana. Tetrahydrocannabinol or also called THC is a phenol found in the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Marijuana plants make excellent rope and a coarse cloth because of its strong fibers found in the stem and it has been grown for centuries. The author included the molecule Tetrahydrocannabinol because of its mildly intoxicating, sedative, and hallucinogenic properties of the THC molecule that are found in most cannabis varieties in all parts of the plant but is usually concentrated in the female flower buds. I agree with the author that the molecule Tetrahydrocannabinol should be included because of its medicinal use to treat nausea, pain, and loss of appetite in patients suffering from cancer, AIDS, and other illnesses. This is important because we are only beginning to understand the unique properties of one of the members of the phenol family and Tetrahydrocannabinol in marijuana is now starting to be permitted in some states and countries for its benefits.

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Styrene is a molecule that changed history because it was first isolated in the late eighteenth century from the balsam oriental sweet gum tree, Liquidamber Orientalis which was native to south-western Turkey and after a few months, the extracted styrene becomes jellylike and begins to polymerize. The author included the molecule Styrene because it's polymerization would lead to a polymer known today as polystyrene which is used for plastic films, packing materials, and "Styrofoam" coffee cups. Styrene is also one of the two starting materials that are used by the German chemical company IG Farben in the manufacture of artificial rubber. It also led to other synthetic rubbers like neoprene and butyl rubber. I agree with the author that the molecule Styrene should be included because of the huge quantities of artificial rubber that had the starting material, styrene which were made in a short amount of time and has been described as the second greatest feat of engineering and chemistry of the twentieth century. For example, America 's synthetic rubber production from 1941 to 1945 went from eight thousand tons to over eight hundred thousand tons.

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Cochineal is a molecule that changed history because it was a dye of the New World and it was used by the Aztecs even before the arrival of Hernan Cortes, the Spanish conquistador, in 1519. Hernan Cortes brought in cochineal to Europe and the source of the molecule was kept a secret to protect the Spanish monopoly over this scarlet dye. Cochineal was also very expensive and it takes about seventy thousand insect bodies to produce one pound of this dye. The name "scarlet grain" was applied to contents of the bags of raw material that were shipped Mexico, and Central and South America for extraction in Spain because the insects looked a little like grain. The author included the molecule Cochineal because it was an example of government support of the dye industry because British in the West Indies were major cochineal producers at the time. I agree with the author that the molecule Cochineal should be included because British soldiers were known as "redcoats" due to their cochineal-dyed jackets. Additionally, the major producer of the Cochineal dye today is Peru, which makes around four hundred tons of it annually or eighty-five percent of the world's production.

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Folic Acid is a molecule that changed history because it is one of the B vitamins which is required for human cell growth. Folic Acid is widely distributed in foods like leafy vegetables, liver, cauliflower, yeast, wheat, and beef. The molecule folic acid is very large and complicated and the middle portion of the folic acid molecule is derived from a smaller molecule, p-aminobenzoic acid. The author included the molecule folic acid because it is essential that we take folic acid with what we eat. Additionally, some bacteria do not require supplemental folic acid because they're able to make their own.  I agree with the author that the molecule folic acid should be included because it is an essential nutrient that is being prevented from being created through bacterial infections.  On the other hand, we rely on folic acid in our everyday lives, too.

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Cholesterol is a molecule that changed history because its found in most animal tissues with high levels in egg yolks and human gallstones. Cholesterol has a very undeservedly bad reputation because we need cholesterol in our system. We don't need a lot of cholesterol in our diet because our body already synthesizes enough of the molecule on our own. The molecular structure of cholesterol displays four basic fused rings with side groups, including many methyl groups. The author included the molecule Cholesterol because it plays a vital role as the origin molecule of all our other steroids including the sex hormones and bilac acids which are compounds that enable us to digest fats and oils. I agree with the author that the molecule cholesterol should be included because cholesterol is the most widespread animal steroid and the cholesterol synthesized in our system itself is essential to our human body.

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Scopolamine is a molecule that changed history because of its undeserved reputation as a truth serum. Scopolamine is also known as hyoscine. The author included the molecule scopolamine because combined with morphine, the molecule scopolamine is used as the anesthetic known as "twilight sleep." It is still not clear whether one speaks the truth under its effects or just speaks. Additionally, Scopolamine is written about by many authors of detective novels on the thought that it was a truth serum. The molecule Scopolamine includes antisecretory and euphoric properties like atropine, too. I agree with the author that the molecule scopolamine should be included because it has been used in small amounts to combat travel sickness which is very notable. Scopolamine has also been used by U.S. astronauts as a treatment for motion sickness in space.

