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https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/acute-myelogenous-leukemia-aml/treatment/stem-cell-transplant
Leukaemia is a cancer in your bones that overgrows your bone marrow, preventing your from making healthy blood cells. the treatment to this is to put healthy stem cells into your bones to replace the jobs of your stem cells. The stem cells are made into blood cells that renders the leukaemia more or less useless. This treats the patient until chemotherapy removes the cancer.

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Some people with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) will have a stem cell transplant. Stem cells are found in the bone marrow, the bloodstream and umbilical cords. They are basic cells that develop into different types of cells that have different jobs. For example, all our blood cells develop from blood stem cells.

A stem cell transplant is used to replace stem cells when stem cells or bone marrow are damaged. They can be damaged by disease or destroyed by high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. You may be offered a stem cell transplant to treat AML:

during first complete remission

after an early relapse and second complete remission is reached

A stem cell transplant is a very risky and complex procedure that must be done in specialized transplant centres or hospitals.

References

Ezzone SA . Principles and techniques of blood and marrow translplantation. Yarbro, CH, Wujcki D, & Holmes Gobel B. (eds.). Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice. 7th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 2011: 18: pp. 504-512.

Kebriaei P, Champlin R, de Lima M, et al . Management of acute leukemias. DeVita VT Jr, Lawrence TS, & Rosenberg SA. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2014: 131: pp. 1928-1954.

National Cancer Institute. Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia Treatment (PDQ®) Health Professional Version. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2014: http://www.cancer.gov.

Wiernik PH . Diagnosis and treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia other than acute promyelocytic leukemia. Wiernik PH, Goldman JM, Dutcher JP & Kyle RA (eds.). Neoplastic Diseases of the Blood. 5th ed. Springer; 2013: 22: pp. 375-401.

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Stem cell transplant for acute myelogenous leukemia

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Some people with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) will have a stem cell transplant. Stem cells are found in the bone marrow, the bloodstream and umbilical cords. They are basic cells that develop into different types of cells that have different jobs. For example, all our blood cells develop from blood stem cells.

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Link to article: https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/repairing-the-heart-with-stem-cells

Summary of the article: The stem cell had been found that could be used for repairing died artery and scar issues which caused by heart attack. Stem cells has potential to grow into various types of heart cell types to repair   and regenerate the damaged  heart tissues as well as reduce the amount of scar tissue.
-Heart disease:The heart muscle relies on a steady flow of oxygen-rich blood to nourish it and keep it pumping. During a heart attack, that blood flow is interrupted by a blockage in an artery. Without blood, the area of heart fed by the affected artery begins to die and scar tissue forms in the area. Over time, this damage can lead to heart failure, especially when one heart attack comes after another.

-How stem cells can be used in the treatment: The stem cells, which are often taken from bone marrow, may be inserted into the heart using a catheter. Once in place, stem cells help regenerate damaged heart tissue.

-Risks: Like any other therapy, injecting stem cells into the heart can fail or cause side effects. If the stem cells are taken from an unrelated donor, the body's immune system may reject them. And if the injected cells can't communicate with the heart's finely tuned electrical system, they may produce dangerous heart rhythms.

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Repairing the heart with stem cells - Harvard Health

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Can stem cell therapy help repair damage to heart muscle that occurs during a heart attack? Some studies are finding this treatment can reduce the amount of scar tissue in the heart and improve its function. But research is still in the early stages, and long-term risks and benefits remain unclear.

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Link:
https://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/stem-cells-medicine/heart-disease/
Disease:
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women around the world, claiming the lives of more than 17 million people each year. For doctors and researchers alike, the effects of acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and congestive heart failure pose significant concerns. The heart muscle is damaged during a heart attack, making it less efficient in pumping blood throughout the body. Because the heart has a limited ability to recover, scar tissue replaces the missing muscle. This results in decreased cardiac function, which frequently leads to heart failure, in which the heart is unable to meet the body's need for blood flow.
Treat with stem cell:
Researchers are harnessing stem cells to boost cardiac health in two ways. To begin, stem cells are being transformed into "heart muscle in a dish." If a patient's heart illness is caused by genetic factors, their stem cell-derived heart muscle will also be affected, and this heart muscle can be utilised to test novel medications. Second, stem cells can be used to replace cardiac tissue that has been injured. Researchers seek to use cellular therapy to repair or replace cardiac tissue that has been destroyed by congestive heart failure and heart attacks. Unlike the treatments outlined above, cellular therapy, rather than symptom-focused treatment, could provide a long-term solution for heart deficiencies.

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https://www.dvcstem.com/post/stem-cell-therapy-stroke#:~:text=Stem%20cells%20are%20a%20promising,body%20and%20brain%20post%2Dstroke..

A stroke is caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke).

An embryonic-derived neural stem cell is injected into the brain. The patients had 6 months to 5-years after suffering a stroke. The stem cells replace the damaged cells within the brain and regulate the immune system to prevent further damage to the body and brain post-stroke. The stem cells can also help with stroke recovery.

