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Chapter 26 Notes The Defeat of the Axis 

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Chapter 26 Notes The Defeat of the Axis 

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By the middle of 1943, the Allies had stopped the Axis advance and from here went on a really good offensive

The European Offensive

By early 1944, the US and Brit bombers were attacking German industrial areas and stopped production and transport which even got a huge firestorm in Dresden killing many and leveling 3/4 of the city

A huge offensive was getting ready which was to b D day on June 6 1944 when the Allies went across the English Channel to attack Nazis at Normandy and did good cuz they were in an unexpected spot and had some guys land the night before

After a week, the Allies had taken the Germans off the Normandy coast

The progress was slow from there but things got better once the battle of Saint Lo Omar Bradley got through German lines and got a hole to France which the Free French forces got to Paris w and got it out of German occupation

This led to the Allies getting the Germans out of France and Belgiumby Mid September

The drive came to a halt at the Rhine River w Nazi defenses and then got them to move into the Ardennes Forest which led to the battle of the Bulge where the Allies got the Nazis to Bastgne where they won the last W on Western Front

Soviets went westward and got good offensive at Oder river and by spring they were ready for Berlin while Bradley was coming in from the West

They found a bridge to get across the Rhine and were then able to attack Germany in the North w a mill troops and encircled German troops

The Germans were now screwed on both fronts and the Americans had to wait for the Soviets as they were took quick and the Soviets got Eastern Germany and Czechoslovakia

On 4/30 Hitler killed himself and on 5/8/1945 the German forces surrendered unconditionally

The Pacific Offensive

In 2/1944, Chester Nimitz won near Marshall Islands which led to Japanese Perimeter down and got the other areas too and got submarines to wreck Japanese shipping to kill its economy

America's ally in Asia was China and the US helped by getting supplies through the Himalayas but the Japanese were threatening the ChungKing war time capital but Chiang Kai Shek didn't want to do anything because he was focused on commies who were fighting Japanese and was a problem for a long time

The decisive battles happened at sea as the US took Mariana Islands, Tinian, Guam, and Saipan and took Leyte Island as well which led to the biggest naval fight ever

W the big fight, the Japanese couldn't fight on sea anymore and in 1945 feb the US got Iwo Jima, v close to Japan though it was quite costly

In the battle for Okinawa, things were quite difficult as the Japanese were going quite had w Kamikazes and night attacks but the Allies still won and captured it

It seemed likely they would have to face more the same in the Japan until they dropped napalm on Tokyo and moderates there wanted to stop fighting but militants still going which led to nuke

The Manhattan Project and Atomic Warfare

In 1939, the US heard Nazis were trying to make an atomic bomb, which would be most powerful ever and them and Brits started to build one too

This idea came from relativity, found by Einstein which said that matter could be converted into energy and helped as he move to US from Germany

By late 1930s and early 1940s universities were trying to find it til we went to war and then the government was trying to figure it out

They used a lot of  money and a lot of secret areas to see how to get a nuclear chain reaction w plutonium to make the bomb

By 1944, they were going quite well and couldn't test on Europe but did it in desert to see first nuke explosion which was crazy

Harry S. Truman (president when FDR died) heard of this in Germany as he was working things out and then issued ultimatum to Japanese saying they surrender or get wrecked and didn't give up so Truman ordered the air force to use the bomb

Controversy is still all around whether Truman should have as the Japanese would have surrendered or they would not have w/o that or more lives lost

Most of the military and political leaders didn't really care and Truman saw it as a military move

On August 6th 1945, they dropped the bomb on Hiroshima where they totally destroyed the area and left 80k dead and many more crippled due to radiation

Japan was stunned but couldn't get how to act and Soviet declared war and US dropped another at Nagasaki which led to emperor agreeing to surrender

The most destructive war in history was over but still not perfect as many died and there was still low key conflict between the Soviets and US

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Chapter 26 Notes Anxiety and Affluence in Wartime Culture 

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Chapter 26 Notes Anxiety and Affluence in Wartime Culture 

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War brought a lot of anxiety to the US due to struggles to live, relatives dead or at war, or invasion if on coasts

But things were good as people had money to buy things again even if there were limits as consumerism was a big part of American culture

Home-Front Life and Culture

Much was spent on leisure during this time as people went to movies, listened on radio, got magazines, and went to dance halls

Dance halls were good as people would dance the new swing music and even soldiers got in as they saw it was a part of the life they were protecting

Bandleaders got quite popular and even got black musicians to join their groups

Much of what Americans saw was manged by the Office of War Information as they would give put out posters, adverts, and films to make sure people bought bonds, conserved resources, and kept quiet of troop movements

At first, the government wouldn't let anything from the battle front come in to not discourage but then changed as they decided to show dead to get people to see the sacrifices made

Films of the war were different from the actual war as the soldiers were all good w no problems, no blacks, and the other ethnicities were helping out

This had the culture saturated w fake combat imagery and even when Ernie Pyle tried to get the truth, he died and was seen by soldiers as the many who had died

Love, Family, and Sexuality in Wartime

Men at the front saw home as inspiration and dreamed of home and their girls at home as they would carry pictures, put them on lockers, and even paint them on fighter planes

Some servicemen got to see USO women that were there to boost morale though kinda sus and the gov tried to root out gay people and would discharge them

War time fams changed as they were working a lot more and earning more as well now

Thought jobs still seemed categorized by gender, some women were able to get around by doing industrial jobs like Rosie the Riveter and women even got into unions

Most work was service sector even in military as they were made to be in clerical work

Some mothers had to work and care which was hard as they either had to let kid alone or lock in car

Though there was crime for teenagers going up, there was also more jobs taken by them which led to less high school enrollments

More prosperity led to more marriages and even birthrate to lowkey start baby boom but also divorces due to war time struggle

The Growth of Wartime Conservatism

Late in 1943, FDR said Dr. New Deal had to give way to Dr. Win the war as they needed to focus on winning rather than changing

Repubs tried to take New Deal out which worked well and got help by majorities in congress as well

Repubs went into 1944 election trying to show how demos bad for war and got Thomas E. Dewey and demos got FDR again w Harry S. Truman who found corruption in gov and good guy

The election had eco issues but also if president could keep going but it seemed like he could do it as he won again and had majority in the congress

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Chapter 26 Notes Race and Ethnicity in Wartime America 

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Chapter 26 Notes Race and Ethnicity in Wartime America 

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War loosened many traditional barriers because of how there was such a demand for labor when all the men were gone

African Americans and the War

In summer of 1941, A. Philip Randolph tried to get gov to have blacks in as well and had march which got FDR to get the Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination in war industries

The demand for labor brought many African Americans to cities to work which was good but also bad as race riots broke out as well

Black organizations went hard in getting rights like the Congress of Racial Equality that did a lot to get things done like Freedom rides, and sitins and though not the most successful got the point of Civil Rights across

This was also in the military as blacks were limited to menial jobs but change did come w some integrated camps to serve but there was still tension as seen w some riots against mistreatment and segregation

Native Americans and the War

Many natives got into the war to fight but also as code talkers to talk in their Navajo language so Japanese couldn't get it

Being in the military got them v close to white life and some even stayed w it once the war was over

The war got Natives to have to move out or stay and get made to assimilate and even John Collier could not do much as he resigned and there was a lot to make them unify to help the nation

Mexican American War Workers

Large numbers of Mexicans came to work and help shortages in war and even got braceros program for them to get in for a limited time

With this they made many Latino communities in the West but also other cities as well

Tensions were seen w teens being in gangs and Zoot suits that seemed to ignore rationing which got whites mad and some sailors to beat teens up and when the Mexicans tried to get back they got arrested and law against zoot suits made

The Internment of Japanese Americans

WWII made the Japanese look like very bad people

This hate got to the Japanese living in the US as the American people began to think that these Japanese were hiding something and trying to help their friends and fam in Japan

