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Birmingham, ברמינגהם, בריטניה

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Dana International wins the Eurovision contest - 1997 

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Dana International wins the Eurovision contest - 1997 

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Dana International, an Israeli transgender singer won the Eurovision contest in England with the song "Diva".
First gender non-conforming person to win the competition.

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Stonewall, Christopher Street, New York, NY, USA

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The Stonewall protests (1969) are considered landmark protests for the improvement of LGBTQ rights in the USA. They were in response to a police raid of a gay bar in New York.

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The Knesset, משכן הכנסת, Jerusalem, ישראל

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Israel Decriminalize homosexuality - 1994

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Israel Decriminalize homosexuality - 1994

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Ireland decriminalization of homosexuality - 1993

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Ireland decriminalization of homosexuality - 1993

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AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power is an international group founded in New York City working on gaining greater rights and support for people with AIDS. At the height of the AIDS crisis in the 80s, the U.S. government barely acknowledged it. ACT UP practiced civil disobedience, most notably by performing 'die-ins' (an interpretation of the well-known civil disobedience technique known as 'sit-ins'). Die-ins involved a large group of protesters occupying a public space by lying down in it. One of the more notable die-ins took place in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City, protesting his opposition to education on safe sex practices. 111 protesters were arrested.

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Ohio, ארצות הברית

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a book by Judith Batle.

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Hearst Tower, 300 W 57th St, New York, NY 10019, Estats Units d'Amèrica

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The ACT UP Women’s Caucus grew to become a crucial subcommittee of the
organization, drawing upon the activist history of its lesbian members, many of whom had worked in political organizing in the past. Many of its members were involved in the women’s health movement, allowing the group to develop innovative strategies from earlier campaigns and actions. ACT UP and WHAM! Member Emily Nahmanson reflected that the Women’s Caucus “was crucially important to the ACT UP community, and to the AIDS activist movement, because they brought an activist history to the group,”. Initially, the Women’s Caucus met through casual ‘dyke dinners’ where members explored their own feelings of grief,
anger, and belonging within ACT UP. As a result of this introspective community-building, the women of the group soon determined they should create their own committee that would address
women-specific issues during the AIDS epidemic. The first action of the Women’s Caucus was a response to a January 1988 Cosmopolitan magazine article suggesting that “American women were not at risk for AIDS, and did not need to use condoms, because they did not engage in the ‘brutal sex practices of Africans’” (p.150).
When the psychologist who wrote the Cosmopolitan article refused to retract his piece, the Women’s Caucus organized their first ever demonstration in front of Cosmopolitan’s New York office, disrupting traffic and making headline news. They also sent hundreds of
condoms each day to Helen Gurley Brown, then editor of the magazine, who later published articles on safer sex practices for women. For the first few years of its existence, the Women’s
Caucus primarily focused on safe-sex education. Notable actions from the group included the infamous 1988 Shea Stadium demonstration, where ACT UP men and women bought out an entire
section of the stadium, taking up highly visible space in order to hold up banners on live TV reading “AIDS Kills Women” and “No Glove / No Love.” This action was a major victory for educational exposure regarding the heterosexual transmission of HIV. By performing such a large
demonstration in a largely heterosexual space, ACT UP members were able to reach a larger and more diverse audience than ever before.

References:
Carroll, Tamar W. 2015. Mobilizing New York: AIDS, Antipoverty, and Feminist Activism. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.

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Legalization of homosexuality in Spain - 1978

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Legalization of homosexuality in Spain - 1978

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The Movement Homosexual  of Lima (MHOL) is a civil association dedicated to defending the rights of LGBT people in Peru. It achieved social recognition for its investigations into hate crimes against sexual minorities during the time of terrorism between 1980 and 2000. It is the oldest LGBT-themed association in Peru.

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Between 1984 and 1985, through various protest and fundraisers, lesbian and gay communities throughout the UK were able to raise funds in support of the miners' strike for greater union power.

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The key ideas of the political ideology of Thomas Sankara – including warmth and compassion towards other humans, dignity for peasants, self-sufficiency for all Burkinabes, women’s emancipation (“l’emancipation de la femme burkinabé”), and a politics of anti-imperialism – along with his thoughtful considerations of Burkinabe traditions and histories assert Pan-African alternatives to the discourse and practices of homophobia that are based on supposedly anti-imperialist ideologies. The great irony is, of course, the importation of homophobic discourse and law to Africa from the West, namely US evangelical groups.

