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Reef Symposium Cairns 2018 International Year of the Reef

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NESP-GBR-Symposium-2018 Abstracts Climate change and Ocean Acidification

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Grand challenge Week 7 onwards Term 2.

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Mick Ellison Grand Challenge Climate Change.docx

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How long is the Great Barrier Reef in km?

The Great Barrier Reef is 1,429 miles long and runs along the coast of northeastern Australia.

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Eye on The REEF report 2015-16

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2900 coral reefs, 600 continental islands,
300 coral cays and around 150 inshore mangrove islands.
ben

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-within 5 months 211 coral bleach sightings were submitted to the eye on the reef app

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-within 5 months 211 coral bleach sightings were submitted to the eye on the reef app

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-in 2015-16 work continued on controlling  coral eating animals like starfish to protect
-this year the app was expanded to enable more different sightings like crown of thorns starfish which are eating the coral
-the control team went on 24 expeditions and completed 1381 reef health and impact surveys to measure coral cover
-this data helps managers estimate densities of starfish outbreaks and control the amount

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233 tourism staff do weekly reef monitoring- Cairns Port Douglas and  Whitsundays. 2276 sightings of iconic marine species. 245 humpback whales. 208 green turtles. 11 whale sharks. Users can report coral bleaching  and crown of thorns starfish.
By Claire Madison and Isabelle

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3) Who can collect data for the "Eye on the reef" program"?
In 2015–16, 233 tourism staff from 19 operations learnt
how to conduct weekly site monitoring at classroom
and in-water training in Cairns, Port Douglas and the
Whitsundays.
Over the year, 14 staff from 11 tourism operations regularly
took part in weekly monitoring.
Tourism staff are valuable contributors — they have
intimate knowledge of the areas they visit, often daily, and
can detect changes at frequently-visited tourist hot-spots.
ben

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what animals have been recorded in the data

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what animals have been recorded in the data

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many animals have been rec

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Somebody's opinion on the eye on the reef trip...

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Somebody's opinion on the eye on the reef trip...

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David

Written on October 4, 2017

4.5 - Excellent

The trip was very good. As I already had my PADI Open Water, I had two free days at the beginning. The highlight of the trip for me was the liveaboard. Two nights out on the reef with 4 dives a day was great. As the boat moved ~2 times a day, the dive sites changed. The marine conservation section was interesting. It was a new experience completing the surveys. The only down side I thought was that we had to take a ~2hr boat ride every day and the dive sites were limited by what other passengers were doing. However, the diving was still good.

No Limit Adventures commented on this review

Hi David, Thank you for your kind review. It was nice to have you join our program. I'm glad you enjoyed the diving and conservation work on the GBR. All the best, Konrad
Zander-

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Datas and surveys collected in the "Eye on the Reef" program helps Marine Park managers to estimate the extent and severity of coral bleaching. It also informs reef health incident response, resilience mapping and water quality actions.

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LEI staff participate in the Eye on the Reef monitoring and assessment program run by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.The program enables anyone who visits the Great Barrier Reef to contribute to its long-term protection by collecting valuable information about reef health, marine animals and incidents. There are a number of different ways that people can take part - depending on skill levels and commitment. But everyone's contribution is welcome and people from all walks of life from day trippers, tourists, fishers, Marine Park rangers, marine tourism staff and marine scientists are encouraged to get involved and report their observations to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

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LEI staff participate in the Eye on the Reef monitoring and assessment program run by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.The program enables anyone who visits the Great Barrier Reef to contribute to its long-term protection by collecting valuable information about reef health, marine animals and incidents. There are a number of different ways that people can take part - depending on skill levels and commitment. But everyone's contribution is welcome and people from all walks of life from day trippers, tourists, fishers, Marine Park rangers, marine tourism staff and marine scientists are encouraged to get involved and report their observations to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.

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The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres

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The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres

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The Great Barrier Reef is 1,429 miles long and runs along the coast of northeastern Australia. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park covers about 132,819 square miles and contains about 3,000 separate coral reefs. By contrast, the Belize Reef is only 186 miles long, even though it is the second-longest reef in the world.

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The Great Barrier Reef is 1,429 miles long and runs along the coast of northeastern Australia. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park covers about 132,819 square miles and contains about 3,000 separate coral reefs. By contrast, the Belize Reef is only 186 miles long, even though it is the second-longest reef in the world.