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Methadone is a molecule that changed history because it depresses the nervous system but does not produce the feeling of drowsiness or ecstasy associated with opiates. The author included the molecule because it is another molecule that is very synthetic and a very potent analgesic which is similar to heroin and morphine. The methadone structure though is not a complete match to the requirements for the morphine rule. The methadone structure has a very small change which is a CH3 Group is attached to the second carbon atom of the CH2-Ch2. This small change is presumed to be responsible for the difference in biological activity. I agree with the author that the molecule should be included because of its similar effects like heroin and morphine and of its addictive properties. Additionally, it is noted that the dependence on heroin can be transferred to dependence on methadone but there is a subject of debate on if it is a reasonable method.

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Oleic acid is a molecule that changed history because it is one of the most common unsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid, a monounsaturated, eighteen-carbon fatty acid, is found in many other oils and in many of the fats that we eat, olive oil is the most important source of oleic acid. The author included the molecule oleic acid because it is the major fatty acid of olive oil. Additionally, oleic acid's percentage in olive oil varies from around fifty-five percent to eighty-five percent. The oleic acid's percentage depends on the variety and growing conditions and a higher oleic acid content comes from being produced in cooler areas rather than warmer areas. I fully agree with the author that the molecule oleic acid should be included because of its neutral effect on the level of cholesterol in the blood. In the Mediterranean Region, where many people consume a lot of olive oil or oleic acid, there has been a lower incidence of heart disease which is astonishing.

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Sodium Hydroxide is a molecule that changed history because it is one of the ten most produced chemicals in the United States. The chemical formula for sodium hydroxide is NaOH and another name for the molecule is caustic soda. Caustic Soda is industrially made by passing an electric current through a solution of sodium chloride which is a process called electrolysis. The author included the molecule sodium hydroxide because it is essential in extracting numerous aluminum metals from its ore and is used in the manufacturing of rayon, cellophane, soaps, detergents, petroleum products, paper, and pulp. I agree with the author that the molecule sodium hydroxide should be included because it is another sodium compound that has long been in demand and it is crucial in the manufacturing of everyday items such as soaps, detergents, and paper which are mass produced in the United States.

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Hexachlorophene is a molecule that changed history because it was an extremely effective germicide product that was largely used in the 1950s and 1960s. Hexachlorophene is another chlorinated molecule that caused health problems which were unexpected. The author included the molecule hexachlorophene because it was routinely used on infants and added to diapers, talcum powders, and baby toiletries but was later banned from over-the-counter preparations and baby products because of the 1972 tests which showed that the molecule could lead to brain and nerve damage in laboratory animals. I agree with the author that the molecule hexachlorophene should be included because it is still effective against certain bacteria and has a limited use in prescription acne medications and for surgical scrub preparations. The molecule was also used during the 1950s and 1960s in products like soaps, shampoos, aftershave lotions, deodorants, and mouthwashes.

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Chloroquine is a molecule that changed history because it was a safe and effective antimalarial drug which was very well tolerated by many people and had little toxicity, unlike the other synthetic quinolines. The author included the molecule chloroquine because it was originally made by German chemists, as the best synthetic choice. The 4-aminoquinoline derivative, also known as chloroquine, was also the result of a great amount of research on antimalarial drugs during World War II. I agree with the author that the molecule chloroquine should be included because it is an example of a chlorocarbon molecule that has been extremely beneficial to humanity for over forty years. Though, unfortunately, the chloroquine-resistant strands of the malaria parasite have spread rapidly in the past decades which has ultimately reduced the effectiveness of chloroquine.

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Isopropyl alcohol is a molecule that changed history because it is used greatly in the nail industry for its revered ability to clean the consumer's nails and to help produce a maximum nail shine and detail. Isopropyl alcohol, which is also known as 2-propanol, was the first commercial synthetic alcohol and was first produced by the Standard Oil Company in 1920. Isopropyl alcohol is produced from the reaction of propylene with sulfuric acid and is followed by hydrolysis. The molecule isopropyl alcohol should be considered as a molecule that changed history because it is very well known to be used to clean surfaces and to prevent the infection of a small or minor surface wound such as scrapes and cuts which aren't that deep. Isopropyl alcohol is also used a lot to kill off germs and harmful bacteria on the skin prior to having a tattoo or piercing. Isopropyl alcohol's chemical formula is C3H8O and it is an isomer of 1-propanol. I believe that isopropyl alcohol should be included because it is an industrial cleaner for machinery and is in many everyday products like paint thinners, inks, disinfectants, windshield thawing agents, hand lotions, and other cosmetics. Lastly, isopropyl alcohol aids in the production of the molecule acetone which is the primary ingredient in most nail polish removers.
Research Links:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/isopropanol
http://www.bellchem.com/news/the-uses-of-isopropyl-alcohol-99
https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/acetone/
https://www.britannica.com/science/isopropyl-alcohol