These functions make stem cell therapy for stroke survivors a valuable alternative therapy option. It is non-invasive but there are some patients that are not totally evaluated and have also had no long-term follow up.

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What is a stroke?

A stroke occurs when the brain is temporarily deprived of oxygen due to an interruption of blood flow.

Strokes affect nearly 795,000 people in the United States alone every year and can strike at any age. Until recently, only very little could be done to prevent brain damage as a result of the stroke if not caught early and given treatment within hours of its occurrence. However, recent studies and clinical trials with stem cells conducted on real stroke victims have shown amazing results.

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What causes a Stroke?

A stoke can be caused by a loss of blood supply to the brain (ischemic) or a hemorrhage (bleeding within the brain).

Pictured: Artistic depiction of the human brain

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What is an Ischemic Stroke?

Other types of strokes, called ischemic strokes, are caused by small obstructions in the blood vessel. These can often be pieces of plaque or blood clots. Ischemic strokes account for nearly 87 percent of all strokes annually. In either case, the interruption of blood flow to the brain causes brain cells to start dying within minutes, possibly leading to lasting brain injury and neurological issues. Until now, standard treatments, such as tissue plasminogen activators (tPA), were used to dissolve the blood clot. If not administered within hours of the stroke, they are mostly ineffective at preventing lasting disability.

How does stem cell therapy work?

Stem cell therapy is a non-invasive treatment that aims to replace damaged cells within the body. Mesenchymal stem cells can be deployed systemically via IV or injected locally to target specific sites, depending on patient needs.

Stem cells may have the capacity to help stroke patients through their anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory capabilities. Stem cell therapy is a safe treatment for stroke. Stem cell treatment may also aid in stroke recovery if administered early. (1)

Can stem cells help stroke victims?

Stem cells have a naturally regenerative and anti-inflammatory effect, seeking out damaged tissue in the body. For this reason, Stanford University School of Medicine turned to stem cells for clinical trials in healing stroke victims of different ages, anywhere from 6 months to 3 years after their stroke had occurred. The trial included 18 individuals, an average age of 61, and used stem cell transplant therapy directly to the brain.

The stem cells in the study are derived from donor bone marrow. Within months, all participants showed signs of improved motor function. The patients showed an average increase in 11.4 points on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment, a stroke-specific impairment test, and the results held for years after treatment as monitored by the university. This trial made tremendous strides in proving that stem cells could effectively treat stroke symptoms years after a patient's stroke occurrence, and could also be effective at any age.

Stem cell therapy for stroke study

A new study conducted by Michael Levy and colleagues has found the intravenous injection of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells to be both a safe and effective treatment option for post-stroke long term recovery.

The randomized, placebo-controlled study, published by the University of California, enrolled 36 subjects who had experienced an Ischemic stroke >6 months before the date of study enrollment. The study criteria also required that patients have no substantial improvement in neurological or functional status for two months before study enrollment.

The safety portion of the study was split into two parts, each increasing the cell dosage upon completion of previous findings. The maximum dosage was 150 million mesenchymal stem cells, as per the studies part 1 results of established safety with 1.5 million cells/kg of body weight. The parent cell bank had been tested for quality control, including; cell count, viability (are the cells alive), appearance and viruses.
According to Michael Levy and colleagues:

"The primary study endpoint was safety and tolerability, evaluated in all subjects who received any portion of an infusion, and determined by the incidence/severity of adverse events, clinically significant changes on laboratory and imaging tests, vital signs, and physical plus neurological examinations. Four secondary endpoints were scored serially to derive preliminary estimates of efficacy: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Barthel Index (BI), Mini-Mental Status Exam, and Geriatric Depression Scale. For each, the change from baseline was evaluated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with primary analysis of preliminary efficacy being change from baseline to 6 months post-infusion, and analysis including all subjects who received an infusion except for one subject who failed to return after the day ten visit for all visits (except for month nine follow-up)." (1)

Stem cell therapy for stroke cost

Stem cell therapy for stroke will cost $20,000 at DVC Stem, a clinic located in Grand Cayman. This cost includes the administration of 300 million mesenchymal cord tissue-derived stem cells. These cells are checked for viability multiple times to ensure cell quality.

Protocol for stroke patients at DVC Stem

DVC Stem uses cord tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells ethically sourced from AATB certified, US-donated, full-term human umbilical cords. We administer over 300 million cells that are all thoroughly tested for viability before treatment. These cells are NOT a blood product; therefore, it is extremely safe and does not require HLA or phenotypic matching.

All patients undergo therapy in our VIP treatment room located within our advanced clinic. Patients are under constant supervision from both our medical director and the supporting medical team.

We typically recommend patients stay a minimum of 4 days in Grand Cayman for treatment.

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Treatment at DVC Stem spans two days.

Day 1: Arrival in Grand Cayman.

