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Hedgehog ( Erinaceus europaeus)
Most active
Hedgehogs are nocturnal and predominately rely on the senses of hearing and smell to move around and to find food. There is also safety at night, but also the foo d they prefer is also out I the cooler damper night.
Main food sources.
There main food source is insects including beetles, caterpillars, earthworms, snail and slugs. They will also eat fallen fruit, fungi, birds eggs and dead bird and small mammals.
Where they live
Naturally a woodland creature, but now seen more in urban areas, they will travel around a mile a night to find food and water
They will nest during the day in leaves under a hedgerow or shrub, in the summer and in the winter they will maker a much bigger and compact nest for warmth. They will if needed nest under garages and sheds.
Do they live in groups?
Solitary animals by nature and do not stay together to raise young, the female is left to care for the young, it has however been documented in urban areas the male staying with the female and young this can be a problem as the male may kill the young.
When the young leave the nest they will all separate, this is at around 6 weeks old. They become sexually mature in their second year. Due to decline in numbers however inbreeding has been seen in hedgehogs which leads to young not reaching maturity.
Conflict.
Are not territorial, but follow a routine, visiting roughly the same areas each night, conflict occurs normally over food, and mates during mating season.
Survival behaviour
Are a naturally shy animals that feels threatened when confronting something new or different. The main defence they have is to hide until the danger is gone. If startled or threatened they will lower spines on their foreheads to protect their eyes, if they become more upset they will start huffing to ward off predators. It will curl into a ball when very threatened this covers there face and underbelly, the most vulnerable parts of their body. If the hedgehog they pops or clicks it is another way to provoke what is threatening them and to get it to leave them alone. They will bite if provoked.

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Common Buzzard:Active throughout the year, sitting on fence posts, telegraph poles, trees located close to road sides or near farms but will also be found occupying the outskirts of wooded areas. Home range can be up to 3km2 with an inner core area becoming more active between February and April nest building and breeding occurs. Nest sites are usually located in deciduous woodland and they have been known to use old crow nests, adding to them to create a nest that resembles a dog basket size close to the trunk 25m high. They have also been known to occupy isolated trees and crags.During March and April, male birds can be seen performing display flights to attract the attention of females or to assert their ownership of their home ranges. In most case, a ‘helter-skelter’ style flight can be witnessed in which males perform three dramatic dives from a great height, finishing at the nest site. During the nest building stage and throughout incubation and fledging (March – July), parent birds are increasingly territorial and express this through vocalisation and display flights as well as dive bombing threats to their territory or young. Buzzards are stereotyped as ‘scavengers’ however they will catch and kill prey ranging from rodents through to occasional larger prey items such as rabbit or pheasant. Being opportunists, they will mostly prey on carrion, road kill and smaller prey items like worms and frogs especially during the adverse weather conditions and wintering months. Storing food in a crop allows them to feed on smaller prey until ‘fed up’ at which point they will return to roost and digest their food. Although buzzards are not gregarious in nature they can be seen in larger groups where population density is high. Young birds will join their parents on thermal pockets using their broad wings to soar, resulting in many parent birds and juveniles using the same thermal updraft. 

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Common Buzzard:Active throughout the year, sitting on fence posts, telegraph poles, trees located close to road sides or near farms but will also be found occupying the outskirts of wooded areas. Home range can be up to 3km2 with an inner core area becoming more active between February and April nest building and breeding occurs. Nest sites are usually located in deciduous woodland and they have been known to use old crow nests, adding to them to create a nest that resembles a dog basket size close to the trunk 25m high. They have also been known to occupy isolated trees and crags.During March and April, male birds can be seen performing display flights to attract the attention of females or to assert their ownership of their home ranges. In most case, a ‘helter-skelter’ style flight can be witnessed in which males perform three dramatic dives from a great height, finishing at the nest site. During the nest building stage and throughout incubation and fledging (March – July), parent birds are increasingly territorial and express this through vocalisation and display flights as well as dive bombing threats to their territory or young. Buzzards are stereotyped as ‘scavengers’ however they will catch and kill prey ranging from rodents through to occasional larger prey items such as rabbit or pheasant. Being opportunists, they will mostly prey on carrion, road kill and smaller prey items like worms and frogs especially during the adverse weather conditions and wintering months. Storing food in a crop allows them to feed on smaller prey until ‘fed up’ at which point they will return to roost and digest their food. Although buzzards are not gregarious in nature they can be seen in larger groups where population density is high. Young birds will join their parents on thermal pockets using their broad wings to soar, resulting in many parent birds and juveniles using the same thermal updraft. 

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Feeding Behaviour
What it eats – medium sized mammals (rabbits, hares, grouse), then costal birds (gulls, seabirds), carrion, Daily food intake of 250 grams

Hunting behaviour – use the element of surprise. Fly low to the ground and then striking with the talons in a brief rush. After large meals eagle may not need to eat for serval days afterwards

Using beak will tear meat away from carcass.

