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John Dewey and others tried to reform education through this. Child should have freedom to develop, let them have natural interest, teacher is only a guide, student’s development should not depend on grades, all of the student’s development requires much attention, school & home must work together. What came out of this: fields trips, student projects, and methods of instruction that were not lecture.

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The Supreme Court ruled separate but equal was truly not fair. The schools that were not allowing nonwhites were considered illegal. Desegregated schools have shown to accomplish more. I think this is an important change because even though there were many acts to prevent this such as busing (white parents slashing bus tires), African American students’ future lives improved. When more schools are segregated, integration is less likely to happen.

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This granted each state a minimum of 30,000 acres of federal land and the income would be going towards colleges for the study of agriculture or mechanical arts. Many universities came about from this like the University of Michigan or Michigan State University. There was also a second Morrill act where endowment increased and did not allow colleges to receive the money if they did not allow nonwhite to apply. This helped support the states that held the separate but equal approach.

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Money from the federal government goes to state education to help students who have limited English proficiency. The student academic achievement should be the same as regular students. This also requires that ELL students be tested. This gave students that have trouble with English a way for them to succeed in schools. ELL students were held to reach certain goals and were tested in language arts.

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This case started in San Francisco and the California School System was integrated as a solution. 1,800 students did not receive supplemental instruction to learn English. The students felt that the school was violating their fourteenth amendment and they were not provided with the same opportunities as everyone else. The students with language deficiencies were included in receiving the same opportunities as everyone else.

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The parents had to educate their children. If parents could not do this, the parents would have to get involved.

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This is where schools provided education for just regular people. This did not mean available to everyone. Not many people favored this. During the 19th century, the common schools spread across all of the United States. There were more students going into school because of this.

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Elementary education has changed dramatically compared to the colonial period. As mentioned in the book, during the colonial period, elementary school used to be surrounded by religious acts and were much stricter. Now, elementary schools are friendly and less strict. Boys were mostly the only ones receiving elementary instruction where now everyone does. Kindergarten was influenced by Europeans. Kindergarten was called the children’s garden. There were many influencers here that helped form the kindergarten teaching we know now.

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Every township was divided into 36 sections where there was one section for public schools. Religion was still encouraged in the schools.

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Secondary school was not universally accepted because it was for those who only could afford it. The high schools were governed by the public. The first public high school created in Boston. It looks pretty much the same now compared to the old high schools in terms of the classroom.

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Michigan courts ruled the public could be taxed in order to fund high schools and elementary schools. This case set up the whole funding for public high schools.

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In the early 1900’s, junior high school was created. Middle schools have grade 6-8. Middle schools better because there is different environment with primarily 10-13 year olds. Middle school incorporates block scheduling and homerooms where students can get advice.

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This extended separate but equal to schools. This separation of black children from white children lasted 58 years.

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There was a need for instruction of foreign languages and engineering or navigation. The students in this school were not too interested in going to college but were farther than regular elementary instruction. The classes were offered at different times and places.