Day 2: Physical assessments & supporting therapies.

Day 3: Cell transplant & activation therapies.

Day 4: Follow-up physical & departure.

Our cell therapy protocol is safe & non-invasive. Patients will be able to travel the following day.

DVC Stem is partnered with Vitro Biopharma, an award-winning medical laboratory located in Golden, Colorado, which is fully FDA registered, cGMP compliant, ISO 9001, and ISO 13485 certified. Cells are only sourced from the American Association of Tissue Bank (AATB) certified suppliers of full-term, ethically US donated human umbilical cords. The selection of these donated tissues is exceptionally regulated and strict per AATB standards.

David C Hess, Lawrence R Wechsler, Wayne M Clark, Sean I Savitz, Gary A Ford, David Chiu, Dileep R Yavagal, Ken Uchino, David S Liebeskind, Alexander P Auchus, Souvik Sen, Cathy A Sila, Jeffrey D Vest, Robert W Mays. Safety and efficacy of multipotent adult progenitor cells in acute ischaemic stroke (MASTERS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet Neurology, 2017; DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30046-7

Find out if you are a candidate for treatment here.

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Can stem cell therapy help stroke victims?

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A stroke occurs when the brain is temporarily deprived of oxygen due to an interruption of blood flow. Strokes affect nearly 795,000 people in the United States alone every year and can strike at any age.

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https://www.dvcstem.com/post/stem-cell-therapy-for-alzheimers

Alzheimer’s disease

- Causes the brain to shrink and kills brain cells

- decline in thinking, behaviour, and social skills

- symptoms= memory loss

- causes= brain proteins fail to function normally, neurons are damaged, lose connection, and eventually die

Systemic introduction of mesenchymal stem cells into the body through IV

mesenchymal stem cells: multipotent adult stem cells that are present in multiple tissues, including umbilical cord, bone marrow and fat tissue

When these stem cells enter the body in large amounts, they are able to target inflammation in the body and repair it

This treatment may be able to: improve memory, regenerate neurons, improve functional recovery, and replace damaged cells

By taking and expanding the number of healthy stem cells, doctors can regenerate and substitute damaged or dead brain cells with new stem cells

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Alzheimer's disease, a form of dementia that affects memory, thinking, and behavior, is a growing public health concern. According to the Alzheimer's Association, an estimated 6.2 million Americans are living with Alzheimer's, and this is projected to rise to nearly 14 million by 2050. One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of amyloid protein deposits in the brain.

While current Alzheimer's treatments, including anti-anxiety drugs, aim to treat the symptoms of moderate Alzheimer's, there is a need for more effective treatments that can slow or halt the progression of the disease. In recent years, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising potential treatment for Alzheimer's, and several clinical trials are underway to determine the safety and efficacy of this approach.

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Stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease

Stem cell therapy for Alzheimers is a unique approach to treating Alzheimer's Disease. It involves the systemic introduction of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into the body via intravenous injection IV. When introduced in large quantities, these stem cells can find and repair inflammation within the body. This unique property of stem cells potentially makes them a viable treatment for Alzheimer's Disease. Stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's may be able to:

1. Improve functional memory

2. Regenerate neurons

3. Improve overall functional recovery

4. Replace damaged cells with healthy cells

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Clinical trial considerations

According to Lawrence Goldstein, Ph.D., The increased amount of plaques and tangles within the brain of an Alzheimer's patient affects two essential proteins: 'amyloid-beta' and 'tau.' (2) Stem cell treatment for Alzheimer's Disease aims to replace damaged cells with healthy stem cells that can grow on their own, creating new healthy brain cells.

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Research shows exciting results

Research suggests stem cell therapy may improve brain health by reducing swelling, repairing damaged nerve cells, and improving cognitive function in people with mild to severe Alzheimer's disease and other related dementias.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), in particular, have been found to both support the immune system and reduce inflammation. According to a 2020 study, MSCs may suppress inflammation processes in different ways, through the upregulation of anti-inflammatory factors or the downregulation of proinflammatory factors. In addition, MSCs may also suppress immune reactions via direct cell contact.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are activated by inflammatory mediators and release paracrine factors and microvesicles in the bloodstream. These molecules reach the site of injury and, together with MSCs previously recruited, modulate the progression of inflammation and facilitate tissue repair within the brain. (3)

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Current limitations

More research is needed to promote accelerated approval to validate the use of stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's and mild dementia and to better understand its mechanisms of action. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved stem cell therapy as a treatment for Alzheimer's, and the cost of this therapy may be a barrier for some patients. A healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and engaging in mentally stimulating activities, is beneficial for brain health and may help to reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia.

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Stem cells can improve functional recovery for Alzheimer's

Choi continues to state that the transplantation of stem cells has been able to improve functional recovery for Alzheimer's Disease. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) could promote survival, increase metabolic activity and help to rescue the AD cell model in vitro. Chi also states that the transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) has reduced Aβ deposition, improved memory, and alleviated AD pathology in AD mouse models.