Sankara called to a unified, dignified people in the context of the current persecution of homosexuals in Africa (again, not a singularly African experience as homophobia is a global phenomenon). A Sankarist approach to the artificial confrontation between LGBTQ rights and anti-imperialist discourse appears as no more than a shadow puppet (or masquerade) devised to distract and divide mostly impoverished Africans from politico-economic debates that could foster empowerment.

Thomas Sankara was killed in a coup d'etat backed by the CIA to stop anticolonist growth in the African continent.

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Angela Davis was born in Birmingham, Alabama.
She is a prominent left-wing philosopher, academic, and political activist. Known for her works on the prison industrial complex, white feminism, and intersectionality.

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Lili Elbe - first trans woman to have affirmative sex reassignment surgery 

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Lili Elbe - first trans woman to have affirmative sex reassignment surgery 

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Elbe was born in 1882 in Denmark. She was a painter and learnt at the Royal Denish Academy of Fine Art.
At 1904 she was married to Gerda Gottlieb. After she came out as a trans woman they both relocated to Paris.

In 1930, Elbe went to Germany for sex reassignment surgery, which was highly experimental at the time. A series of four operations were carried out over a period of two years. The first surgery, removal of the testicles, was performed by Erwin Gohrbandt, under the supervision of sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin. The rest of her surgeries were carried out by Kurt Warnekrost, a doctor at the Dresden Municipal Women's Clinic. (The clinic was later destroyed with its records in Allied bombing raids) The second operation was to implant an ovary onto her abdominal musculature, the third to remove the penis and the scrotum.

By this time, her case was a sensation in Danish and German newspapers. A Danish court annulled the couple's marriage in October 1930, and Elbe was able to have her sex and name legally changed, including receiving a passport as Lili Ilse Elvenes. The pseudonym "Lili Elbe" was first used in a Danish newspaper article written by Copenhagen journalist Louise "Loulou" Lassen for Politiken in February 1931. Elbe returned to Dresden and began a relationship with French art dealer Claude Lejeune, whom she wanted to marry and with whom she wished to have children.

In 1931, she had her fourth surgery, to transplant a uterus and construct a vaginal canal. This made her one of the earliest transgender women to undergo a vaginoplasty surgery, a few weeks after Erwin Gohrbandt performed the experimental procedure on Dora Richter.

Elbe's immune system rejected the transplanted uterus, and the operation and a subsequent surgical revision caused infection, which led to her death from cardiac arrest on 13 September 1931, three months after the surgery.

Elbe's story was published in the book and the movie "The Danish Girl" based on her diaries. Read the book.

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She was an artist, mainly focus on sculptures, and openly queer. She lived for the majority of time in Los Angeles with her partner Polly James (a screenwriter). Living in Los Angeles open her doors to made sculptures of famous people from Hollywood as Hedy Lamar among others. But it's know that she were with other women before and after Polly.
"It was not at all uncommon for girlfriends to choose to live together, often to maintain their independence, without being financially, legally and sexually dependent on men.  But in Hollywood, there was also a greater understanding that women were in love and living together than in most parts of the United States, even though it might not have been said out loud.  Sex between women was forbidden by law and many could not foresee it at all, but did not let the thought of women renting together bother them”

In 1959 the statue "The little mairmaid" was installed in Reykjavík lake, after being bought for Iceland. But this sculpture was bandalized for News Year's day in 1960. Even the case is not close it's believed that the reason of this destruction was homophobia as she was an open lesbian. The sculpture was reconstructed in 2014 and installed again.

One curiosity of her is that she changed her birth name, she was born as Jónína Sæmundsdóttir. In Iceland the surnames works like name of the father + dótirr (for females) or son (for males). So Nína Sæmundsson we can say it's a masculintzation of her name. I didn't found enough information about the reason why she changed.

Sources:
https://huldukonur.is/lifsforunautar/ (Icelandic)
Reykjavík Art Museum (2008) Nina Sæmundsson. (English and Icelandic)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://listasafnreykjavikur.is/sites/default/files/syningarskra/2008ninasaemundssonsyningarskra.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjj5ouR45r3AhWUwQIHHYhpAekQFnoECAoQAQ&usg=AOvVaw373e9awhdGgTLHA7dnn4-H

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Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (28 August 1825 – 14 July 1895) was a German lawyer, jurist, journalist, and writer who is regarded today as a pioneer of sexology and the modern gay rights movement.

