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- male cardinals use brightly coloured plumage and songs to attract females
- male bighorn sheep compete head to head, using their horns for head-on clashes
- fruit flies perform dances

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Differential reproductive success caused by variation in the ability to obtain mates results in sexual dimorphism, mating and courtship behaviour

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selection against individuals exhibiting traits that deviate from the average or "norm"

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Humming birds with a medium sized beak will benefit against birds with long OR short beaks

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The most common forms of sexual selection are female mate choice and male versus mal competion females choose mates based on physical traits as bright coloration or behaviours

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Bright colouration attractive to mate/longetivity (can be seen easily by predators)
Large Antlers can win battles for mate/longetivity
Mating songs attracts mate/can be heard by predator

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the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

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A. More organisms are born than can survive.
B. Organisms vary in their characteristics, even within a species.
C. Variation is inherited.
D. Differences in reproduction and survival are due to variation among organisms.

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Selection that favours an increase or decrease in the value of a trait from the current population average

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Hummingbirds use their bill to feed on nectar. Hummingbirds enter a new habitat with plants that have large flowers. Hummingbirds that have a variety of bill lengths but the ones who have a longer bill will have a larger population as they are able to access the nectar in the longer flowers

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Directional selection is very common in artificial breeding, where individuals with an enhanced trait that are often selected

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Selection that favours two or more variations of a trait that differ from the current population average

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Two species of plants with different sized flowers may be available as a food source for the hummingbird population. Each species is goos source of nectar, but neither is well suited to a hummingbird with a medium length bill. Birds with longer and shorter bills will be more successful and will contribute more offsprings to later generations.