What makes stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's so exciting is its possibility to halt the progression of the disease and regenerate damaged neurons rather than just slowing it or managing symptoms.

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Stem cell research for Alzheimer's Disease

Stem cell research has proven the safety of using mesenchymal stem cells to treat various conditions. (4) The efficacy of stem cell therapy ranges as per condition; however, the literature is well on its way to solidifying the effectiveness of treatment for certain conditions, Alzheimer's being one of them.

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What is Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory, thinking, and behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for up to 70% of all cases. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, leading to brain cell death and a progressive decline in cognitive function.

As the disease progresses, individuals with Alzheimer's may experience memory loss, difficulty with language and communication, mood and personality changes, and eventually lose their ability to perform daily activities. Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, but treatments are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

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What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease?

The symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease can become much more debilitating than simple memory loss. According to the Mayo Clinic (1), people with Alzheimer's may:

Forget conversations, appointments, and names

Get lost easier, lose their sense of direction

Have difficulty finding the correct word to associate with a familiar object

Repeat questions and statements

Eventually, forget the names of friends and family members

Changes in personality or behavior

These symptoms can significantly impair one's ability to function at work or home, resulting in a loss of independence or self-sufficiency.

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Causes of Alzheimer's Disease

A combination of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors may cause the onset of Alzheimer's. The disease's exact cause is unknown, but scientists do know that Alzheimer's coincides with the brain's inability to function normally.

Alzheimer's may also be characterized by an increase in amyloid and tau protein buildup within the brain; though this is a symptom of Alzheimer's, it has not been proven to cause the disease.

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The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease affects millions worldwide. Early Alzheimer's disease symptoms are characterized by mild cognitive impairment, memory loss, difficulty with language, disorientation, mood swings, and other mental and behavioral symptoms. Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia and can profoundly impact the lives of affected individuals and their families.

Current research suggests a combination of age-related changes in the brain and genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors may contribute to developing Alzheimer's disease. The significance of these factors in raising or lowering the risk of Alzheimer's may vary from individual to individual.

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How is Alzheimer's disease treated currently?

Alzheimer's disease is currently treated with various medications that aim to alleviate the symptoms of the disease, but there is no cure. Two classes of drugs are commonly used to treat Alzheimer's: cholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA receptor antagonists. Cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, are designed to slow the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning. NMDA receptor antagonists, such as memantine, regulate the activity of glutamate, another neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning.

These medications can help improve cognitive function and treat symptoms such as memory loss, confusion, and agitation, but they do not halt the progression of the disease. Additionally, they may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and may interact with other medications.

In addition to medications, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and engaging in mentally stimulating activities benefit brain health. They may help slow the disease's progression. Caregiver support and managing behavioral symptoms like aggression and wandering are essential to Alzheimer's disease management.

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Is there a cure for Alzheimer's disease

Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease. While medications and lifestyle changes can help to alleviate the symptoms of the disease and improve the quality of life for those affected, they do not halt the progression of the disease. There is ongoing research to understand the underlying causes of Alzheimer's better and to develop new treatments that may be more effective in treating the disease. Stem cell therapy is one potential avenue of research explored as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's, but more research is needed to validate its long-term effectiveness.

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Stem cell therapy as a new treatment for Alzheimer's

In recent years, stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising potential treatment for Alzheimer's. Stem cells can differentiate into various types of cells, including brain cells, potentially replacing damaged cells and improving cognitive function. As such, stem cell therapy is being explored to slow or halt the progression of Alzheimer's and potentially even reverse some of its effects.

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Clinical trials and research suggests stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's may be beneficial

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of stem cell that can differentiate into multiple cell types, including bone, cartilage, and fat cells. They are found in several tissues in the body, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord tissue, and they can be isolated and cultured in the laboratory for therapeutic use.

"In the context of Alzheimer's disease, MSCs are being investigated as a potential treatment option due to their ability to promote tissue repair and reduce inflammation in the brain. Many mechanisms have also been proposed, including reduction of Aβ plaques, BACE, and tau hyperphosphorylation, reversal of microglial inflammation, and promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects have been observed by upregulating neuroprotection and downregulating proinflammatory cytokines. Another meaningful way for MSCs to participate in tissue repair is the secretion of extracellular vesicles and microvesicles, which have been widely explored. (5)"

Studies have shown that MSCs can help to reduce the buildup of Aβ plaques in the brain and improve cognitive function in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. MSCs can do this by secreting anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant molecules that can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain. Also, MSCs can differentiate into neurons, which can help replace damaged or lost nerve cells in the brain.

While more research is needed to validate the use of MSCs as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, early studies have shown promising results. They suggest that this approach may hold potential as a new therapeutic option for this debilitating disease.