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The GBR is 2300 Km long and is bigger than Italy
Ben

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Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Human Sources
Since the Industrial Revolution, human sources of carbon dioxide emissions have been growing. Human activities such as the burning of oil, coal and gas, as well as deforestation are the primary cause of the increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere.
87 percent of all human-produced carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil. The remainder results from the clearing of forests and other land use changes (9%), as well as some industrial processes such as cement manufacturing (4%).

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Since the Industrial Revolution, human sources of carbon dioxide emissions have been growing. Human activities such as the burning of oil, coal and gas, as well as deforestation are the primary cause of the increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere.87 percent of all human-produced carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil. The remainder results from the clearing of forests and other land use changes (9%), as well as some industrial processes such as cement manufacturing (4%).1Figure 1:Source: Le Quéré, C. et al. (2013). The global carbon budget 1959-2011.

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Since the Industrial Revolution, human sources of carbon dioxide emissions have been growing. Human activities such as the burning of oil, coal and gas, as well as deforestation are the primary cause of the increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere.87 percent of all human-produced carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil. The remainder results from the clearing of forests and other land use changes (9%), as well as some industrial processes such as cement manufacturing (4%).1Figure 1:Source: Le Quéré, C. et al. (2013). The global carbon budget 1959-2011.

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deodorant cans and other pressurised spray bottles or cans

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Many organisms that form the basis for the marine food chain are going to be affected by ocean acidification.  It turns out that changing the pH of the ocean is not the only impact from this phenomenon.  There is another, equally impactful side effect.  When carbon dioxide (CO2) mixes with water molecule (H2O) it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) that then breaks down easily into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-), those available hydrogen ions bond with other carbonate ions to form more bicarbonate.  The problem here is that marine organisms possessing shells (many mollusks, crustaceans, corals, coralline algae, foramaniferans) need available carbonate ions to form the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that comprises their shells.  In essence, ocean acidification is robbing these organisms of their necessary building blocks.There have been scientific experiments focusing on how the projected acidity of the oceans will affect different organisms.  Marine pteropods already have thin shells, and these shells literally dissolve over 30 days in seawater with a 7.8 pH.  Studies on sea urchins and mollusks show similar results.There are many resources included in this lesson, and many of them are going to say the same things, but each resource does a good job of explaining a certain part of the ocean acidification story.Start with the pdf slideshow called Ocean Acidification: effects on marine organisms.  It is the best overview and it has informative slides which can be presented or printed.  It covers the whole topic and even has some great solution pages.Ocean Acidification is a short 2-minute video from North Carolina Aquarium that explains how marine organisms build shells from calcium carbonate, and how ocean acidification impedes that process.NOAA's Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem video is 4 minutes long and shows the results of acidifying water on marine pteropods, one of the delicate creatures at the bottom of the food chain.NOAA Ocean Acidification Intro and Classroom Demonstrations is a 15-minute video that has some really great hands-on and visual representations of calcium carbonate dissolving in acid, and of CO2 turning water more acidic.For a more hands-on approach, or if you're interpreting for the classroom or in a lab-like setting, download the Lab Activities pdf.  The third experiment "Group Demonstration: I'm Melting!  Seashells in Acid" is focysed on the effects of increased acidity on seashells.Watch the 6-minute Acid Oceans video to get a good feel for how Ocean Acidification will affect sea urchins.  There are scientists doing research on the effects of acidity on urchin larval development.Climate Training Activities shows some actual interpretation from Aquarium staff, using props and visuals to show visitors about the impacts of ocean acidification to shellfish and corals.