So the government let the Japanese get moved into internment camps, basically like concentration camps w no death that was hard for the people as they got their rights taken away and were all alone w no money

The Supreme Court got them out in 1944 but they didn't get reparations until 1980

Chinese Americans and the War

The war was good for Chinese Americans due to alliance w China so then the Chinese exclusion Act went away and many Chinese came in and the Chinese permanent residents became citizens

There was still hate but not a lot as the Chinese did help w war effort and were comparatively good compared to Japanese

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Chapter 26 Notes The American Economy in Wartime

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Chapter 26 Notes The American Economy in Wartime

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This had been the most involved war since Civil War and had big changes in society

Prosperity and the Rights of Labor

WWII actually ended the Great Depression as problems from before melted away w the wave of wartime industrial expansion

The biggest cause was government spending as the budget went from 9 billl to 100 billion over 6 years and led to a much higher GDP and wages

The West Coast was the launching point against Japan and got a lot of industry from the war as they began to build and invest more

War created a labor shortage that was solved by taking in people that before had been considered inappropriate like women and minorities

Union membership went up since there was the maintenance of membership agreement which had many workers automatically in unions and gov got no strike pledge and little steel formula to set wage increase limit to 15%

There were some strikes though but not authorized by the Unions and the only one that was led to laws like the Smith-Connally Act which made unions have to wait 30 days before striking which gave the president power to take the plant and public started hating on labor movement

Stabilizing the Boom and Mobilizing Production

Now there was fear of inflation which led to the Office of Price Administration to do something, but there was too much to do anything

The government was spending a lot, racked up more debt w bonds, but paid for it by increasing taxes and made witholding system to help

In January 1942, FDR got the War Production Board to mobilize wartime economy but this did not work was army and navy went around and small businesses mad they didn't get contracts

Then FDR made the Office of War Mobilization which barely worked better than the WPB

Despite the problems, the US was making as much as it needed and in 1944 was making more than needed and more than all Axis combined

Wartime Science and Technology

WWII was a time of much tech and innovation because a lot of money was put into research in the US

At first, it seemed like the Germans and the Japanese were better w tech as they had good naval air tech, better tanks and armor, and subs

The Allies got better though as they had the assembly line to build more of what they needed and the Germans wanted to copy but couldn't

By late 1942, the Allies had just as good and more weapons that the Axis and had better radar tech and good naval mine detection

Allies got better w antiaircraft tech but the Germans were much better as they had rockets which scared the British but never enough to do real damage

In 1942, Allies got better in air w 4 engine bombers that could go higher and not get shot down and w new radio that sent sonic message to tell when near target helped too

The best advantage for the Allies was intel as they got the devices to get around the German codes that used the Enigma machine that would change its code a lot and made computers to do so like the Bombe and the Colossus II

The Americans did the same w the Japanese as well

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Though there were disagreements, the American people were quite united over the war but this was tested in the first few months of 1942

Containing the Japanese

After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese went to Manila to destroy American planes, took Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong

Also Singapore, Durch East Indies and Burma and the Philippines were taken over as the Filipino and Americans retreated

The strat now as to go North from Australia to get to New Guinea and the Philippines and another fleet would move W from Hawaii to get through Japanese holding and eventually meet in Japan

2 good dubs at Coral Sea where they stopped the Japanese navy and at Midway island where the Americans took control of the Central Pacific though losing a lot of people

Americans then took the offensive going from Solomon Islands to New Guinea and had 3 battles including Guadalcanal that had a lot of losses but in the end the US won w help from Australians and New Zealanders

Holding Off the Germans

The US was w Britain and what was left of French and they were in the West while Soviets fighting in the East but US wanted to attack from English Channel in 1943 so left planning to Dwight D. Eisenhower

The Russians wanted an immediate attack though since they were fighting the Nazi's real hard but the other Allies just went through Africa to get to France

FDR sent troops to Africa since he wanted to get in quick and plan for English Channel and they went to Africa where they went against Erwin Rommel of the Nazis and tried to take him out of the Suez Canal

They got Germans out of Suez and then moved to Algeria and Morocco where they fought and lost but regrouped and made a counteroffensive which had help of navy and got them the dub and Germans out of Africa

Allies postponed English Channel which pissed Soviets off but they did well as the winter of 1942-43 had helped take away most of the Nazis and Hitler had to stop attacking

These Ws got FDR to agree to attack Sicily to stop German divisions and got through Sicily and to Italy and Rome even though it took a while to do so

When they got Sicily, Mussolini's gov collapsed and he fled to Germany but still got found and hanged and then the successor joined them to the Allies

The invasion of Italy postponed the invasion of France by a year which Stalin was mad about but got time to go into eastern Europe

America and the Holocaust

American leaders had to deal w the Holocaust as they knew about what was happening and the public was pressuring them to act

But the government never really helped as they said it would by unfeasible and wouldn't listen to public saying to help the jews and others

Though this does seem like a very bad moral decision, the policy makers said it was because of how they needed all focus on the war

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Chapter 25 Notes From Neutrality to Intervention

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Chapter 25 Notes From Neutrality to Intervention

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FDR said that they would be neutral though everyone wanted the Allies to win but the question was how much would the US help them?

Neutrality Tested

FDR wanted to help w munitions since Germans had a lot so he lifted arms embargo and let the belligerents to buy arms like cash and carry

Nothing happened after Poland got invaded until the next spring when the Germans went on Blitzkrieg going to the West, getting Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium on their way to France from the North

Then Mussolini invaded France from the South and then they captured it all by June and all that was left of the armies retreated

On may 16, FDR asked congress for another billion in defense as Churchill was asking for what was needed but some didn't want to help and FDR still did though

FDR went around cash and carry and gave 50 destroyers for rights to build in GB bases and returned planes to factories so Brits could cop

This all could happen since America was scared of the Germans and led to the first peace time draft ever brought by the Burke-Wadsworth Act

But there were isolationists that made things hard, especially w the 1940 presidential campaign on the way keeping war in the debate

The Campaign of 1940

The biggest question was if FDR was gonna run but he never said it though he never got out of race and was easily nominated when he Convention came around

The Repubs put out Wendell Willkie who didn't have much experience from Indiana and had support and similar to what FDR was saying but still lost

Neutrality Abandoned

By the end of 1940, FDR made subtle changes to help GB w no cash and carry requirements anymore and made lend and lease where the gov could sell and give weapons to Britain

German submarines made it hard to get stuff across the Atlantic but by 1941, the US was patrolling to help out

Germany didn't do much until the Soviets were attacked and then got lend and lease from the US which led to torpedo campaign which led to US saying ships could fire on sight

Then one American ship was sunk killing many sailors and Congress let merchant ships get arms and go all the way to belligerent ports

Meanwhile, FDR and Churchill met to issue a statement of shared goals called the Atlantic Charter

The Road to Pearl Harbor

Japan was still expanding and in september 1940 joined axis sorta in Tripartite Pact and in 1941 went into Indochina and took Vietnam from France

This led to US finding out next target: Dutch East Indies and Tokyo stopped responding to warnings so FDR froze all their US assets

Tokyo now had to decide whether to get back w US for supplies or find it somewhere else and in october the militants took out PM for war party leader General Hideki Tojo

By late november, the US knew there would be no peace and they heard that attack was coming but didn't do much due to confusion, miscalculation, and underestimation of Japan

On 12/7/1941, the Japanese attacked in 2 waves at Pearl Harbor and took out many of the ships that the US had there

This then had the US unified for war and on 12/8/1941 they declared war on Japan and got war declared on them by Germany and Italy and the same day US declared war as well

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Chapter 25 Notes Isolationism and Internationalism 

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Chapter 25 Notes Isolationism and Internationalism 

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FDR's admin had to deal with the worst eco crisis ever and the effects of a decaying international structure