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The Benefits of stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for Alzheimer's disease holds several potential benefits, including:

1. Reduction of inflammation: MSCs can secrete anti-inflammatory molecules, which can help reduce brain inflammation (neuroinflammation). Chronic inflammation is associated with the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease, and reducing inflammation can help to slow the disease's progression.

2. Stimulation of tissue repair: MSCs can differentiate into different cell types, including neuron-like cells, which can help to replace damaged or lost nerve cells in the brain. This process can potentially help to restore cognitive function in people with Alzheimer's disease.

3. Reduction of amyloid plaque buildup: Studies have shown that MSCs can reduce the accumulation of amyloid beta protein, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. This can potentially slow the disease's progression and improve cognitive function.

4. Minimal risk of rejection: MSCs are known to have low immunogenicity, which means they are less likely to be rejected by the recipient's immune system. This can make MSC therapy a safe and viable treatment option for Alzheimer's disease.

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Importance of conducting clinical trials

It is essential to conduct clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for Alzheimer's disease before it can be considered a viable treatment option. While early studies have shown promising results, more research is needed to validate the safety and efficacy of this therapy.

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Clinical trials are essential for determining the safety and efficacy of any new treatment. MSC therapy is no exception, and it is necessary to understand its potential risks and benefits before it can be used to treat people with Alzheimer's disease.

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In clinical trials, the safety of MSC therapy will be closely monitored to ensure no adverse effects on the recipient's health. The efficacy of the treatment will also be measured to determine if it positively impacts cognitive function and other symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

Moreover, clinical trials will also help to optimize the dosage, route of administration, and timing of MSC therapy to maximize its effectiveness while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.

In summary, conducting clinical trials is crucial to validate the safety and efficacy of MSC therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Only through rigorous testing and analysis can we determine whether this therapy can be considered a viable treatment option for people with Alzheimer's disease.

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The impact that successful clinical trials could have on the future of Alzheimer's disease treatment and public health

Successful clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for Alzheimer's disease could significantly impact the future of Alzheimer's disease treatment and public health.

If clinical trials demonstrate that MSC therapy is a safe and effective treatment option for Alzheimer's, it could provide a new and promising avenue for treating the disease. MSC therapy can potentially address some underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease, including inflammation, tissue damage, and amyloid plaque buildup.

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Successful MSC therapy could improve the quality of life of people with Alzheimer's disease by slowing or halting the progression of the disease, potentially improving cognitive function, and reducing symptoms.

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Moreover, successful MSC therapy could also have significant public health implications. Alzheimer's disease is a major public health issue affecting millions worldwide, and its prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years. MSC therapy can potentially reduce the burden of Alzheimer's disease on healthcare systems, caregivers, and the economy as a whole.

Additionally, suppose MSC therapy proves to be a safe and effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease. In that case, it could open up new avenues of research for other neurodegenerative disorders and other conditions involving tissue damage and inflammation.

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Does stem cell therapy work for Alzheimer's?

Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment for Alzheimer's disease, with numerous studies suggesting that it can improve cognitive function and reduce the symptoms of the disease.

Stem cell therapy has the potential to repair damaged brain tissue and reduce inflammation, which are two of the significant contributors to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Stem cells can also release growth factors that help to promote the growth of new brain cells, which can help to restore cognitive function.

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Recent studies have reported positive outcomes for stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease. For instance, one study published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease reported that administering mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) improved cognitive function and reduced amyloid beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

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Another study published in Stem Cells Translational Medicine reported that MSC therapy improved cognitive function and reduced inflammation in a small group of people with Alzheimer's.

These findings suggest that stem cell therapy could be a game-changer in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, with the potential to slow or even halt the progression of the disease.

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Advantages of Stem Cell Therapy for Alzheimer's

Stem cell therapy has shown promise in treating Alzheimer's disease by addressing the underlying causes of the disease, such as reducing the number of amyloid deposits and beta-amyloid plaques in the brain, which is thought to play a role in the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's. Stem cell therapy may slow down or even halt the progression of the disease and improve cognitive function, daily life, and quality of life for those affected by Alzheimer's.

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Common Side Effects of Stem Cell Therapy

While stem cell therapy is generally considered safe, there can be some common side effects, such as swelling, headaches, and fatigue. These side effects are usually mild and temporary, and the benefits of stem cell therapy may outweigh the risks for some individuals.

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Risks and Drawbacks of Stem Cell Therapy as a Treatment for Alzheimer's

Despite the potential benefits, stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's is still considered experimental, and more research is needed to validate its use as a treatment. The cost of stem cell therapy can also be a drawback, as it is often more expensive than other treatments for Alzheimer's. Stem cell therapy may not work for everyone, and its effectiveness may vary depending on the individual and the stage of the disease. Discussing the benefits and risks with a healthcare provider and considering other options before initiating treatment is essential.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, and it is a severe condition that requires ongoing research and treatment. While current therapies for early-stage Alzheimer's can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life, there is still no cure.