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Many organisms that form the basis for the marine food chain are going to be affected by ocean acidification.  It turns out that changing the pH of the ocean is not the only impact from this phenomenon.  There is another, equally impactful side effect.  When carbon dioxide (CO2) mixes with water molecule (H2O) it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) that then breaks down easily into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-), those available hydrogen ions bond with other carbonate ions to form more bicarbonate.  The problem here is that marine organisms possessing shells (many mollusks, crustaceans, corals, coralline algae, foramaniferans) need available carbonate ions to form the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that comprises their shells.  In essence, ocean acidification is robbing these organisms of their necessary building blocks.There have been scientific experiments focusing on how the projected acidity of the oceans will affect different organisms.  Marine pteropods already have thin shells, and these shells literally dissolve over 30 days in seawater with a 7.8 pH.  Studies on sea urchins and mollusks show similar results.There are many resources included in this lesson, and many of them are going to say the same things, but each resource does a good job of explaining a certain part of the ocean acidification story.Start with the pdf slideshow called Ocean Acidification: effects on marine organisms.  It is the best overview and it has informative slides which can be presented or printed.  It covers the whole topic and even has some great solution pages.Ocean Acidification is a short 2-minute video from North Carolina Aquarium that explains how marine organisms build shells from calcium carbonate, and how ocean acidification impedes that process.NOAA's Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem video is 4 minutes long and shows the results of acidifying water on marine pteropods, one of the delicate creatures at the bottom of the food chain.NOAA Ocean Acidification Intro and Classroom Demonstrations is a 15-minute video that has some really great hands-on and visual representations of calcium carbonate dissolving in acid, and of CO2 turning water more acidic.For a more hands-on approach, or if you're interpreting for the classroom or in a lab-like setting, download the Lab Activities pdf.  The third experiment "Group Demonstration: I'm Melting!  Seashells in Acid" is focysed on the effects of increased acidity on seashells.Watch the 6-minute Acid Oceans video to get a good feel for how Ocean Acidification will affect sea urchins.  There are scientists doing research on the effects of acidity on urchin larval development.Climate Training Activities shows some actual interpretation from Aquarium staff, using props and visuals to show visitors about the impacts of ocean acidification to shellfish and corals.

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The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system[1][2] composed of over 2,900 individual reefs[3] and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres (133,000 sq mi).[4][5] The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland, Australia.

The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.[6] This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps.[7] It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981.[1][2] CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world.[8] The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland.[9]

A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism. Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish. According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985.[10]

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The climate of a region or city is its typical or average weather. For example, the climate of Hawaii is sunny and warm. But the climate of Antarctica is freezing cold. Earth's climate is the average of all the world's regional climates.Climate change, therefore, is a change in the typical or average weather of a region or city. This could be a change in a region's average annual rainfall, for example. Or it could be a change in a city's average temperature for a given month or season.Climate change is also a change in Earth's overall climate. This could be a change in Earth's average temperature, for example. Or it could be a change in Earth's typical precipitation patterns.What Is the Difference Between Weather and Climate?Weather is the short-term changes we see in temperature, clouds, precipitation, humidity and wind in a region or a city. Weather can vary greatly from one day to the next, or even within the same day. In the morning the weather may be cloudy and cool. But by afternoon it may be sunny and warm.The climate of a region or city is its weather averaged over many years. This is usually different for different seasons. For example, a region or city may tend to be warm and humid during summer. But it may tend to be cold and snowy during winter.The climate of a city, region or the entire planet changes very slowly. These changes take place on the scale of tens, hundreds and thousands of years.

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The climate of a region or city is its typical or average weather. For example, the climate of Hawaii is sunny and warm. But the climate of Antarctica is freezing cold. Earth's climate is the average of all the world's regional climates.Climate change, therefore, is a change in the typical or average weather of a region or city. This could be a change in a region's average annual rainfall, for example. Or it could be a change in a city's average temperature for a given month or season.Climate change is also a change in Earth's overall climate. This could be a change in Earth's average temperature, for example. Or it could be a change in Earth's typical precipitation patterns.What Is the Difference Between Weather and Climate?Weather is the short-term changes we see in temperature, clouds, precipitation, humidity and wind in a region or a city. Weather can vary greatly from one day to the next, or even within the same day. In the morning the weather may be cloudy and cool. But by afternoon it may be sunny and warm.The climate of a region or city is its weather averaged over many years. This is usually different for different seasons. For example, a region or city may tend to be warm and humid during summer. But it may tend to be cold and snowy during winter.The climate of a city, region or the entire planet changes very slowly. These changes take place on the scale of tens, hundreds and thousands of years.

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Coral. Many marine organisms that produce calcium carbonate shells or skeletons are negatively impacted by increasing CO₂ levels and decreasing pH in seawater. For example, increasing ocean acidification has been shown to significantly reduce the ability of reef-building corals to produce their skeletons.