Depression and Diplomacy

FDR went away from policies of HH when he wanted gold standard to fall off so US goods could compete and said this in World eco Conference going against views of most delegates and rejecting currency stabilization

Then FDR put a bill that said that US banks could not give loans to any nation default on its debts and stopped old cycle and stopped payments

The US didn't see Soviets as actual nation but things changed as US wanted trade and Soviets wanted help w Japan but things got bad

The US could not get good trade and they stopped helping w Japan which then led to both mistrusting each other by the end of 1934

FDR did keep w what HH did in Latin America as he made the Good Neighbor Policy and agreed in a conference where they said no state has the right to intervene in the affairs of another

The Rise of Isolationism

W the system very bad, the US had to decide whether to try to stabilize the world or iso it self and it isolated because of

Wilsonians not liking how the League of Nations worked out

Americans saying Wall street and munitions led to WWI involvement

Some thought that corporations had brought the war on to profit

FDR tried to stay on side of being peaceful in the world but this did not work as when he tried to join US in World Court it got voted down

When Mussolini was gonna go to war against Ethiopia, the US made sure they would not be dragged in w the Neutrality Act putting a mandatory arms embargo against both sides and told citizens to avoid traveling there

In 1937 more was done w the cash-and carry policy where the warring nations could buy nonmilitary goods from US but only by paying cash and shipping it themselves

More isolation when Francisco Franco took over Spain, and France, Britain, and US agreed to not help either side

in summer of 1937, Japan intensified Manchuria assault and went into 5 chinese provinces and FDR tried to say something was gonna come of it, but then got bad public opinion of that and decided not to

Then the Japanese sank a the Panay, a US gunboat, but said it was an accident though it wasn't but the US quickly accepted the apology and got over it

The Failure of Munich

In 1936, Hitler moved troops to Rhineland, where they shouldn't be and in 1938, he marched through Austria and added it to Germany and no one lifted a finger

Hitler then wanted Sudetenland in Czechslovakia w ethnic Germans but Czechs would fight for it but US, F and GB would do anything to solve peacefully

Then, F and GB met in Munich and they said Germany could take land if they stopped expanding and US watched nervously as the fear of war was a big thing

The Munich agreement was supported by FDr but then became known as appeasement and was blamed on Neville Chamberlain for having it as it failed when in 1939 Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia and then made threats to Poland

GB and F said they'd help Poland and tried to get Soviets in but didn't since they weren't invited to Munich and signed no aggression pact w Germany and led to Hitler staging something to be able to invade Poland

This led to WWII started in Europe though it had already started in Asia

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Chapter 25 Notes The Diplomacy of the New Era

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Chapter 25 Notes The Diplomacy of the New Era

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Though many would say that in the 1920s the US was isolationist, it actually was quite involved in world affairs

Replacing the League

By the time of Warren Harding, involvement in the League of Nations was not possible but Sec of State Charles Evans Hughes wanted a new org

The most important effort was the Washington Conference to stop naval armaments between Britain, US, and Japan which actually worked in 5 power pact w US, Brits, Japan, France and Italy to limit weapons

When France wanted the US to go ally vs. Germany, sec of state Frank Kellogg wanted to agree to no war which did get agreement in Paris in 1928, but there was no enforcement

Debts and Dipolomacy

Kellogg and Hughes wanted to make sure American trade was to be unobstructed and saw European debts a problem but they had an answer

Charles G. Dawes negotiated an agreement w France, Britain, Germany, and the US where the US would give huge loans to Germany who would pay to France and Britain while these two would reduce the amount of payments and use this and other loans from US to repay debts to US

This became a circle and kept money flowing, yes, but then all shattered w the system in 1931

The army was still in Nicaragua, Panama, and other countries as investments grew a lot and like Euros, South America couldn't pay due to tariff barrier

Hoover and the World Crisis

By 1931, the financial crisis would make rising nationalism which led to powerful, belligerent govs to expand which Herbert Hoover had to look at when it started

He went around South America on tour before he was inaugurated and then started to take troops out and even repudiated the Roosevelt Corollary by not intervening when many nations defaulted on debt in 1931

Hoover tried to stop taking debts but this didn't work but he didn't' cancel all debts which led many Euros to default and efforts to keep disarmament on navy stopped as France and GB were scared of Germany and Japan

This wasn't good as fascism, rejection of democracy for dictator, became more popular w Mussolini in Italy since 1920 and Nazis w Hitler who took power in 1933

More immediate though was Japan who was in eco depression and wanted power to get at Soviets and to stop China's Chiang Kai Shek from getting Manchuria

This was Chinese but eco controlled by Japan and military staged a coup in Tokyo to then set off a RR explosion to allow them to move in and take over Manchuria though the US was warning them to stop

Then in 1932, the Japanese kept going even attacking Shang Hai and killing many

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Chapter 24 Notes Limits and Legacies of the New Deal

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Chapter 24 Notes Limits and Legacies of the New Deal

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The New Deal made major changes but left some problems unanswered

African Americans in the New Deal

The New Deal was not hostile to blacks and many like Eleanor Roosevelt, Harold Ickes, and Henry Hopkins tried to help blacks too and FDR even had black cabinet which in the end got blacks to go democratic

Blacks thought that the New Deal was gonna change race relations when it really didn't as lynching was not a crime and poll tax was still there

All the relief agencies still segregated the same as everyone else too

The New Deal never made racial justice an actual part of its agenda

The New Deal and the "Indian Problem"

The New deal policy towards Indians was quite different as the commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Collier believed that every culture should be accepted and respected

Collier tried to make things better and to get them back to being Indians but they still had worst land that whites didn't want and were poor af

Women and the New Deal

The New Deal was a symbolic breakthrough for women as the a woman was in cabinet, Frances Perkins for Secretary of Labor and it was more about special protections for women

New Deal said that women should go home for more jobs for men except for female occupations

Like w blacks, women were not losing but norms were still maintained as seen w Social Security

The New Deal and the West

The West got more money from the government than anyone else

The West benefited from most of the new dams and power stations which led it changing over time and after WWII as well

The New Deal, the Economy, and Politics

The New Deal never really revived or reformed the America ecnomy and New Dealers never saw gov spending fully and the WWII boom was what ended depression

The New Deal was good in lifting new groups of workers, helping gov regulate economy in some ways, and new fiscal policy which would help gov later

It also helped start welfare which was something people had not wanted before

The New Deal made the Demos powerful and gave power more into economic matters and lives of citizens instead of cultural issues

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Chapter 24 Notes The New Deal in Disarray

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Chapter 24 Notes The New Deal in Disarray

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FDR was taking Ws but within a few months things got bad

The Court Fight

FDR now wanted to stop supreme court that was too conservative for his liking

In feb. 1937 FDR said the federal court system needed to be changed since justices were "overworked" but he just wanted more liberal justices

Both conservatives and FDR supporters didn't' like this but still sorta got through but was unnecessary as the Supreme Court intervened and Congress took it out

This had been a short term W but a long term L as FDR's political image was not well changed

Retrenchment and Recession

In the summer of 1937, things were looking quite good, but then FDR tried to balance fed budget but this screwed everything up and put US back to bad times

This was called the Roosevelt Recession and many thought it was because FDR wanted to stop spending and he fixed it by spending more again

FDR sent a message to Congress tried to get antitrust laws and got Temporary National Economic Committee and then got the Fair Labor Standards Act with the first national minimum wage and 40 hr work week w strict limits on child labor

By 1938, the New Deal was over and FDR was more worried about a new war and prep than more new deal

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Chapter 24 Notes The New Deal in Transition

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Chapter 24 Notes The New Deal in Transition

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FDR had very good popularity but there was fierce criticism in 1935 which was combated by the "Second New Deal"

The Conservative Criticism of the New Deal

There were many who really hated FDR and included businessmen, financiers, wealthy families, and the some of the aristocratic society

