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The Great Lisbon disaster occurred on November 1st, 1755.
The initial shock hit at approximately 9:40 in the morning and was then followed by a horrific tsunami later that day.

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The earthquake's epicenter was in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 200 km away from Cape St. Vincent.

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An underwater earthquake, caused by faulting of the sea floor along the tectonic plate boundaries of the mid-Atlantic. It was estimated to be  an 8.0 -9.5 on the Richter scale and the earthquake caused the 3rd worst tsunami in recorded history.

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There were three main shocks felt by the people of Portugal over a 10 minute period, the second being the actual Earthquake. Each shock managed to reach the coasts of Lisbon and cause tremors that lasted at least 3 and a half minutes, each.

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The earthquake hit on the morning of All Saint's day, the vast majority of Lisbon's population was visiting the large coastal cathedrals to pray. The shocks tore through the city of Lisbon, creating massive 15 m wide fissures. These cracks caused most of the infrastructure on the coast to collapse, including the cathedrals. Close to 20 000 people died from the initial shocks.

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As buildings caved in and the streets separated, fires started to break out all over the city. The people of Lisbon tried to seek refuge on the south-west side of the coast by the waterfront, in an effort to avoid the raging flames. The fire ruled in the inland for nearly 5 days, consuming the two local hospitals.

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Thousands of families were gathered on the sea front when the shoreline started to retreat. Never being exposed to a natural disaster of this magnitude, the population stayed to observe the exposed sea bed. The first wave that hit was almost 30 m high, as the earthquake had raised the Atlantic by 6m when the overriding plate snapped up. The wave destroyed everything in its path, dragging hundreds out to sea. After the first wave, the survivors  thought the worst was over. Unfortunately, in quick succession, they were later hit with another 2 waves of almost equal magnitude.

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Lisbon, Portugal
-30 m waves
Cádiz, Spain
-20 m waves
Martinique, West Caribbean
-6 m waves

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1. Upward of 60 000 people lost in Lisbon alone

2. Approximately 15 000 people lost in Spain

3. Hundreds of lives lost as the shocks travelled to Martinique (sailors and coastal residents)

4. Many people suffered injuries when buildings collapsed, when the fires broke out and as the water retreated.

5. 20% of deaths were a result of drowning

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In the 18th century there would not have been any sensors or warning systems developed. In present day, we have a lot of technology that can be used to attempt to prevent mass loss of life.

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The US National Oceanic Administration team has developed deep ocean sensors that can measure the changes in depth as tsunami waves pass overhead. These measurements are transferred to surface buoys(if troubling) and are then transmitted to satellites.

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Sensors are only half of the detection system, being able to communicate the information to other countries is just as important. The UN is in the process of launching a program called Red Light, which will involve a wide spread communication network around the globe. Their goal is to establish warning towers with flashing red lights and install communication bases in each country and around each problem area. This project is estimated to cost $20 million.

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The US National Oceanic Administration team has also developed a forecasting system that incorporates the data observed by seismographs and deep ocean sensors to predict size, speed of a tsunami and when and where it will hit. Technology is an important tool that has and will save many lives.

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Lack of technology results in slow communication. The people of Portugal and Spain would not have been able to seek relief and aid from other countries as there were no online networks or broadcasts. The only people that would have been aware of the Lisbon disaster would have been those exposed to its destruction.

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Now when a tragedy occurs in another part of the world, the other countries' governments often become involved in global relief efforts. One of the UN's roles is "to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character". They would be responsible for feeding the hungry, sheltering the homeless and sending peacekeepers and medics into the affected countries to help.

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In addition to government programs, many social activist groups will fundraise money for the affected and organize missions to these countries. When Haiti was hit by an earthquake in 2010, hundreds of volunteers went to rebuild homes, hospitals and churches. They also fought to provide safe water and distribute food.

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Why do third world countries seem to be greatly affected in comparison to the developed world?
1. Third world countries do not have the funding or resources to rebuild their cities quickly.
2. They do not have building codes and construction laws to follow, resulting in weaker infrastructure.
3. Insurance is not as common and their governments are not required to compensate each individual that suffered a loss.
4. Slow or no communication with other, richer countries.

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Deliver Humanitarian Aid. (n.d.). Retrieved December 06, 2017, from http://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we-do/deliver-humanitarian-aid/

Shirley, J. S. (n.d.). Retrieved December 06, 2017, from https://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2007/04/research2.html

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. (2011, June 24). Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Retrieved December 06, 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/event/Lisbon-earthquake-of-1755

Tsunami warning system is not simply sensors. (n.d.). Retrieved December 06, 2017, from https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6839-tsunami-warning-system-is-not-simply-sensors/

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DART Sensors [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2017, from http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2008/images/buoylocations.jpg

Forecasting a Tsunami [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2017, from https://www.nap.edu/openbook/12628/xhtml/images/p2001d1aag124001.jpg

Lisbon Tsunami [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2017, from https://seanmunger.com/2013/11/01/the-earth-shook-the-seas-roared-the-great-lisbon-earthquake-of-1755/

Mid-Atlantic Ridge [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved December 5, 2017, from http://faculty.montgomerycollege.edu/gyouth/FP_examples/student_examples/connor_peace/atlantic-ridge.jpg