However, stem cell therapy shows promise as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's, with mesenchymal stem cells being a current research focus. Clinical trials are ongoing to determine the safety and efficacy of this treatment. The results of these trials will be significant in further understanding the disease process and identifying new targets for therapy. Stem cells as an Alzheimer's treatment are currently in a preclinical stage but have shown the ability to slow functional decline,

In addition, monoclonal antibodies and other pharmaceuticals that target beta-amyloid and reduce amyloid deposits in the brain are being developed and may offer new options for treating Alzheimer's disease. Preclinical and clinical research in this area is ongoing, and pharmaceutical companies are working to gather the necessary safety and effectiveness data to bring new treatments to market.

As research continues, family members and caregivers need to be aware of the first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and seek medical attention for their loved ones. Early intervention can help slow the disease's clinical decline and improve the quality of life for those affected. Treatments are available to manage symptoms such as memory problems and agitation in moderate to severe stages of the disease. With continued research and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease, we may one day find a cure and improve the lives of millions worldwide.

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References

(1) Kumar A, Sidhu J, Goyal A, et al. Alzheimer Disease. [Updated 2022 Jun 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499922/

(2) Singer NG, Caplan AI. Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of inflammation. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6:457-78. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130230. PMID: 21073342.

(3) Salari V, Mengoni F, Del Gallo F, Bertini G, Fabene PF. The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Epilepsy: Possible Treatments and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Dec 18;21(24):9683. doi: 10.3390/ijms21249683. PMID: 33353235; PMCID: PMC7765947.

(4) Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, R., & Huang, J. (2019). The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 68(1), 111-126.

(5) Liu XY, Yang LP, Zhao L. Stem cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease. World J Stem Cells. 2020 Aug 26;12(8):787-802. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i8.787. PMID: 32952859; PMCID: PMC7477654.

(6) Choi, S. S., Lee, S.-R., Kim, S. U., & Lee, H. J. (2014, March). Alzheimer's disease and stem cell therapy. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984956/.

(7) Wei, L., Wei, Z. Z., Jiang, M. Q., Mohamad, O., & Yu, S. P. (2017, October). Stem cell transplantation therapy for multifaceted therapeutic benefits after stroke. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5603356/.

(8) van der Kant, R., Goldstein, L.S.B. & Ossenkoppele, R. Amyloid-β-independent regulators of tau pathology in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 21, 21-35 (2020) doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0240-3

(9) Alzheimer's Disease. (2018, December 8). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350447.

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Stem Cell Therapy for Alzheimer's: Latest Findings and Treatments

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May 12, 2023 - Discover the latest breakthroughs and treatments in Alzheimer's disease with the promising potential of stem cell therapy. Explore the benefits, risks, and ongoing research in this cutting-edge field. Stay ahead of the curve and find hope for managing and potentially reversing Alzheimer's with our in-depth guide.

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High-dose Chemotherapy and Stem Cell Transplant for Neuroblastoma

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https://www.cancer.org/cancer/neuroblastoma/treating/high-dose-chemo-radiation.html
Disease:
Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells found in several areas of the body.

Neuroblastoma most commonly arises in and around the adrenal glands. However, neuroblastoma can also develop in other areas , where groups of nerve cells exist.

Neuroblastoma most commonly affects children age 5 or younger, though it may rarely occur in older children.

Stem cells are being used:
Patients' own stem cells are collected and used for the transplant, like embryonic stem cells.
Patients will have a special kind of central venous catheter put in place so the stem cells can be collected during a process called apheresis.

How the stem cells are used:
The child gets high-dose chemo first. This destroys the cancer cells in the body, as well as the normal cells in the bone marrow.
After the chemo, the frozen stem cells are thawed and given as a blood transfusion. The stem cells travel through the bloodstream and settle in the child’s bone marrow.

Usually within a couple of weeks, the stem cells begin making new white blood cells. Soon after, they will start making new red blood cells and platelets.

Disorder:

Low blood cell counts (with fatigue and increased risk of infection and bleeding)

Nausea and vomiting

Ethical consideration:
There are some ethical consideration, until new blood cells are made, the child is at high risk of infection because of a low white blood cell count, as well as bleeding because of a low platelet count.

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Link: https://www.dvcstem.com/post/stem-cell-therapy-for-parkinsons#:~:text=Stem%20cell%20therapy%20may%20be,which%20may%20help%20neurological%20conditions.

Stem cells are used in medicine to treat a wide variety of diseases and illnesses. A specific example is Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's Disease is a degenerative nerve condition that affects one's movement. The symptoms are gradually increasing tremors, and possibly affected speaking and movement abilities. The cause for this disease is a loss (or deterioration) of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the brain, which leads to losing the ability to effectively control movement. It is believed environmental and genetic factors are an underlying cause.

Stem cell uses:
Stem cell therapy may have the benefit of replacing and repairing damaged nerve cells within the brain. This has been proven through a study conducted by Neelam K.Venkataramana and colleagues. This study tested unilateral transplantation of autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. 38% of patients found an improvement in their disease (judged on a unified disease rating scale) after 36 months.