FDR was quite aristocratic coming from Harvard but some still didint' like him because he was a traitor to his class or because he was putting regulation on business and more taxes on some wealthy

The hatred turned into a whispering campaign saying he was crazy or a drug addict or even w psychiatrists at all times

Others like Walter Lippmann said that FDR was going into fascism and communism instead of protecting freedoms of men

Lewis Douglas resigned because he thought too much money was going in to the new deal and Al smith turned cuz of jealousy and too left

The New Deal was more of an experiment than a real plan which had most conservatives a bit heated

Conservative Business owners were the most against the New Deal and made the Liberty League led by the Du Pont family to get public against dictatorial policies of the New Deal

Led by Jacob Raskob who left the Demos and got a ton of people and was mostly of NE industrialists

They got attention but could stop him as FDR won another election and they dissolved in 1936 after that

The Populist Criticism of the New Deal

The Socialist Party, Communist Party, and other radical orgs were against the New Deal, but couldn't do much against it

More menacing were 3 men who got good followings like Dr. Francis E. Townsend who wanted federal pensions everyone month for those over 60 to then put more $ in gov and leave more jobs for others open

Father Charles E. Coughlin did weekly radio sermons and was for monetary reforms like remonetization of silver, issuing greenbacks, and nationalization of the banking system

He liked FDR at first but then got disheartened and then in 1935 made the National Union for Social Justice

Senator Huey Long was also very good as he was against banks, oil companies, and utilities and the political oligarchy w them

He was gov of LA in 1928 and went against opponents and took their power and kept support as he helped the people a lot and then once he couldn't be gov he went to the senate in 1930

Long was like Coughlin but then made the Share our Wealth Plan where they taxed rich more and gave it to the people and made a society for the plan and got so much support it could've given the repubs a W if third party

FDR saw this and began to see the threat that were these movements and that they could do some damage

The Second New Deal

So FDR made the second new deal where he responded to political pressure and the continuing eco crisis

Biggest change was going against big business more openly as seen with the Holding Company Act o 1935 which broke apart utility holding companies but was limited by lobbying of the companies

Also taxes were raised which scared rich americans as it was the highest ever in peace time, but the effect was limited

The Supreme court put down the NIRA but Congress led by Robert E. Wagner in the Wagner Act made the National Labor Relations Board which could tell employers to listen to unions

FDR wasn't too glad but signed it as he saw his future was good if he did what the workers wanted

Labor Militancy

The trade union movement went up due to help of gov and more militancy in this time for more powerful unions

Instead of being organized by skill, workers began to be organized by industry which increased their power

The AFL was mostly against this, but John L. Lewis tried to make it work but kicked out w everyone else and made his own committee called the Congress of Industrial Organizations

The CIO was better as it had women and minorities as it went into previously unorganized industries as well and was more militant as it organized battles in auto and steel industries

Organizing Battles

The United Auto Workers gradually came up but had made little progress until they used the sit down strike in 1936-37 which led to GM having to listen to them and recognize them and then many others did so too

The Steel Workers Organizing Committee got Big Steel to agree but not little steel companies as they were against and led Memorial Day Massacre where workers tried to march and many were shot and some were killed but little steel still won as in 1937 the strike failed

This victory was one of the last as over time more and more unions won over the employers and were recognized

Social Security

The Social Security Act was wanted to get the older people money and to get them involved in the economy

There were two systems, one for those already out and the pension program for those still working which said to start giving $ in 42 but in 37 due to public pressure

Also made a system of unemployment insurance which employers financed and fed aid to people w disabilities and aid to dependent kids

Wanted this to be more like insurance than welfare and did well w this but over time it got much bigger than the framers had ever thought

New Directions in Relief

FDR made the Works Progress Administration in 1935 to get people to work asap and it was quite big

Directed by Harry Hopkins, the admin helped renovate or build and construct new things to get more money to the economy

There were also parts of this for the arts and young people to be able to get work and the Emergency Housing Division would sponsor public housing

Men and women were treated differently as men would be put to work and women would get money but some women did work at this time

The 1936 "Referendum"

Seemed like FDR was gonna win as repubs got no name and dissidents not too strong but they tried to unite w Union Party w William Lemke

FDR totally won and was quite easy biggest landslide ever

The election showed how the New Deal had changed party lines as there were now more people w demos than ever and repubs wouldn't be back for a while

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Chapter 24 Notes Launching the New Deal 

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Chapter 24 Notes Launching the New Deal 

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FDR first had to stop the panic that had started chaos and did so with force of personality and good legislation

Restoring Confidence

Most of the success was from FDR's personality as he would use radio a lot w fireside chats to explain what he was doing and also closed all banks for 4 days until Congress could get together to do something

Then FDR sent the Emergency Banking Act to congress which stopped big banks from being dragged down by smaller ones, made inspections needed for banks to come back, and reorganization of really bad banks

All this was passed really quick and helped a lot as 3/4 banks in FRS reopened and money came back in and the immediate crisis was over

FDR also got the Economy Act where the fed budget was balanced by cutting gov employee salaries and pensions to vets to restore confidence and got by easily

The Glass-Steagall Act was also passed to stop bad speculation of banks through gov authority and made the FDIC to ensure all bank deposits up to $2500

The Truth in Securities Act made corporations have to give good info about stocks to public and securities and exchange commission was made to police the stock market

Also, beer was allowed to be sold again and prohibition was going to be repealed and all this was done to get confidence back in the market

Agricultural Adjustment

Then other problems were handled, like farmers w the Agricultural Adjustment Act which allowed farmers to limit crop production through subsidies and would be based on parity

The AAA allowed farmers to get more money and have farming become more prosperous and stable, but smaller farmers took Ls as landowners got subsidies which meant they could fire sharecroppers and such

In 1936, the supreme court said it was not ok to limit farmers but then the admin put out the Soil Conservatino and Domestic Atollment Act saying it could be done to conserve soil, prevent erosion, and other goals

Poor farmers were helped with the Farm Security Act which gave loans for farmers to move to good soil and the Rural Electrification Act which gave electric power to many farmers

Industrial Recovery

The industrialists wanted to help antideflation, but before, HH didn't want to because it was very trust like but FDR was for it and made the National Industry Recovery act that said that businesses could do this if they listened more to Unions

The center of this was the National Recovery Agency which had the nation accept a blanket code of 35-40 hr work week, minimum wage and no child labor and got bottom for lowering prices and wages for companies and got many agreements

The start wasn't good as big companies wrote them vs. smaller ones and the bottoms given were sometimes raised to level which couldn't be sustained

The clearest sign was the decline in production despite rise in prices which made it hard for people to buy and led to Hugh S. Johson resigning and a new board of directors put up

The Supreme Court went against it w the Schechter brothers who were intrastate commerce and said that NRA was unconstitutional as the president was writing the codes

FDR got mad but it still went down but many new Dealers were for this

Regional Planning

Some thought the government should be chief in planning the economy which was seen with the Tennessee Valley Authority

Reformers wanted water to be used for electric power and was started in Muscle Shoals in AL but never finished due to utilities copanies

But then one big utilities company was found for corruption so people made the TVA to make Muscle Shoals dam and others too

The conservatives blocked the big changes but things still happened sas water transport was better, no more flooding, and people got electricity for the first time

The Growth of Federal Relief

Relief wasn't a focus but it was done w the Federal Emergency Relief Foundation which gave cash to states to help bankrupt banks

This was not enough and the Civil Works Administration was made and put 4 mill people to work on temporary projects but the most important to some like Harry Hopkins, who directed it, was giving more money and helping peeps

FDR's fav was the Civilian Conservation Corps which got young unemployed men to work in camps on national parks and forests in a military environment

Mortgage relief was seen with the fArm Credit Administration for farmers which helped refinance and the Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act which allowed farmers to get land back after foreclosure