Mating Behaviour
They are monogamous, pairing for life. Though will accept new mate if one of the pair dies

They occupy a home range all year

Each home range will contain several, night time roosts with a choice of two or three alternative nest sites

Female lays two eggs 3-4 days apart

Incubation last for around 45 days

First egg hatches and has dominance over the younger one, leading to it having about 20% chance of survival during the crucial first week

Female does most of the brooding and feeding, whilst male provides them with the food

She broods almost continuously for the first two weeks, after this will leave regularly to share the hunting with the male

Young will fledge around 65-70 days and will become independent after a further 90-100 days

Become sexually mature at the age of 3-4 years

Social behaviour

Monogamous during breeding season

Can live within the same home range and work together during outside of the breeding season

But generally will be solitary during

Survival Behaviours
Fight or flight response

Can either fly away or use talons in defence

Species specific
Hunting behaviour of soaring using convection currents to rise and hold a stable position to locate prey items on the ground. Then will gradually descend (never normal stoop) then will use talons to take down the prey

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Diet: ominous Aquatic plants and smaller fish

Mating: Males can mate from 1 year old, Mate within minutes of meeting female, Mating 30mins – hour, If male is not in correct malting form it will rip female apart, Around 100 babies in each hatch, It can take 2-20 weeks for eggs to hatch,

Survival: when movement is sensed, FIGHT: tail arches and pincers  raised (mostly in defence of territory)  FLY: curling of tails under main body, creating a brisk backward thrust, Can live between 3-8 years,

Group living: Do no live in groups.

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it has been observed in dolphins that if a group is caught in a fishing net, and individuals would be able to escape separately, the group will not make an attempt to escape unless it is clear the entire group can escape together. it is thought this is because dolphins (and cetaceans in general) have incredibly strong social bonds reinforced by their ability to communicate and process auditory information rapidly from all directions around them, which cements their relationships with others in the pod

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Diet- They dive for their food and uses their wings to swim underwater. Diving from both land and the surface of the water, they can dive down to 100 feet or even more. Catching small fish that they can swallow both under water and on land.

Mating Behaviour- Nest in small colonies. The male uses his feet and bill to dig a nesting burrow on a cliff edge. Females lay a single egg and both parents incubate it by tucking in under a wing. For 40 days after the egg hatches, adults carry up to 30 fish at one time to feed young. Breeding pairs may mate for more than one season.

Survival Behaviour- They are well adapted to water, excellent swimmers and divers. Puffins have compact body, strong wings, and webbed feet help it dive and manoeuvre under the water. While the puffin is agile in the water, it is not as graceful in the air or on land.

Group living- Puffins are highly sociable and live in large colonies. in the water they flock out in large groups forming ‘rafts’ to stay protected from various predators.

Species specifics - The beak fades to a dull grey during the winter and blooms with colour again in the spring, suggesting that it may be attractive to potential mates.

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Diet

·       Diet changes with the season.

·       Spring/Summer – fish and newts.

·       Autumn/Winter – amphibians.

Mating

·       Mating occurs in April/May.

·       Sometimes have mating balls – several males to one female.

·       Males bask to increase sperm production.

·       Oviparous - 10 – 40 eggs laid.

·       Hatch in late summer/early autumn.

Activity

·       Brumation – hibernation for ectotherms.

·       Usually October – April.

·       Bask more in the summer and more active.

Survival Behaviour

·       Lack venom so defend themselves by:

·       Excreting foul-smelling secretion from their anal glands.

·       Inflate body and then hiss and strike at attackers.

·       Play dead where their body is flaccid, mouth is open and tongue is out.

Group Living

·       They do not live in groups.

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cetaceans society is generally matriarchal, and males remain loyal to their mother's pod; during mating season males travel far to mate with females from distant pods and return to their pod at the end of the season

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Common Pipistrelle -Pipistrellus pipistrellus. 

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Common Pipistrelle -Pipistrellus pipistrellus. 

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Dietary behaviour: When leaving to forage, they follow the same path and will only fly 5 km from the roost. They require a temp of 8⁰c or higher to forage at night and their prey is consumed during flight. Pregnant females will only forage once a night; and once their young is born they will make two short trips.
Mating behaviour: Males use song-flight to attract females typically in the spring and autumn, but mainly in September and November and have one litter per year. They are thought to practice resource-defence polygyny because they defend desirable roost locations and then proceed to mate with many females. Pregnant females go into torpor.

Survival behaviour: There are four different type of social calls; a complex call is emitted from the mating roost when in flight and foraging. Repeated trills are emitted from the maternity roost when bats are distressed.

Group living: Pipistrelles live in groups and emerge in small groups to ensure safety.

Most active time: During dusk and through the night.
Species specific: The frequency of their echolocation calls (45kHz) is the easiest way to tell them apart from similar species.

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it has been observed in captive orcas in USA that females who were born in captivity often harm their offspring (sometimes deliberately), while offspring born to captive females born in the wild have a greater chance of surviving to adulthood

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each species has a specific way of breaching the surface for air, which can be used to ID them eg. shape of the body and dorsal fin/hump, size and direction of breath, and duration of breach

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usually social animals; a solitary individual swimming in circles or repeatedly bumping into objects like sea walls may have inflammation of the brain from infection or head trauma and has been separated from its social group

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porpoises and small dolphins usually take 2-3 breaths a minute when healthy and unstressed. faster breathing rate is indicative of stress or infection