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ben

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Nested along 2,300km’s of Australia’s northeast coast, the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is one of the world's greatest natural wonders. The GBR is littered with hundreds of coral islands, rich in biodiversity spawned by a vast array of endemic and endangered species. The GBR is a major drawcard for international and domestic visitors, generating major economic benefits and providing the financial lifeline of many local coastal communities. The global significance of the GBR is acknowledged across political boundaries, with its designation as a World Heritage Site in 1981.  Visitor trends? Data from Tourism Research Australia  show that in the year ended June 2014, 1,728,000 domestic tourists have visited the GBR during their trip to Queensland.  This represents an increas of 27% compared with the previous year. In addition, 2,244,217 international visitors have visited the GBR during their trip in Australia – an increase of 6% compared with the previous year.  Not all visitors who report having been to the GBR used a commercial tourism operations. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) records visitation numbers from tourism operators logbooks. In the year ended June, GBRMPA recorded   2,017,604 visitors to the entire Marine Park. This represented a slight decrease of 1.1% compared with the previous financial year. Most of the business (close to 40%) occurs in the months between October and January. About half of all commercial visitations into the Marine Park are recorded in the Cairns Planning Area (1,059,473 in the year ended June 2014). Tourism Australia supported a Sir David Attenborough three-part documentary on the past, present and future of the GBR. The series will be on air early in 2016 and be watched by hundreds of millions of viewers. Already, research by Tourism Australia shows that 42% of international visitors rank the GBR as the most appealing tourist attraction in Australia, just after beaches and wildlife.  Economic value? Visitors contribute directly to the day-to-day management of the Marine Park and in improving its long-term resilience through the  environmental management charge (EMC).  This charge is associated with most commercial activities, including tourism operations, non-tourist charter operations, and facilities, operated under a permit issued by the GBRMPA. The EMC is collected per visitor ($6 per full-day, $3 per part-day visitor. In the financial year 2014, this amounted to a total of about $8.5 million dollars.  In addition, a Deloitte Access Economics model shows that, in 2012 visitors contributed $6.4 billion in direct expenditure. Of this expenditure, $5.18 billion was value added. In addition, tourism provided 64,338 full time employees. The Wet tropics region recorded the highest level of modelled economic activity ($2.7 billion in expenditure in 2012).   World Heritage under pressure Since its inscription on the World Heritage List, UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee has on several occasions questioned Australia about specific risks to the GBR.  In 2011, there were concerns raised about expansion of ports and industrial facilities. These concerns were heightened by the Outlook Report 2014 outlining declining trends in Reef health and citing major risks from climate change, poor water quality caused by runoff and coastal development, some aspects of fishing and the crown of thorns starfish outbreaks.  Recognising the Australian and Queensland government actions to protect the Reef (e.g. banning dredge disposal and port expansion) and increases in funding, the World Heritage Committee decided not to place the Reef on the World Heritage-in-danger List. Instead they requested an update to  their advisory body (the WH Centre) of progress with the Reef 2050 Long Term Sustainaiblity Plan in 2016 and inform the full Committee of the state of the conservation of the Reef in 2020. 

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Nested along 2,300km’s of Australia’s northeast coast, the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is one of the world's greatest natural wonders. The GBR is littered with hundreds of coral islands, rich in biodiversity spawned by a vast array of endemic and endangered species. The GBR is a major drawcard for international and domestic visitors, generating major economic benefits and providing the financial lifeline of many local coastal communities. The global significance of the GBR is acknowledged across political boundaries, with its designation as a World Heritage Site in 1981.  Visitor trends? Data from Tourism Research Australia  show that in the year ended June 2014, 1,728,000 domestic tourists have visited the GBR during their trip to Queensland.  This represents an increas of 27% compared with the previous year. In addition, 2,244,217 international visitors have visited the GBR during their trip in Australia – an increase of 6% compared with the previous year.  Not all visitors who report having been to the GBR used a commercial tourism operations. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) records visitation numbers from tourism operators logbooks. In the year ended June, GBRMPA recorded   2,017,604 visitors to the entire Marine Park. This represented a slight decrease of 1.1% compared with the previous financial year. Most of the business (close to 40%) occurs in the months between October and January. About half of all commercial visitations into the Marine Park are recorded in the Cairns Planning Area (1,059,473 in the year ended June 2014). Tourism Australia supported a Sir David Attenborough three-part documentary on the past, present and future of the GBR. The series will be on air early in 2016 and be watched by hundreds of millions of viewers. Already, research by Tourism Australia shows that 42% of international visitors rank the GBR as the most appealing tourist attraction in Australia, just after beaches and wildlife.  Economic value? Visitors contribute directly to the day-to-day management of the Marine Park and in improving its long-term resilience through the  environmental management charge (EMC).  This charge is associated with most commercial activities, including tourism operations, non-tourist charter operations, and facilities, operated under a permit issued by the GBRMPA. The EMC is collected per visitor ($6 per full-day, $3 per part-day visitor. In the financial year 2014, this amounted to a total of about $8.5 million dollars.  In addition, a Deloitte Access Economics model shows that, in 2012 visitors contributed $6.4 billion in direct expenditure. Of this expenditure, $5.18 billion was value added. In addition, tourism provided 64,338 full time employees. The Wet tropics region recorded the highest level of modelled economic activity ($2.7 billion in expenditure in 2012).   World Heritage under pressure Since its inscription on the World Heritage List, UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee has on several occasions questioned Australia about specific risks to the GBR.  In 2011, there were concerns raised about expansion of ports and industrial facilities. These concerns were heightened by the Outlook Report 2014 outlining declining trends in Reef health and citing major risks from climate change, poor water quality caused by runoff and coastal development, some aspects of fishing and the crown of thorns starfish outbreaks.  Recognising the Australian and Queensland government actions to protect the Reef (e.g. banning dredge disposal and port expansion) and increases in funding, the World Heritage Committee decided not to place the Reef on the World Heritage-in-danger List. Instead they requested an update to  their advisory body (the WH Centre) of progress with the Reef 2050 Long Term Sustainaiblity Plan in 2016 and inform the full Committee of the state of the conservation of the Reef in 2020. 