Home owners were helped with the Home owners loan corporation which refinanced mortgages and the Federal Housing Administration which insure mortgages for new construction and home repairs

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Chapter 23 Notes The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover 

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Chapter 23 Notes The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover 

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Hoover started out thinking everything was gonna be like before and tried to expand policies from before and when crisis hit he just went at it the same way

The Hoover Program

Hoover started by truing to get public confidence up using voluntary cooperation for recovery:

Would ask businessmen not to cut production or lay off workers and told labor leaders to not ask for so much, but this didn't work

He tried to use gov spending by making more programs, but this was not enough and when things got worse, he didn't try to increase when needed

Hoover, even b4 crash, tried to help farmers with Agricultural Marketing act which would help stabilize prices and Hawley Smoot Tariff to help protect domestic farmers but this didn't work once GD came

By spring of 1931, people didn't like HH and blamed him for what happened even calling poor places Hoovervilles and lost majority in House and was losing senate

He thought things were getting better as there was minimal improvement but that all changed in spring 1931

By 12/1931, things were v bad and HH supported ways to help bad banks and homeowners from foreclosing and then made the Reconstruction Finance Coroportion

The RFC gave loans to bad banks, RR, and other businesses and had a very big budget compared to other programs around it

The new agency actually didn't work though as it only funded w sufficient collateral and though it made things that would pay for themselves, the RFC didn't have enough money, and didn't spend enough either

Popular Protest

At the start, people were too shook to protest, but by 1932, people got organized

Many mad farm owners made the Farmers' Holiday Association which liked keeping products from market (strike) which worked for a bit but then failed

A more celebrated movement was when vets who were promised 1k protested at DC to get the money ASAP, called the Bonus Army but left after the proposal was voted down though some did stay

Those that stayed embarrassed HH and he tried to use 12 to get them out but this led to violence which HH blamed radicalism for and got the Army to help

General Douglas MacArthur went a bit far as he brought a tank and chased the veterans out to the Anacostia River and burned their tent city which in all left 100 marchers injured

This made HH seem worse and the symbol of good before now failed to deal with the bad that had come

The Election of 1932

In 1932, the repubs picked HH and the demos picked FDR and everyone knew who would win

FDR had been a known figure at the time as he started in NY legislature, went to assistant secretary of navy, and then VP nom in 1920 and then got polio and came back in 1928 to then be nom that year but in 1930 got to be pres nom

FDR was not a miracle worker but had done a lot in NY and seemed imaginative in way to solve problems which was good

He went to the DNC and talked, out of tradition, and promised a new deal for america but not too specific which didn't matter as he was gonna win easy anyway

FDR easily won and got congress to help too but no one knew what he was gonna do

The "Interregnum"

The time between the election and inauguration saw more crisis and HH tried to get FDR to say that he would keep things normal but FDR never accepted

In 2/1933, there was a banking collapse where people withdrew money and banks went bankrupt and HH told FDR not to do anything w currency but FDR said nah

3/4/1933, FDR and HH rode for inauguration and HH was mad while FDR was quite happy

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Chapter 23 Notes The American People in Hard Times

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Chapter 23 Notes The American People in Hard Times

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John Maynard Keynes compared the Great Depression to the Dark Ages in how it affected the US and most of the W world

Unemployment and Relief

So many people didn't have jobs in some areas, that gov relief could not keep up at all and even private charities couldn't either

Rural areas had it worse as farmers lost land and the Great Plains got wrecked by the Dust Bowl which had little rain and more heat to make deserts w dust storms as well

Many farmers left home to work and in the South they would go town to town to find a job

Okies, from the dust bowl, left to the West to find sorta better conditions but still very bad

African Americans and the Depression

African Americans did not get much of the prosperity from before, but they did share in the hardship

Many blacks still lived in the South and left land altogether because farming sucked and couldn't work since whites took their old jobs in cities

The blacks tried to go up north, but still couldn't find work and 2 mill were on relief by 1932

Segregation and disenfranchisement was still seen in the south as w the Scottsboro boys who were accused of rape, though that didn't happen at all, and were convicted and some even killed

The Supreme Court overturned and a new series of trials came up and all was publicized by International Labor Defense

All accused were eventually free, but last one out by 1950

Hispanics and Asians in Depression America

Hispanics also saw discrimination as their jobs were taken from them and some would be deported or taken off relief rolls for whites to take

There was some attempt at resistance, but this was not very fruitful so the Hispanics moved to cities like LA like urban blacks did

During the Depression, Asians felt it too as even educated Japanese could not get jobs and were taken out of jobs by whites looking for them

Chinese americans were bad too as they couldn't get any jobs outside of China town due to how whites saw them

Women and Families in the Great Depression

The crisis had people thinking women should stay in so that as many men as possible could provide for their fam and was even illegal to have more than one member of fam working a civil service job

Women still worked though as they did small jobs because they needed money but men kept coming into fields that women were in so women had to take pay cuts or be jobless

But white women had advantages as non pro jobs they held were less likely to disappear than male jobs

Black women weren't usually employed as many lost jobs and though they usually had more working than white women, they still had litt le now

The marriage and birth rate when down, but so did divorce but only cuz divorce was too expensive so the fam would just break up

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Chapter 23 Notes The Depression and American Culture 

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Chapter 23 Notes The Depression and American Culture 

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The Great Depression was traumatic and brought criticisms but also confirmed traditional values and had many cultures

Depression Values

When hard times came, Americans became even more dedicated to the familiar ideas that were successful in the 1920s

The ideals of work and responsibility were even seen in those who lost jobs as they looked for assurances like in Dale Carnegie's self help manual

This preached individual initiative and was one of the best selling books of the decade

The most popular parts of pop culture distracted people from the Depression which were mainly the radio and the movies

Radio

Almost all fams had radios in the 1930s even if they didn't have electricity

It was a community experience as people came together to listen to programs like young people and parents and chidren

There were many programs like comedies, adventures, and soap operas came out for women as well

Good comedians like Jack Benny, George Burns, and Gracie Allen and others got huge followings as comedians

It also got people direct access to public events as celebrated events were on and people knew more as seen w Hindenburg crash and Orson Welles fake news about aliens which got many to believe him

The Movies

At first, ticket sales went down, but by the end of the decade it had gone up again because of sound and color

There was tight control over movies to avoid controversies and such and the studio system helped that a lot

This couldn't stop it all though as there were some films that showed problems of the time that people could relate to

The best was by Frank Capra who had deep love for America and liked to focus on the ordinary person with his work as the protagonist would be ordinary and be given money or power but move away as it was corrupt

But usually, most of these films were escapists to allow people to get over all the problems they faced in their lives

The 1930s started Walt Disney's dominance in movies as he went from shorts to feature films like Snow White and others had the Wizard of Oz and Gone with the wind

Hollywood never really challenged stereotypes at the time as women were seen as wives or mothers or flirts and blacks were seen the same

Literature and Journalism

Much of this at the time dealt with disillusionment and increasing radicalism of the time

Not all literature had to do this as some was escapist too, like Life magazine which had some politics and eco but mostly pictures of nice things and even parties

Some lit did challenge though as it would go against materialistic madness, racial oppression, sadness around them, and difficulties of youth, coal miners, and farmers as well

The Popular Front and the Left

The Communist Party prospered due to how Capitalism was doing so bad and was made into the Popular Front which was American against Fascism

It was controlled by the soviet union though and tried to get FDR to follow the Russians against the Nazis

Didn't just go with commies but also w anti commies who helped enhance front's rep and even mobilized writers, artists, and intellectuals w democratic and criticizing sensibility

The Spanish Civil War helped as Francisco Franco, a fascist by getting help from Hitler and Mussolini, was trying to take over

Americans didn't let that happen as they made the Abraham Lincoln Brigade and fought but was mostly by the left

The party was very good at getting the unemployed organized as seen with a hunger march in DC in 1931 and also was for racial justice w Scottsboro case and wanted to help Blacks

