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- Today, about 13% of students enrolled in public schools receive services under IDEA
- 12% of those receiving services are identified as ID or DD
- ~792,000 students are ID or DD

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-mixed programs: Typically located on community college or 4-year university campus.
-separate programs: Programs  providing employment training, job opportunities, and segregated classes based on a "life skills" curriculum.
- Schooling that offers two and four year programs (public and private colleges that offer dual enrollment options to students who are identified with one of the disabilities recognized under IDEA).

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Aron, L., & Loprest, P. (2012). Disability and the education system. Future of Children, 22(1), 97-122.
Bursztyn, A. M. (Ed.). (2007). The Praeger Handbook of Special Education (pp. 6-11). Westpoint, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Bunch, G., & Valeo, A. (2004). Student attitude toward peers with disabilities in inclusive and special education schools. Disabilities & Society, 19(1), 61-76.

Neubert, D. A., & Moon, M. S. (2006). Postsecondary settings and transition services for students with intellectual disabilities: Models and research . Focus on exceptional children ,39(4), 1-8.

Roof, D. J. (2017). Through the looking-glass: How nineteenth century asylums shaped school architecture and notions of intellectual abnormality shaped public education. Policy Futures in Education, 15(4), 481-494.
Skiba, R. J., Simmons, A. B., Ritter, S., Gibb, A. C., Rausch, M. K., Cuadrado, J., & Chung, C. (2008). Achieving equity in special education: History, status and current challenges. Council for Exceptional Children,74(3), 264-288.

Zirkel, P. (2013). Is it time for elevating the standard for FAPE under IDEA? Exceptional Children, 79(4), 497-508.

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- Inclusive advocates believe typical peers provide students with disabilities with positive role models. Placing students with disabilities with similarly challenged students provides role models for unacceptable behavior.
- Friendships between students with disabilities and typical students develop best in inclusive settings.
-A concern is risen about teasing and insulting of students with disabilities.

-  During the times of the Civil Rights Movement, Desegregated schools would purposely label minority students with learning disabilities to qualify them for special education in order to keep them segregated from their white peers.

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-Inclusive instruction: The inclusion of students in a general education classroom with peers who are not identified with special education.
-The resource room: A class that instructs all students who are identified with special education. Students spend a portion of the time in that one room and typically has a smaller class portion.
-The Self contain room: A room for the students who are on the more severe side of the scale and typically does not leave the room.

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- Rehabilitation Act of 1973 made it illegal for public institutes to discriminate against anyone, including those with disabilities.
- Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) was passed in 1975 and guaranteed all special needs children a right to a Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
- EHA later renamed Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990.
- Brown v Board of Education Case in 1954, legal actions were taken because of the falsified classification and intentional separation of the minority students.

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- Why is this important to me as a general educator?
Most students being served under IDEA today are integrated into general education classrooms. These students are apart of your classroom and it's important to know why these students deserve and have the right to an equal FAPE as their nondisabled peers.
- How does knowing the history of special education help me as an educator?
By understanding the fairly dark past of our exceptional children (EC) helps us when learning about EC students in the classroom today, so that we can change the future.

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- ID and DD students received little to no education before the early 1900's.
- Asylums and institutions were created to house those in the community with mental illnesses or disabilities.
- Society deemed institutions as necessary because ID or DD citizens were referred to as a danger.