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The effects of a warming planet are likely to be vast and varied — ranging from increased droughts and coastal flooding to reductions in snow and ice. But while most climate predictions look ahead to the potential risks 50 or 100 years from now, there are places around the globe that are already being impacted by global warming. Here are five places where climate change is already hitting close to home:Great Barrier ReefSatellite measurements have demonstrated that the waters of Australia's Great Barrier Reef have warmed by 0.36 degrees Fahrenheit (0.2 degrees Celsius) on average over the past 25 years. This warming has led to a decline in the amount of seafloor covered in thriving coral.A 2012 study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that half of the Great Barrier Reef was lost in the past 27 years. Warming oceans, linked to rising emissions of carbon dioxide, increase the risk of coral bleaching — a phenomenon that disrupts the symbiotic relationship between corals and the organisms that live within their tissues and provide food the corals need to survive.Higher-than-normal ocean temperatures cause corals to expel the tiny animals and algae that live inside them. This turns the corals white and places the reef-building animals — and the entire ecosystem — under stress.Newtok, AlaskaNewtok, and many other villages in Alaska, are built atop permanently frozen soil, called permafrost. As ocean temperatures increase, Alaska's permafrost melts, causing the ground to erode and many of these remote, coastal towns to sink.Newtok is located on the western coast of Alaska, on the edge of the rising Ninglick River. The flood-prone town already sits below sea level, and researchers have said the entire village could be underwater within a decade. [What 11 Billion People Mean for Climate Change]Now, members of the community are hoping to relocate Newtok's 350 residents to higher ground, at a site roughly 9 miles (14 kilometers) away. But there are financial and political barriers. For instance, the U.S. Government Accountability Office estimates that moving the town of Newtok could cost up to $130 million. Flooding in the village of Newtok, Alaska, after a storm in 2005.Credit: Stanley Tom, Newtok Traditional Council Mumbai, IndiaThe Indian metropolis of Mumbai is one of the places at risk of dangerous and costly floods due to climate change, according to a report released earlier this year by the World Bank. Economists at the World Bank examined 136 large coastal cities, and evaluated their coastal defenses and level of protection.The report identified Mumbai as one of the coastal cities that face a high risk of devastating floods due to global warming. Researchers found the city's existing defenses against flooding and storm surges are only designed to withstand current conditions, not for the anticipated rise in sea levels that will make future floods more devastating.While coastal defenses are a start, "if they are not upgraded regularly and proactively as risk increases with climate change and subsidence, defenses can magnify — not reduce — the vulnerability of some cities," study leader Stephane Hallegatte, an economist at the World Bank, said in a statement. The AlpsThe Alps, one of the most famous mountain ranges in Europe, have long been a tourism hotspot, famous for their top-notch ski resorts and as a popular year-round destination for outdoors enthusiasts. But climatologists warn that global warming could spell trouble for the sprawling alpine region.Since the late 19th century, temperatures in the Alps have been steadily rising, from an average yearly temperature of 49.3 degrees F (9.6 degrees C) in the late 1800s to today's average of 51.4 degrees F (10.8 degrees C), according to Gilles Brunot, a meteorologist based at the ski resort Chamonix-Mont-Blanc in southeastern France.But concerns about global warming's effect on the Alps extend beyond the region's ski industry. About 40 percent of Europe's freshwater originates from the Alps, which stretch from Austria in the East to France in the West, dipping into parts of Italy and Monaco in the South. Climate change is threatening the area's water cycle, which includes patterns of precipitation, snow and glacier cover. [8 Ways Global Warming is Already Changing the World]Gansu Province, ChinaFarmers across China's Gansu Province, one of the country's driest regions, are already struggling to cope with the effects of climate change, as droughts and arid land contribute to the region's vast poverty. The United Nations says warming temperatures are shrinking glaciers in central Asia and the Himalayas, which typically replenish China's rivers.China recently completed its first National Census of Water, and found that as many as 28,000 of the country's rivers have disappeared since the 1990s. The study did not identify reasons for the loss of the rivers, but the research showed an alarming trend of dwindling water resources throughout the country.China currently has 2,100 cubic meters (74,000 cubic feet) of water resources per person — roughly 28 percent of the global average, according to Reuters. But as the country's population grows, these supplies could dry up sooner than exp