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Tartaric Acid is a molecule that changed history because it plays a huge role in wine-making where its used in the fermentation process for acidity adjustments in order to make a pleasing taste. Tartaric Acid is one of the main acids in wine, too. Tartaric Acid's molecular formula is C4H6O6 and can form salts with bases. I believe that the molecule Tartaric acid should be included because it is widely used in the food industry because of its sour taste and antioxidant properties. Some of the food products that tartaric acid is used in are carbonated drinks, sour candies, gelatins, jellies, baking powders, and taffies. When the tartaric acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate, it lets products "rise" without leaving a "yeast" taste, which leads it to be called a leavening agent. Tartaric Acid also occurs naturally in numerous plants like grapes, bananas, apricots, apples, sunflower seeds, and tamarinds. Tartaric acid is found in cream of tartar which has uses like frostings for cake. The tartaric acid is very important in history because it is an ingredient in Rochelle Salt that reacts with silver nitrate as a means to create the silvering on mirrors.

Research Links:
http://acidpedia.org/tartaric_acid/
http://www.softschools.com/formulas/chemistry/tartaric_acid/332/
https://thechemco.com/chemical/tartaric-acid/
https://sciencing.com/common-uses-tartaric-acid-8176195.html

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Ibuprofen is a molecule that changed history because of its use in pain relief from arthritis and other conditions. Ibuprofen has analgesic or pain-relieving properties and antipyretic or fever-reducting properties. Ibuprofen was discovered by Dr. Stewart Adams and his colleagues in the 1950s and was later marketed as Advil or Motrin. It is used primarily for fever, pain, and inflammatory diseases. Ibuprofen has been acclaimed to treat pain or inflammation caused by conditions like a headache, toothache, back pain, menstrual cramps, or minor injuries. It works by blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are substances that release in the body in response to illness or injury. I believe that ibuprofen should be included because it is the first NSAID to be available over-the-counter other than aspirin. Lastly, ibuprofen is one of the safest and effective medicines needed in a health system. Ibuprofen has given a safer option than aspirin and has remarkably improved our daily lives by relieving us from temporary pain.

Research Links:
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Hy-Kr/Ibuprofen.html
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161071.php

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Propane is a molecule that changed history because it is used as fuel for many residential, commercial, and agricultural heat applications, especially cooking. The formula for propane is C3H8 and it is found naturally with other hydrocarbons. It is stored under pressure in a gas bottle and turns into gas vapor when you turn on your appliance which releases pressure. There are honestly hundreds of applications for propane but these are some that are used in our everyday lives. Some uses of propane are that it can be utilized as a propellant, refrigerant, and vehicle fuel. Propane is most commonly used by gas cooktops, ovens, and gas BBQs. Propane is also used in households for cooking and hot water. Propane is used for heaters to generate radiant heat around the house, too. Another application is propane is used to produce hot air within the balloon air envelope on a hot air balloon. I believe that propane should be included because it is used for numerous industries such as agriculture, hospitality, and power generation. Propane is used around the home, in cars, businesses, and in the sky. Lastly, propane is utilized for the manufacturing of glass, crop drying, and recreational vehicles such as caravans or boats.

Research Links:
http://www.elgas.com.au/blog/1689-what-is-propane-gas
http://www.elgas.com.au/blog/1681-what-is-lpg-used-for-liquefied-petroleum-gas-propane-applications
http://www.danielspropane.com/propaneuses.html

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2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a molecule that changed history because it is the third most used herbicide in North America and its predominant uses are in agriculture mainly on wheat and small grains, corn, rice, sugar-cane, low-still soybeans, pasture, and rangeland. The molecule 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is additionally used as an herbicide on roadsides, forestry, lawn and turf care, and on aquatic weeds. Additionally, 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is used in pesticides or chemicals which are used to kill pests such as rodents, insects, and plants. I believe that 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid should be included because it is an active ingredient in over 1,500 pesticide products. Lastly, 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world to kill weeds on land and in water.
Research Links:
http://www.reciprocalnet.org/recipnet/showsamplebasic.jsp?sampleId=27344101
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2_4-dichlorophenoxyacetic_acid#section=Use-and-Manufacturing