The Party was not American though as when told by Moscow to go against American Liberalism, they did and lost a lot of members because of it

The Socialist party of America and Southern Tenant Farmers Union tried to blame capitalism for GD w STFU using blacks too but never really worked out

Anti-radicalism was strong in this time as congressional committees were made as White southerners and Californian growers tried to stop organization of blacks, Mexicans, and other workers

This was a rare time in which being on the left was actually respectable as seen w the New Deal as people blamed capitalism for GD

Other New Deal sponsored artists looked to reveal the harshness of poverty and human cost of social neglect which happened as they would go to ravaged areas and even writers too would do the same for social injustices

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In the new era, the government became an agent of economic change unlike before

Harding and Coolidge

The unadventurous vibe of 1920s politics was especially seen by presidents Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge

Harding got to presidency in 1920 and was not too smart as he tried to do some things but seemed baffled by responsibilities and also had problems w gambling, illegal alcohol, and attractive women

Harding couldn't get away from those who helped him get in power as he put them as secretaries of interior and attorney general

These and the other she put were all in fraud and corruption especially Albert B. Fall who got control of naval oil reserves and leased them to businessmen for a lot of money but didn't get away with it and went to jail for a year

In the Summer of 1923, Harding left DC just before scandals were to be exposed but on his speaking tour, Harding died w 2 major heart attacks

Calvin Coolidge came up next and was quite different but was similar in how he didn't do much

Coolidge got attention for what he did in the Boston Police Strike and got VP nomination and then got sworn in by dad in 1923

Coolidge was less active as he didn't think gov should be too involved and won in 1924 easily but did not go again in 1928

Government and Business

There was good work done in this time though it was in connection w the private sector as Andrew Mellon got reductions on taxes for corp profits, personal incomes and inheritances and helped pay off debt too

Herbert Hoover thought to make a new way to stabilize eco w associationalism where national organizations could help private entrepreneurs see how to manage the industry best

Many progressives liked Hoover so he was candidate and won presidency in 1928 but couldn't do much as the Depression came through and merc'd him

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Chapter 23 Notes The Coming of the Depression

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Chapter 23 Notes The Coming of the Depression

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The stock market crash of 1929 was so surprising because it was after such good times

Growth started in 2/1928 and then from may 1928 to september 1929 there was immense growth which was helped by easy credit to buy stocks

The Great Crash

On 10/29/1929 or black tuesday, the market failed due to too many stocks sold and they became worthless and prices went down for a while

The Crash might seem like a cause of the Great Depression, the real causes were much earlier

Causes of the Depression

The remarkable part is that it lasted so long and was so bad

One reason of GD was the lack of diversity in US eco as we were based just on construction and cars which began to decline w no backup

Purchasing power was not given to enough people so the consumers could not make an adequate market for goods made

The credit structure was terrible as farmers were way too much in debt which screwed small banks and big banks didn't make good moves which led to no money and having to call loans back or fail

Another reason was because Europe didn't want American goods as much because they could do it themselves, they had difficulties, and there was a lot of debt after WWI

The debt structure also was bad as the Allies had to pay US banks but couldn't and even wanted to get money from Germany and Austria who couldn't as well

The US didn't forgive debts and gave even more loans to pay debt which didn't work as Euro couldn't sell in US markets and eventually led to Europe falling to GD too

Progress of the Depression

The crash really just exposed bigger weaknesses in the American eco as the crisis got worse and worse from 1929-1932

The banking system was terrible as many banks had closed or went bankrupt and so money was hard to come by so deflation happened

Manufacturers began to reduce prices, lower production, and fire people

Depression could've been easier if Fed Reserve did better but they increased interest rates which just stopped money flow even more

The GDP went down 25% and many were out of a job, getting up to 25% and averaging 20% total and even more were underemployed

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Chapter 22 Notes A Conflict of Cultures 

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Chapter 22 Notes A Conflict of Cultures 

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The modern, secular culture was always competing with a more traditional one

Prohibition

To start, prohibition was supported by middle class and progressives, but didn't work as there were many violations and organized crime came from it

Middle Class progressives began to oppose but rural Protestant Americans were always for it as it repped the old notions vs. new culture, city, and catholic immigrants

The wets got more and more power but not until 1933, could they repeal the 18th amendment

Nativism and the Klan

Wishes for immigration restriction was back due to how Europeans were coming quite a lot after WWI

In 1921, Congress passed an act w a quota system where immigration from any country could not exceed 3% of the people in the US from that country in 1910

Then came the National Origins Act of 1924 that took out East Asian Immigration and lowered Euro quota to 2% and was based on 1890 census w an even smaller amount of South and eastern Euros

This favored Northwestern Europeans and led to even more limitation as immigration officials would let less in than told to

Such threats of traditional way of life  lead to the rebirth of the KKK at Stone Mt. neat Atlanta in a modern way and had started due to bad case of Jewish factory manager who was said to kill employee but did not

Also D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation also helped by glorifying the early clan

The New Klan was against blacks but also against Catholics, Jews and Foreigners which led to Klan expansion even getting to N and MidW w Indiana being center but after scandals it all went down hill

Most Klan units were chill w only parades and rallies for morality but others wanted to violent against anyone that challenged traditional values

Religious Fundamentalism

Another controversy was between Protestant modernists who wanted to adapt religion to science and fundamentalists who wanted to keep it as is and reject new science like Evolution

In mid 1920s, fundamentalists got what they wanted as some states took out evolution as they made it illegal to teach it

The Tennessee law got the American Civil Liberties Union into it as they would help any teacher go against this law which was John T. Scopes

He violated the law and then had ACLU help in case but then William Jennings Bryan went to help the fundamentalists

Now the case lost for Scopes but the ACLU lawyer, Clarence Darrow got Bryan to seem sorta foolish and say that not all religious stuff can be subject to one interpretation

The trial got fundamentalists defensive and away from politics but didn't stop controversy

The Democrats Ordeal

The Demos were made up of many interest groups which might not have been too good for them

This was seen in 1924 Demo National Convention in NYC that had a part trying to against the Klan but not getting it and struggle over presidential candidate

Urbans wanted Alfred E. Smith, while rural wanted William McAdoo but neither got it after 103 ballots and led to compromise in John W. Davis who lost to Calvin Coolidge

Same happened in 1928 when Al Smith got the nomination, but he could not unite the Demos and lost to Herbert Hoover who seemed to personify modern prosperous, middle class society

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The new culture seen helped Americans see the world in similar ways but experienced them in different ways as well

Consumerism and Communications

America was a consumer society as we bought and bought and bought a ton especially automobiles w 30 mill on the roads by the end of 1920s

The advertising world came of age at this time from the war propaganda and associated lifestyles w products and Bruce Barton even compared Jesus to being a super salesman saying that all should live a full and rewarding life in the world

Newspapers and magazines came up and so did the movies that now had sound which led to the Motion Picture Association which put restrictions on what was shown and would help get movies popular

Radios also became a main form of communication with the first commercial radio station at the time and was then regulated by the Radio Act that led to the Federal Radio Commission now the  Fed Comms commission

Women in the New Era

Educated women were now nothing new but they trried to be professional like never before but didn't happen to much as most were non professional if low class and employed and mid class would be at home

In the 1920s things changed for middle class women as behavioralists after WWI said that women needed to be advised by experts for motherhood

This made being a mother less consuming, which led to compensation through love based marriages w sexual relationships as pleasurable experiences

There was also birth control, brought by Margaret Sanger who said that too many people led to poverty so birth control would help limit it but not too accepted at first

Women also began to stop following rigid respectability as they began to smoke, drink, dance, and wear seductive clothes w new behavior that was eventually modeled by upper class as well

Women were still really dependent on men and could be exploited for it as seen w National Woman's Party taking an L w equal rights amendment and also the women's auxiliary parties that didn't do too well