Ulrichs described a “class of persons” who faced persecution simply because “nature has planted in them a sexual nature that is opposite of that which is usual."

Same-sex attraction was a deeply taboo topic at the time; the word “homosexuality” would not even exist for another two years, when it was coined by the Austro-Hungarian writer Karl-Maria Kertbeny. So the ideas in Ulrichs’s speech — that such attraction was innate, and that those who experienced it should be treated the same as anyone else — were revolutionary.

His remarks preceded by more than 100 years the Stonewall riots in New York in 1969, which are widely seen as the start of the modern L.G.B.T.Q. rights movement.

They helped inspire the rise of the world’s first gay rights movement, 30 years later in Berlin.

They foreshadowed the imposition of a sodomy law across the German Empire that would later be used by the Nazis to target gay men, thousands of whom were killed in concentration camps.

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Alexander the great, the king of Macedon in 300 BC. He built one of the largest Empires in modern history, stretching from modern Greece to north west India.

He is considered by some historians to be Bisexual, or his sexuality was fluid. some modern researchers have proposed that Macedonia (or at least the Macedonian court) may have been more tolerant of homosexuality.

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Marcela (left) and Elisa dressed as Mario Sánchez

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The first same-sex marriage in Spain to take place after the Roman Imperial era occurred on 8 June 1901.Two women, Marcela Gracia Ibeas and Elisa Sánchez Loriga, attempted to get married in A Coruña (Galicia, Spain). To achieve it Elisa had to adopt a male identity: Mario Sánchez, as listed on the marriage certificate. It is the first attempt at same-sex marriage in Spain for which there is recorded evidence. It was performed by the Church, in the parish church of Saint George of the same city. The marriage certificate was never annulled.

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Sanssouci Palace, Summer palace of Fredrich the great

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Sanssouci Palace, Summer palace of Fredrich the great

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Its almost CERTAIN that Fredrich the great was queer. Historians once rejected this idea. However, modern historians are more accepting of this idea.

Sanssouci was the summer palace of Fredrich the great. Here he hosted many guests and parties. The inside is extravagantly decorated, filled with paintings from notable artists and statues.

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The first Institute for Sexual Science (1919-1933)

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The first Institute for Sexual Science (1919-1933)

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In 1919, Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935), sexologist and sexual-reformer, saw a long-cherished dream come true: on July 6, he opened the “Institute for Sexual Science” in Berlin-Tiergarten – the first of its kind in the world. Politically, the Institute’s emergence is to be viewed within the context of the progressive reform movements during the Weimar period; scientificially, the bio-medical explanations of human sexuality at the time formed the framework. The Institute’s foundation was the first attempt at establishing sexual science.

For Berlin residents, it became known as an institution providing counselling and treatment for “physical and psychological sexual disorders” as well as, in particular, for “sexual transitions”, Hirschfeld’s term for homosexuals, transvestites and hermaphrodites.

From the outset, the Institute was defamed and denounced as “Jewish”, “Social-Democratic” and “offensive for public morals”. It was plundered and shut down by the Nazis in 1933. In exile, Magnus Hirschfeld witnessed in a Parisian cinema the burning of his works on Berlin’s Opera Square by Fascist students. Following an unsuccessful attempt to set up an institute for sexual science in Paris, Hirschfeld died in Nice, France, on May 14, 1935, his birthday. The Institute’s buildings in Berlin were destroyed by bombing in 1943. Since then, the site has been overgrown with gras.