Type of stem cell:
The type of stem cell used to treat Parkinson's Disease are mesenchymal stem cells because of their self-renewal, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and differentiation properties. They adult stem cells and not sourced from embryonic material. These cells are sourced from a variety of tissue including fat, bone marrow, umbilical cord tissue, blood, liver, dental pulp, and skin.

Ethical considerations:
There are no ethical considerations with this experiment because the stem cells that are used are adult stem cells. Throughout the trial, no serious adverse events occurred.

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Stem cell therapy may have the benefit of replacing and repairing damaged dopamine-producing nerve cells within the brain. This has already been found in a study conducted by Neelam K.Venkataramana and colleagues. Seven PD patients aged 22 to 62 years with a mean duration of disease 14.7 ± 7.56 years were enrolled to participate in the prospective, uncontrolled, pilot study of single-dose, unilateral transplantation of autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Patients were followed up for 36 months post-transplant, 3 of the 7 patients showed significant improvement in their Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) of 38%.

According to Medical News Today "Currently, the most common therapy uses the drug levodopa to stimulate dopamine production in certain neurons associated with motor skills. These dopaminergic neurons are situated in the nigrostriatal pathway which is a brain circuit that connects neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta with the dorsal striatum. However, levodopa has a wide array of side effects, from physiological to psychological ones. Also, in the long-term, the benefits of such dopamine-regulating drugs are limited. So, scientists must come up with more effective strategies for repairing the brain damage that Parkinson's disease causes."

At DVC Stem we are seeing promising results with Cord Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, cell numbers and viability has largely increased making the treatment more effective than Bone Marrow-Derived treatments that were used in the early 2010s. The development of these advanced cellular therapies is making it possible to combat the progression of the disease without the resulting motor complications.

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What is Parkinson's Disease (PD)?

Parkinson's Disease is a degenerative nervous system condition that affects one's movement. Symptoms often start quite gradually, with minor issues such as small tremors within the extremities (hands). Currently, there is no cure for Parkinson's Disease (PD) but certain medications do have the capacity to help manage symptoms. Some doctors may also recommend surgery to address certain symptoms, which involves regulating certain areas of the brain.

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What are the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease (PD)?

Parkinson's DIsease (PD) can include a variety of symptoms that vary in severity and type amongst the affected population. Early signs of the condition can sometimes go unnoticed but as the disease progresses one can expect these symptoms:

Difficulty speaking

Difficulty writing

Loss of automatic movements (Characterized by the inability to blink, smile or perform common body language practices)

Slowed overall movement (making everyday tasks more time consuming)

Muscle stiffness

Tremors or shaking

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What causes Parkinson's Disease?

Parkinson's Disease is caused by a loss (or deterioration) of nerve cells in the brain. This loss of nerve cells within the brain results in a reduced amount of dopamine being created which acts as a messenger between the parts of your brain that control voluntary and involuntary movement. Therefore without that vital connection, your brain starts losing the ability to effectively control movement. Currently, it is unknown what causes the deterioration of nerve cells associated with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Currently, it is believed that both environmental factors, as well as genetic factors, may play a role in the loss of nerve cells.

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Parkinson's Disease is a lifelong condition that can greatly impair the ability of one's daily functions. Traditional treatments only address the symptoms of the condition, but researchers are excited about the possibilities of certain gene therapies and stem cell therapy, which may have the ability to reverse damage and halt the progression of the disease.

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What are mesenchymal stem cells?

Stem cells are the body's raw materials - cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are created. Mesenchymal stem cells are adult stem cells that have self-renewal, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, signaling, and differentiation properties. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), self renewal capacity is characterized by their ability to divide and develop into multiple specialized cell types present in a specific tissue or organ.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be sourced from a variety of tissue including adipose tissue (fat), bone marrow, umbilical cord tissue, blood, liver, dental pulp, and skin.

MSCs are widely used in the treatment of various diseases due to their self-renewable, differentiation, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. In-vitro (performed in a laboratory setting) and in-vivo (taking place in a living organism) studies have supported the understanding mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of MSC therapy in clinical applications. (3)

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How do mesenchymal stem cells work in the body?

Mesenchymal stem cells utilize their self-renewal, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, signaling, and differentiation properties to influence positive change within the body. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) also have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and developing into multiple specialized cell types present in a specific tissue or organ. Mesenchymal stem cells are adult stem cells, meaning they present no ethical concerns, MSCs are not sourced from embryonic material.

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Stem Cells for Parkinson's Disease are safe and effective

According the Venkataraman and colleagues, "A subjective improvement was found in symptoms like facial expression, gait, and freezing episodes; 2 patients have significantly reduced the dosages of PD medicine. These results indicate that our protocol seems to be safe, and no serious adverse events occurred after stem-cell transplantation in PD patients."