Female dominated consumer groups did very well though

There was a W in 1921 when the Sheppard-Towner Act gave federal funds to prenatal and child health care programs but it got controversy

This happened as Alice Paul said this made all women mothers and American Med Association came in saying it would add untrained people into the healthcare field and thus Congress took out the program

The Disenchanted

This generation that lived through and fought in WWI felt that the new era was meaningless and vulgar and got out of it by isolating themselves being called the "Lost Generation" by Gertrude Stein

Modern Society was critiqued by many artists of the time through any works like books and such especially w the Great Gatsby

African Americans also felt the change as the Harlem Renaissance came around and brought new music from own racial heritage to go against white racism and stereotyping

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After the 1921-1922 recession, there was a period of prosperity and eco expansion but also had a lot of inequality and imbalance

Technology, Organization, and Economic Growth

The manu output went up 60%, per capita income went up a third, inflation was barely there and a small recession came and left and kept growing even more

This boom was from technology, such as the assembly line, that brought more cars and thus stimulated other industries like:

Steel

Rubber

Glass

Tools

Oil

Road Construction

And the car made more mobility that brought suburban housing up

The radio also helped as now they could talk through it and led to short wave radios in most houses and eventually broadcasting made it pop.

Commercial aviation went slow as it was more for entertainment but did take mail, also tech industries went up and telephones were on the rise

There were also the first analog computers made that could multiply 11 digit numbers in 3 seconds

Genetics came up as Gregor Mendel's work was found and Thomas Hunt Morgan and Cal Tech saw how genes transmitted in fruit flies and chromosome placement as well

Larger businesses tended to become concentrated into firms while the smaller companies didn't want to be consolidated at all

Industrialists in this time wanted to find a way to keep this going, so they tried to stop over competition and over capacity to stabilize economy

Workers in an Age of Capital

Many workers lived below the level of minimum comfort and many under the level of subsistence and poverty

Labor did win as standard of living as up and employers used welfare capitalism where there was a company union but didn't work if not prospering

This system didn't get everyone though and workers still weren't well off as all fam needed to work to survive

Unions were not good as they were too conservative and didn't adapt seen w William Green of AFL who wanted to be peaceful w employers

Also these Unions became craft unions and did not help unskilled workers which definitely hurt them

Also Corporations smacked unions by favoring open shop, where workers were not forced into unions, which led to the "American Plan" which  carried out union busting and lowered union membership

Women and Minorities in the Workforce

Women were getting jobs, but were called pink collar as they were just for women and were excluded from unions like the AFL for not manu

African Americans also were not included into unions so they had to take domestic jobs but there was a union for RR porters

In W and SW there were much more Hispanics and Asians but more Japanese who were quite successful but kinda stopped by gov

Filipinos also came through to work as well but generated hostility w riots which got immigration from Philippines restricted

Mexicans were all around in SW and eventually most lived in large cities making barrios for themselves and would work for less which Whites wanted so they were never really excluded

Agricultural Technology and the Plight of the Farmer

New technology really helped farmers get to even more land to cultivate compared to before

Also new was hybrid corn and fertilizers and pesticides to help cultivation

This all increased production, but not demand so then prices went down and many had to leave and if stayed had to rent land now

Farmers wanted relief w the parity formula that would say the price needed for farmers to make back at least what they put in to be ok

It became the McNary-Haugen Bill and was introduced a lot and even got through congress twice but was vetoed by Coolidge both times

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Americans were more concerned about events at home after war than peace talks

The Unstable Economy

The war ended out of nowhere but the boom kept going into 1920 but inflation led to a bust that killed the market and led to many losing jobs, businesses bankrupt, and lowering GDP from 1920-1921

Labor unrest happened a lot as everything workers got went away and it got worse w the recession as a strike in Seattle got city wide and cop strike in Boston led to violence and insecurity

Calvin Coolidge (gov of MA) was against this as he said that there is no right to strike against public safety

This statement go the middle class to go against unions which was seen in 1919 as the steel strike in Midwestern cities turned into a riot in Gary Indiana which had 18 strikers killed

The managers got non union guys to work and public opinion was also against them which led to the AFL stopping the strike by the next Janurary

The Demands of African Americans

Blacks thought that what they did in the war could not be ignored by the whites

This didn't change white attitudes at all but got blacks to be very into fighting for civil rights

During the war, the Great Migration occurred which saw many blacks go to cities to get jobs and thus moved the majority of blacks to the industrial north

Things got bad as lynching came back and black factory workers were looked down upon as they would take jobs from whites

There were riots seen during the war in East St. Louis but in Chicago there were some after a black teen was stoned to death after going near a whites only beach which caused a ton of racial violence at the time

These riots were different because now blacks were trying to defend themselves against whites even backed by NAACP

Marcus Garvey brought along black nationalism which saw blacks trying to stop assimilation into white culture seen w black owned chain stores but also saying to go to Africa

Garvey was deported due to business fraud, but his ideas would last in black culture for a long time

The Red Scare

The Americans were now very scared of communism as it had become real and was not just a theory anymore

There were many imagined radicals, but there were also real ones too as there were bombs that were seen nationally that went off minutes apart

W strikes and Commuism announcement people were v scared of communism and led to states making laws to go against promoting rev and seen w gov in A. Mitchell Palmer and his J. Edgar Hoover raided places they thought were radical centers

They got 6,000 people and deported those that were not citizens

Later in 1920 a bomb went off on Wall Street killing people but no one was ever convicted

The red scare got weaker and weaker but still seen w Niccola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti who were thought to kill a paymaster in MA and were anarchists but the case was fueled by prejudice of nativists which led to their death at the electric chair in 1927 though there was opposition

Refuting the Red Scare

After rights were infringed during the war, the government was very against encroachment on liberties of the people which was seen w many almost losing jobs and Supreme court going w unpopular speech

The Retreat From Idealism

on 8/26/1920 the 19th amendment was passed which gave women the vote which was thought to give more progressive support and start a new era, but just ended an earlier one

Economic problems, labor unrest, racial tensions, and the intensity of anti-radicalism led to disillusionment as seen in the 1920 election where the democratic candidates took a huge L to Warren Harding as he had no ideals and just said he'd get to normalcy

To many Americans, a new age had begun

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Chapter 21 Notes The Search For a New World Order

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Chapter 21 Notes The Search For a New World Order

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WW got into war saying he was going for peace and even b4 armistice, he was trying to get democratic post war settlement

The Fourteen Points

WW thought of 14 points for the future which was in 3 categories:

First, filling up the Austrio-Hungarian power vacuum w new nations

Then setting international conduct rules w open agreements

Lastly making a League of Nations to help make sure principles work out and to solve any future problems

This would win over many of the time and of the future as it said that nations could govern themselves well and work together to keep peace

WW didn't do well though as he tied his support for peace w the demo congressional election and lost support and antagonized the repubs w/o having any in the peace talks

Also the British and French did not want to be so nice to the Central Powers at all

The Paris Peace Conference

WW was welcomed to France v well but the peace talks were not the best

The main leaders were WW, David Lloyd George PM of GB, Georges Clemenceau PM of France, and Vittorio Orlando, PM of Italy

WW's idealism competed w the self interest, revenge, and fear of commies in Russia as they were still fighting anti Bolshevik counterrevolutionaries and not repped

WW could not get everything he wanted as the Allies were quite mean to Germany, but he did get the allowance of the League of Nations

The Ratification Battle

When shown the Treaty of Versailles, Congress wasn't for it as some wanted US to only be domestic while others just didn't like WW like Henry Cabot Lodge of MA who did everything to stop treaty

At first public liked it, but then they wanted less involvement w the League of Nations which WW was not gonna do

To try to get support of the public, WW went all around the nation to talk to people but went too hard and collapsed w severe headaches