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Hisarlık, Bozkır/Provincia de Konya, Turquía

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In Homer's seminal work "The Iliad", the characters of Achilles and Patroclus are """really good friends""". Though of course not explicitly homosexual, it is interesting to note that Patroclus's death is a turning point in the story, as it utterly devastates Achilles. His cry is so loud that his mother hears it from the bottom of the ocean. It is this turn of events that motivates Achilles to kill Hector in a fit of rage. Here is a verse describing Achilles' mourning for Patroclus:

"Then let me die at once"—
Achilles burst out, despairing-"since it was not my fate
to save my dearest comrade from his death! Look,
a world away from his fatherland he's perished,
lacking me, my fighting strength, to defend him.
But now, since I shall not return to my fatherland . . .
nor did I bring one ray of hope to my Patroclus,
nor to the rest of all my steadfast comrades,
countless ranks struck down by mighty Hector—
No, no, here I sit by the ships . . .
a useless, dead weight on the good green earth
I, no man my equal among the bronze-armed Achaeans,
not in battle, only in wars of words that others win.
If only strife could die from the lives of gods and men
and anger that drives the sanest man to flare in outrage—
bitter gall, sweeter than dripping streams of honey,
that swarms in people's chests and blinds like smoke—
just like the anger Agamemnon king of men
has roused within me now . . .

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Enkidu (with horns) and Gilgamesh dancing/brawling

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The Epic tells of an arrogant king (Gilgamesh) whom the gods decide to tame by providing him with an equal (Enkidu). Some scholars describe him as his servant and others as his ‘beloved friend’. (They were more than friends). They have various adventures, one of which results in Enkidu dying. To say the least, Gilgamesh’s grief is over the top. He then goes on to try to discover a way to become immortal, as he doesn’t fancy going through the horrors of death, as Enkidu has.

Tablet I

He who has seen everything, I will make known (?) to the lands.

I will teach (?) about him who experienced all things,

... alike,

Anu granted him the totality of knowledge of all.

(…)

Take and read out from the lapis lazuli tablet

how Gilgamesh went through every hardship

(…)

"Gilgamesh does not leave a girl to her mother(?)!"

The daughter of the warrior, the bride of the young man,

Anu listened to their complaints,

and (the gods) called out to Aruru:

"it was you, Aruru, who created mankind(?),

now create a zikru to it/him.

Let him be equal to his (Gilgamesh's) stormy heart,

let them be a match for each other so that Uruk may find peace!"

When Aruru heard this she created within herself the zikrtt of Anu.

Aruru washed her hands, she pinched off some clay, and threw it into the wilderness. In the wildness(?) she created valiant Enkidu,

born of Silence, endowed with strength by Ninurta.

His whole body was shaggy with hair,

he had a full head of hair like a woman,

his locks billowed in profusion like Ashnan.

(…)

The mother of Gilgamesh, the wise, all-knowing, said to her Lord;

Rimat-Ninsun, the wise, all-knowing, said to Gilgamesh:

"As for the stars of the sky that appeared

and the meteorite(?) of Anu which fell next to you,

you tried to lift but it was too mighty for you,

you tried to turn it over but were unable to budge it,

you laid it down at my feet,

and I made it compete with you,

and you loved and embraced it as a wife."

Vocabulary: Anu, Aruru and Ninurta were mesopotamian gods.

Gilgamesh, written in  Akkadian in the Cuneiform  scripture from around 2100 BCE

Tablet VIII

Just as day began to dawn

Gilgamesh addressed his friend, saying:

"Enkidu, your mother, the gazelle,

and your father, the wild donkey, engendered you,

four wild asses raised you on their milk,

and the herds taught you all the grazing lands.

May the Roads of Enkidu to the Cedar Forest

mourn you

and not fall silent night or day.

May the Elders of the broad city of Uruk-Haven

mourn you.

May the peoples who gave their blessing after us

mourn you.

(…)

May the bear, hyena, panther, tiger, water buffalo(?), jackal,

lion, wild bull, stag, ibex, all the creatures of the plains

mourn you.

May the holy River Ulaja, along whose banks we grandly used to stroll, mourn you.

May the pure Euphrates, to which we would libate water from our waterskins, mourn you.

May the men of Uruk-Haven, whom we saw in our battle when

we killed the Bull of Heaven,

mourn you.

May the farmer ...,who extols your name in his sweet work song,

mourn you.

May the ... of the broad city, who ... exalted your name,

mourn you.

May the herder ..., who prepared butter and light beer for your mouth, mourn you.

May ..., who put ointments on your back,

mourn you

(…)

May ..., who prepared fine beer for your mouth,

mourn you.

May the harlot, ... you rubbed yourself with oil and felt good,

mourn you.

May ...,... of the wife placed(!) a ring on you ...,

mourn you

May the brothers go into mourning over you like sisters;

... the lamentation priests, may their hair be shorn off on

your behalf.