As stated in a 2005 study held by Brian Snyder,

Stem cells offer the potential to provide a virtually unlimited supply of optimized dopaminergic neurons that can provide enhanced benefits in comparison to fetal mesencephalic transplants. Stem cells have now been shown to be capable of differentiating into dopamine neurons that provide benefits following transplantation in animal models of Parkinson's disease.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases

While there have been significant advances in the symptomatic management of these diseases that improve quality of life and at times survival, the available medications likely only slow the progression of neuronal death by a few months. The idea of using cell therapy to treat neurodegenerative diseases has been around for decades, most notably in Parkinson's Disease where a variety of cell transplant investigations have been performed with success.

According to a recent study conducted by Nathan P. Staff et al,

"The precise mechanism by which MSCs may exert beneficial effects in neurological disease is still being elucidated, but it appears that multiple different mechanisms may contribute. First, MSCs have been shown to secrete neurotrophic growth factors, including glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),which can be further enhanced under specific culture conditions.Neurotrophic growth factors have been shown to improve neuronal survival in a number of preclinical models of neuron injury, including ALS, PD, and MSA transgenic animalsand nerve injury models. ‍ Second, MSCs strongly modulate the immune system and can aid wound healing, and this mechanism has been exploited in disorders such as graft versus host disease and Crohn's disease. From a neurodegenerative perspective, it has become increasingly recognized that neuroinflammation plays a significant pathomechanistic role."

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Studies show promising results

"Considering the ability of MSCs to secrete neurotrophic factors, modulate inflammation, and possibly even act as mitochondria "donor", it comes as no surprise that there is a lot of interest in the use of MSCs in the treatment of Parkinsons Disease, and a multitude of animal studies has shown promise. Treatments have resulted in improvement of motor function, protection of the nigrostriatal system, and improved striatal dopamine release in several studies using toxic lesion rodent models of Parkinsons Disease. Similar effects were reported with umbilical cord-derived MSCs with or without prior differentiation. For example, a recent study reported improvement of motor function, reduced microglial activation, and decreased loss of TH immunoreactivity, associated with local production of trophic factors.

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Learn more about DVC Stem's protocol for Parkinson's Disease (PD) here: https://www.dvcstem.com/protocol

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References:
(1) Venkataramana, N. K., Kumar, S. K. V., Balaraju, S., Radhakrishnan, R. C., Bansal, A., Dixit, A., ... Totey, S. M. (2009, August 6). Open-labeled study of unilateral autologous bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931524409002205#!

(2) Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/unified-parkinsons-disease-rating-scale

(3) Department of Neurosurgery Department of Neurology and Neuroscience. (n.d.). Stem cell treatment for Parkinson's disease: an update for... : Current Opinion in Neurology. Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/co-neurology/Abstract/2005/08000/Stem_cell_treatment_for_Parkinson_s_disease__an.5.aspx

(4) Staff, N. P., Jones, D. T., & Singer, W. (2019, May). Mesenchymal stromal cell therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Mayo Clinic proceedings. Retrieved January 26, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6643282/

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Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson's Disease in 2022

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Stem cell therapy may have the benefit of replacing and repairing damaged dopamine-producing nerve cells within the brain. This has already been found in a study conducted by Neelam K.Venkataramana and colleagues.

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https://www.closerlookatstemcells.org/stem-cells-medicine/diabetes/

At its most basic, diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot regulate or properly use sugar (called glucose) in the blood.

Stem cells are being used for ongoing research to help us explore the intricate ways in which our bodies process sugar and answer some important questions about the root causes.

There has been great progress in the process of generating beta cells from embryonic stem cells. Beta cells are the cells that make insulin. In type 1 diabetes, those beta cells are being destroyed, which is causing the insufficient glucose levels. In summary, embryonic stem cells are rapidly replacing beta cells after the body mistakingly destroys it. Due to stem cells and beta cells, cases of diabetes can be diagnosed sooner, and an overall more effective treatment of diabetes.

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https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-treatment-lymphoma/stem-cell-transplants#:~:text=In%20an%20autologous%20stem%20cell,and%20given%20back%20to%20you.

Lymphoma is cancer in the immune system and affects lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and other parts of the body.

Lymphoma is treated using chemotherapy which affects blood cells that are dividing. This can lead to dangerous side effects, like low white blood cell count. Chemotherapy also takes longer because they have to lower the dose or treat the patient less often. Typically there are rest periods to reduce side effects but lymphoma needs to be treated using high doses.

A stem cell transplant is used so the chemotherapy can be used effectively in higher doses. The stem cells allow for bone marrow and cells to recover properly. Allogenic cell transplant is when you use a donor, which can even create a "new" immune system that could help fight the lymphoma better. A stem cell transplant is used when the lymphoma has relapsed or is likely to relapse or if it doesn't respond to other treatments. There is no guarantee that the treatment is going to work. The success rate is 15%-30% depending on the type of lymphoma.

Type of stem cell:
Adult stem cell

Ethics:
There are no ethical issues.