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Europe felt that it was the center of the art world.

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The people of the Unites States felt that they had artistic traditions of their own. This mostly revolved around landscape and nature

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Thomas Cole, Frederic Church, Thomas Doughty, and Asher Durand where popular names that painted at the Hudson River School

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During the early 19th century, American literature was unpopular.

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The most popular novelist in these earlier years was Sir Walter Scott

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James Fenimore Cooper made great advancements to the world of literature in America. He had more than thirty novels. Cooper was know to his contemporaries as a master of adventure and suspense.

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The people of the south wanted to create literature as well but, because of how different the south was from the north, the white southerners produced a very different image of what society should look like through their writing.

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Many southern novelists of the 1830s produced historical romances or romantic eulogies of the plantation system of the upper South.

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Most famous southern writer was William Gilmore Simms. For a long time, Simms's work expressed a broad nationalism that transcended his regional background.

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A group of New England writers and philosopher that embraced the theory that rested on a distinction between reason and understanding. They believed every persons goal should be liberation from understanding and the cultivation of reason

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Ralph Waldo Emerson: The leader of one of the first groups of transcendentalists. HE was a nationalist and a philosopher with many well known essays and lectures about the quest for self-fulfillment.

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Transcendentalism spawned communal living experiments

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Brook Farm: Boston transcendentalist George Ripley established. Used as an experimental society in West Roxbury, Massachusetts

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Transcendentalism and eventually Utopian communities led to some sense of feminism.

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Margaret Fuller’s Women of the Nineteenth Century (1844) - showed feminist ideas

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The Mormons tried to create a new and more ordered society through the Church of Jesus of Latter-Day Saints

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It began in upstate New York as a result of the efforts of Joseph Smith, a young, energetic, but economically unsuccessful man.

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Joseph Smith eventually published the Book of Mormon