Enkidu, your mother and your father are in the wastelands,

I mourn you ..."

"Hear me, O Elders of Uruk, hear me, O men!

I mourn for Enkidu, my friend,

I shriek in anguish like a mourner.

You, axe at my side, so trusty at my hand--

you, sword at my waist, shield in front of me,

you, my festal garment, a sash over my loins--

an evil demon!) appeared and took him away from me!

My friend, the swift mule, fleet wild ass of the mountain,

panther of the wilderness,

Enkidu, my friend, the swift mule, fleet wild ass of the mountain,

panther of the wilderness,

after we joined together and went up into the mountain,

Queer Easter ’22 Queer and History Track

fought the Bull of Heaven and killed it,

and overwhelmed Humbaba, who lived in the Cedar Forest,

now what is this sleep which has seized you?

You have turned dark and do not hear me!"

But his (Enkidu's) eyes do not move,

he touched his heart, but it beat no longer.

He covered his friend's face like a bride,

swooping down over him like an eagle,

and like a lioness deprived of her cubs

he keeps pacing to and fro.

He shears off his curls and heaps them onto the ground,

ripping off his finery and casting it away as an abomination.

Just as day began to dawn, Gilgamesh ...

and issued a call to the land:

"You, blacksmith! You, lapidary! You, coppersmith!

You, goldsmith! You, jeweler!

Create 'My Friend,' fashion a statue of him.

... he fashioned a statue of his friend.

His features ...

...,your chest will be of lapis lazuli, your skin will be of gold."

(…)

"I had you recline on the great couch,

indeed, on the couch of honor I let you recline,

1 had you sit in the position of ease, the seat at the left, so the

princes of the world kissed your feet.

I had the people of Uruk mourn and moan for you,

I filled happy people with woe over you,

and after you (died) I let a filthy mat of hair grow over my body,

and donned the skin of a lion and roamed the wilderness."

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Sappho is known for her lyric poetry, written to be sung while accompanied by music. In ancient times, Sappho was widely regarded as one of the greatest lyric poets and was given names such as the "Tenth Muse" and "The Poetess". Most of Sappho's poetry is now lost, and what is extant has mostly survived in fragmentary form; only the "Ode to Aphrodite" is certainly complete. As well as lyric poetry, ancient commentators claimed that Sappho wrote elegiac and iambic poetry. Three epigrams attributed to Sappho are extant, but these are actually Hellenistic imitations of Sappho's style.

Some say horsemen, some say warriors,

Some say a fleet of ships is the loveliest

Vision in this dark world, but I say it’s

What you love.

It’s easy to make this clear to everyone,

Since Helen, she who outshone

All others in beauty, left

A fine husband,

And headed for Troy

Without a thought for

Her daughter, her dear parents…

Led astray…

And I recall Anaktoria, whose sweet step

Or that flicker of light on her face,

I’d rather see than Lydian chariots

Or the armed ranks of the hoplites.

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Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824-1882) was an Austrian-born Hungarian journalist who coined the terms "homosexual" and "heterosexual". He put forth the medical argument that homoseexuality is unchangeable, a stark contrast to the common view at the time that people were "corrupted" with homosexuality.

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DER EIGENE - world's first gay magazine 

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DER EIGENE - world's first gay magazine 

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In 1896, a German writer Adolf Brand (1874-1945) began publishing Der Eigene (in German The Own) in Berlin, Germany. The magazine had around 1,500 subscribers and it was the first gay magazine in history.

The magazine published poetry, political articles, and nude photography. Der Eigene promoted anarchism and liberal democracy.

In 1905, Brand spent two months in prison for publishing allegedly vulgar content. The magazine had to fight through censorship, yet it was allowed to exist.

Before World War I, Der Eigene was the only gay magazine in the country. The Roaring Twenties gave birth to many more and with greater circulations.

In 1933, the Nazis searched Brand’s house. They seized a lot of equipment necessary for publishing the magazine. Under continuous harassment and pressure from the Nazis, Brand stopped publishing the magazine.

The Nazis ruined Brand financially and destroyed his life work. His followers were too afraid to support him.

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Berlin - the lesbian capital of the world!

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Berlin - the lesbian capital of the world!