He canceled his schedule and went to DC where he had a stroke but tried to recover as he could not do anything and was protected by doctors and wife

He got back to do some of the speaking but was left not too well and would not accept any changes so it was not ratified

And so the election of 1920 was not gonna have the League as part of it as there were bigger problems on the rise

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Both European sides were really tired when the US came in and the Allies looked to the US to win

Mobilizing the Military

GB was taking L's to the Uboats but the US really helped and lowered the sinking of Allies a ton

Americans thought nothing else was needed but more was as the Russians left w the Bolshevik Rev so Allies needed more troops

WW got a draft w Selective Service Act though opposed and got army from 121k to 4 mill

The US soldier (doughboy) was white, single, badly edu, and early 20s, women could not join except in some small work and blacks were mostly just included to do menial labor besides two combat squads

In training, the troops learned to be soldiers and had WW war message to know what was up and w many foreign guys, assimilation happened

There was also moral instruction as Progressives and parents didn't want soldiers getting w prostitutes and such and would put up signs for that

The Yanks Are Coming

The first Americans got there in June 1917 and helped the French keep the Germans back for a long time as seen at Cantigny and Chateau Thierry and got Germans back to original position

American troops were plentiful by September and led to last Meuse-Argonne Offensive where they tried to push Germans back as French and Brits were being more sneaky but went to Trench warfare where many doughboys died in the process

By November the Germans were taking Ls as civilians had no food due to blockade, soldiers captured, and u boats useless so on the 11th of November, the leaders argued an Armistice to end the war to end all wars

The New Technology of Warfare

New tech was seen like the machine gun which led to trench warfare but also mobile weapons like flame throwers and tanks that could move and had mustard gas as well that could be used from distance

All this technology needed a lot of maintenance which was bad as at times the Allies had to wait for supplies to catch up

Planes were added and not too great but no anti aircraft so it worked out and also had different types for different purposes

The navy was the most modern part as it used turbine propulsion, hydraulic gun control, electric light and power, wireless telegraphy, and new navigational aids

Most importantly there were submarines which used diesel engines that were much more compact and less explosive than steam and gasoline engines respectively

This is why there were so many deaths associated with the war due to combat or the influenza breakout seen in 1918

The US did play a big role, though not as big as the other allies, but still enough to negotiate, which wW wanted the whole time

Organizing the Economy for War

The government had 32 mill in debt and paid for it through the use of the bonds bought by citizens and taxes that were raised extremely high

The biggest challenge was the economy which was first tried to solve w local and state defense councils, but then needed the war boards that worked centralized and got met war needs while also not stopping eco

The War Industries Board was meant for gov to purchase gov supplies but was bad at first and got better when WW put Bernard Baruch in control and chose the price of war materials and if not much he would choose who would get it

Baruch saw himself as a partner of business w the WIB who were businessmen called dollar a year men who took paid leave from corp jobs to help gov for more money as they supervised private eco

National War Labor Board was the final mediator of labor disputes making employers do what unions wanted to workers would always work to help war effort

The Search for Social Unity

Gov leaders knew not everyone wanted war so they tried to use propaganda w the Committee of Public Info led by George Creel

Creel got journalists to self censor and say what the  gov wanted and worked well lw propaganda and portrayals of German savagery a lot which also got to artists as well

The Espionage Act of 1917 got the gov tools to go against spying, sabotage, or obstruction of war and Sabotage Act and Sedition Act said that any public expressino of opposition of war was illegal

In practice, this meant that officials could prosecute anyone that criticized the president or the gov

Frequent targets were the IWW and the Socialist Party like Eugene V. Debs who was locked up for a while for going against WW and others who fled to not be imprisoned

Citizens tried to make groups to mobilize members of community and would seem to abuse the German Americans a lot and would totally go against German cuture as well even firing some germans from jobs

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By 1914, the Europeans had a bad international system that led to war quite quickly

The Collapse of the European Peace

Europe was split into the Triple Entente= Britain, France and Russia and the Triple Alliance=Germany, Austria Hungary, and Italy

Conflict came when Franz Ferdinand, heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, was killed because Serbians wanted Bosnia

Austria blamed Serbia and Russia came in which got Germany to declare war on France and Russia which had troops through neutral Belgium leading to Britain coming in against Germany

The sides then went to Central Powers for Germany, Austria Hungary, and Ottomans and Britain, France, and Russia as Allies w Italy and Japan coming in to get more land

Everyone thought that the War would be simple and easy, but this was not the case and the nations didn't necessarily do what they did

Wilson's Neutrality

Wilson said to stay neutral 100% but many US went w Britain due to how there were German atrocities and propaganda against Germans

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Chapter 21 Notes The "Big Stick": America and the World, 1901-1917

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Chapter 21 Notes The "Big Stick": America and the World, 1901-1917

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In the early 1900s, foreign affairs were remote, but Teddy and those after pursued them since congress and courts would not do as much

Roosevelt and "Civilization"

TR said that America should "speak softly, and carry a big stick" but had two ways of using power

Roosevelt believed in civilized and uncivilized nations, civilized ones making industrial goods and being white while uncivilized included non whites and those that supplied raw materials

He also thought that the civilized had a duty to help the uncivilized and would police the world which led to TR making America a big sea power

Protecting the "Open Door" in Asia

In 1904, the Japanese and Russians fought over land in China which led to TR coming in to help end the war and to get Japan to keep the door open for the US to come in after they made Russia agree to no land

Relations w Japan got worse though as Japan would keep US out but TR didn't take direct action just sent New American Navy to sail around and show off power to be recognized as strong

Iron- Fisted Neighbor

TR was interested in South America and Caribbean which would bring a lasting legacy for him

In 1902, Venezuela could not pay Euro debts so there was a euro blockade and Germany even attacked and mightve tried to get base

TR intervened however by threatening the Germans w the American navy to get the Germans to back off

So then TR added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine where he said the US could intervene in neighbors affairs to stop Euros from coming in

The first use was in the Dominican Repub where a revolt and new gov couldn't pay off debts so TR went and made a system to pay them off which lasted for 3 decades

The Panama Canal

TR made the Panama Canal instead of Nicaragua because it was shorter and already partially done by the French so they bought the land to work

TR had John Hay negotiate a good deal for the US but the Columbians signed though against it and then they sent another guy to get more $

To stop this,TR got help from Philippe Bunau-Varilla to then start a Panamanian revolt which worked and got them the land for the canal

Taft and "Dollar Diplomacy"

Taft tried more to get American investments in the less developed regions w help of Philander C. Knox, called Dollar Diplomacy

This was really seen in the Caribbean as Nicaragua had a revolt but the US was w the insurgents and they won which got US to invest

Then there was another insurrection, but this time the US helped the existing government leading to troops going and staying for >10 years

Diplomacy and Morality

Woodrow Wilson didn't start w foreign affairs but the challenges he faced led him to continue the TR-Taft Policy

He intervened a lot as seen in:

Dominican repub w military occupation in 1905

Haiti w marines to stop insurrection in 1915 and made const. 1918

Bought Danish West Indies to stop Germany

Nicaragua treaty signed so that US could come in to protect interests

In Mexico, things were good until president was overthrown and then Francisco Madero was against US so they got another guy to depose him but WW didn't not recognize new guys government when old guy killed

WW thought not recognizing would be good so that constitutionalists could come in but Huerta got support and then took some sailors who had gone ashore

US got them back but they wanted a salute w 21 guns as penance but Mexico said no and WW took Veracruz from them in response

Thought it would have no blood but it did which helped as US guy got support and then in 1914 ended crisis

WW didn't like it when Carranza didn't do what he said to make new gov and almost went to Pancho Villa to switch but then not

This pissed Pancho off so he went and killed Americans over this "betrayal"

Wilson tried to get Villa but didn't work and got in fights w Carranza's people so he decided to leave since he had a much bigger problem