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The effects of a warming planet are likely to be vast and varied — ranging from increased droughts and coastal flooding to reductions in snow and ice. But while most climate predictions look ahead to the potential risks 50 or 100 years from now, there are places around the globe that are already being impacted by global warming. Here are five places where climate change is already hitting close to home:Great Barrier ReefSatellite measurements have demonstrated that the waters of Australia's Great Barrier Reef have warmed by 0.36 degrees Fahrenheit (0.2 degrees Celsius) on average over the past 25 years. This warming has led to a decline in the amount of seafloor covered in thriving coral.A 2012 study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that half of the Great Barrier Reef was lost in the past 27 years. Warming oceans, linked to rising emissions of carbon dioxide, increase the risk of coral bleaching — a phenomenon that disrupts the symbiotic relationship between corals and the organisms that live within their tissues and provide food the corals need to survive.Higher-than-normal ocean temperatures cause corals to expel the tiny animals and algae that live inside them. This turns the corals white and places the reef-building animals — and the entire ecosystem — under stress.Newtok, AlaskaNewtok, and many other villages in Alaska, are built atop permanently frozen soil, called permafrost. As ocean temperatures increase, Alaska's permafrost melts, causing the ground to erode and many of these remote, coastal towns to sink.Newtok is located on the western coast of Alaska, on the edge of the rising Ninglick River. The flood-prone town already sits below sea level, and researchers have said the entire village could be underwater within a decade. [What 11 Billion People Mean for Climate Change]Now, members of the community are hoping to relocate Newtok's 350 residents to higher ground, at a site roughly 9 miles (14 kilometers) away. But there are financial and political barriers. For instance, the U.S. Government Accountability Office estimates that moving the town of Newtok could cost up to $130 million. Flooding in the village of Newtok, Alaska, after a storm in 2005.Credit: Stanley Tom, Newtok Traditional Council Mumbai, IndiaThe Indian metropolis of Mumbai is one of the places at risk of dangerous and costly floods due to climate change, according to a report released earlier this year by the World Bank. Economists at the World Bank examined 136 large coastal cities, and evaluated their coastal defenses and level of protection.The report identified Mumbai as one of the coastal cities that face a high risk of devastating floods due to global warming. Researchers found the city's existing defenses against flooding and storm surges are only designed to withstand current conditions, not for the anticipated rise in sea levels that will make future floods more devastating.While coastal defenses are a start, "if they are not upgraded regularly and proactively as risk increases with climate change and subsidence, defenses can magnify — not reduce — the vulnerability of some cities," study leader Stephane Hallegatte, an economist at the World Bank, said in a statement. The AlpsThe Alps, one of the most famous mountain ranges in Europe, have long been a tourism hotspot, famous for their top-notch ski resorts and as a popular year-round destination for outdoors enthusiasts. But climatologists warn that global warming could spell trouble for the sprawling alpine region.Since the late 19th century, temperatures in the Alps have been steadily rising, from an average yearly temperature of 49.3 degrees F (9.6 degrees C) in the late 1800s to today's average of 51.4 degrees F (10.8 degrees C), according to Gilles Brunot, a meteorologist based at the ski resort Chamonix-Mont-Blanc in southeastern France.But concerns about global warming's effect on the Alps extend beyond the region's ski industry. About 40 percent of Europe's freshwater originates from the Alps, which stretch from Austria in the East to France in the West, dipping into parts of Italy and Monaco in the South. Climate change is threatening the area's water cycle, which includes patterns of precipitation, snow and glacier cover. [8 Ways Global Warming is Already Changing the World]Gansu Province, ChinaFarmers across China's Gansu Province, one of the country's driest regions, are already struggling to cope with the effects of climate change, as droughts and arid land contribute to the region's vast poverty. The United Nations says warming temperatures are shrinking glaciers in central Asia and the Himalayas, which typically replenish China's rivers.China recently completed its first National Census of Water, and found that as many as 28,000 of the country's rivers have disappeared since the 1990s. The study did not identify reasons for the loss of the rivers, but the research showed an alarming trend of dwindling water resources throughout the country.China currently has 2,100 cubic meters (74,000 cubic feet) of water resources per person — roughly 28 percent of the global average, according to Reuters. But as the country's population grows, these supplies could dry up sooner than exp

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Climate refugees or climate migrants are a subset of environmental migrants who were forced to flee "due to sudden or gradual alterations in the natural environment related to at least one of three impacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and drought and water scarcity.".

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Climate refugees or climate migrants are a subset of environmental migrants who were forced to flee "due to sudden or gradual alterations in the natural environment related to at least one of three impacts of climate change: sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and drought and water scarcity.".

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more rain because the ice is melting and it puts more water in the ocean and it changes into rain.

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http://rawlinsgeog.weebly.com/unit-1-world-at-risk---climate-change-impacts.html

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Many marine organisms—such as coral, clams, mussels, sea urchins, barnacles, and certain microscopic plankton—rely on equilibrated chemical conditions and pH levels in the ocean to build their calcium-based shells and other structures. A new analysis published in the journal Environmental Science and Technology provides a holistic analysis of how species will be affected worldwide under different climate scenarios.

“Calcifying species are indispensable for ecosystems worldwide: they provide nursery habitats for fish, food for marine predators, and natural defenses for storms and erosion. These species are also particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification triggered by increased fossil fuel emissions,” says IIASA researcher Ligia Azevedo, who led the study.

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the ice melts and puts more water in the ocean

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is this ocean acidification? madi

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The Water Cycle and Climate ChangeAmong the most serious Earth science and environmental policy issues confronting society are the potential changes in the Earth’s water cycle due to climate change. The science community now generally agrees that the Earth’s climate is undergoing changes in response to natural variability, including solar variability, and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Furthermore, agreement is widespread that these changes may profoundly affect atmospheric water vapor concentrations, clouds, precipitation patterns, and runoff and stream flow patterns.

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The Water Cycle and Climate ChangeAmong the most serious Earth science and environmental policy issues confronting society are the potential changes in the Earth’s water cycle due to climate change. The science community now generally agrees that the Earth’s climate is undergoing changes in response to natural variability, including solar variability, and increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols. Furthermore, agreement is widespread that these changes may profoundly affect atmospheric water vapor concentrations, clouds, precipitation patterns, and runoff and stream flow patterns.

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Mr E

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The global concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere – the primary driver of recent climate change – has reached 400 parts per million (ppm) for the first time in recorded history, according to data from the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii.May 21, 2013

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Welcome to GTF. My name is Mr Ellison. My email is mxell4@eq.edu.au

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Welcome to GTF. My name is Mr Ellison. My email is mxell4@eq.edu.au

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Definition climate change Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).

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Definition climate change Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).

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Mr E

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Global warming definition
Melting polar ice caps are the result of global warming. The definition of global warming is the continuing slight increase in the Earth's average temperature which scientists believe will result in climate change throughout the world.

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madi

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Mr E

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Mr E

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Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. About 30–40% of the carbon dioxide released by humans into the atmosphere dissolves into the oceans, rivers and lakes.

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Mr E

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Mr E

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Mr E

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Climate change causes- Claire

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Global warming vs climate change. Global warming is the term used to describe the current increase in the Earth's average temperature. Climate change refers not only to global changes in temperature but also to changes in wind, precipitation, the length of seasons as well as the strength and frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods.

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Global warming vs climate change. Global warming is the term used to describe the current increase in the Earth's average temperature. Climate change refers not only to global changes in temperature but also to changes in wind, precipitation, the length of seasons as well as the strength and frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods.

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What people think about global warming