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in the roaming 1920's, Berlin was buzzing with queer life. There existed many lesbian spaces - from bars to clubs to cafes. Lesbians in Berlin also published 2 newspapers per week and could choose between 6 lesbian magazines to read, could take part of 12 lesbian social clubs, or go dance to one of the 50+ lesbian clubs

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García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27, a group consisting of mostly poets who introduced the tenets of European movements (such as symbolism, futurism, and surrealism) into Spanish literature. He was murdered by Nationalist forces at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War because of his republican ideologies and for being queer. His remains have never been found.

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Emma Goldman was an anarchist feminist writer born in the Russian Empire, who spent most of her life in the U.S. and Canada. Described as an intersectional writer before the word was invented, she incorporated women's struggles, anarchist ideals and queer elements in her writing.

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During the 1920s the Dorian Gray was one of the biggest homosexual club in berlin.
The club was very Lesbian orientated and formed separate "ladies' night" as well as "gentlemen's night", and was considered as a very important place for the German lesbian community.

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Saint Helena, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

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Napoleon was the first leader since antiquity to decriminalize any kind of sexual acts "against nature". Rather, he simply did not include any laws regarding the prohibition of certain types of sexual activity. Despite that, this move on Napoleon's part is still significant, as Napoleonic Code became the basis for a lot of law vodes throughout Europe.

Napoleon died on St. Helen's Island in 1821.

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December 1972, poster of the clandestine organitzation

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After the rename of the law that persecute queer people in Barcelona starts the clandestine movement pro-Lgtbiq+. First the homesexual agrupation for the social equality was created and afterward this Catalan organitzation was spread over Spain. This organitzation was
leadership by Armand de Fluvià and Francesc Francino.

More info (in Spanish):
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/premium-en-abierto/transicion-pioneros-movimiento-lgtb-canarias_1_3926845.amp.html

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First transgender woman who participated in Miss Mongolia.

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Human Rights LGBTIQ+ (Germany)

After the Second World War, the human rights were elaborated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in december 10 of 1948.

So, many minorities began to demand iquality in the law, but now with basing internacional. In consequence, one of this minorities was Queer comunity around the world in differents places, forms and times.

30.06.2001.- Germany wasn't the exception. And the first great legal victory of the German Queer Comunity was the recognition of the civil union but, that's mean only the first step in a long way.

2017.- Recently, after 16 year, was  created the National Action Plan Against Racism.

2022.- So, in junio 30 de 2022, the equality marriage was aproved by the German Goberment.

That meant a huge action from the Queer Comunity, because they were figthing for equality of right.

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https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/54ed84be4.pdf

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The Guaycurú people recognised a third gender called 'cudinhos', documented through the eyes of European anthropologists, they were percieved to be physically male but participated in women's roles in society and further behaved and dressed as women.

Guaycurú were the term used by the Guaraní to refer to the group of nomdic people who lived on the otherside of the paraguayan river.

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On 3 December 2015, the Mongolian Parliament adopted a new Criminal Code covering hate crimes, with the protected grounds including sexual orientation, gender identity and health status, making Mongolia one of the first Asian countries to have this level of protections for LGBT people.
Despite this, local reports and LGBT activists say that the police continue to disregard and do not take complaints of hate crimes against LGBT people seriously, and that these attacks often result in no punishment.

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She is the first elected women president in all countries, her canditure last 16 years (the longest for a women in the world at the time). She was elected in 1980 and was the official president of Iceland until 1996.

She was born in Reykjavik in 1930 and during the 60s and 70s was an activist against the NETO occupation of Iceland and the presence of the US military in the country.

In 1975 Iceland was involved in a women Strike to protest against the different payment between man and women with a participation of 90% of the women in Iceland. In this movement they propose to elect a women in the next elections and Vigdís agreed.

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Genghis Khan banned homosexual acts in the Mongol Empire and made them punishable by death, hoping to expand the Mongolian population which was about 1.5 million at the time.

Genghis Khan's Code" contains Chinese and English versions of the code as well as interpretations of the laws based on research findings. In article 48 of what is believed to be the world's first constitution, Genghis Khan banned homosexuality, saying "men committed sodomy shall be put to death,".

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Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

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The Bugis of South Sulawesi have a different concept of gender than our binary gender framework. They recognise five genders, and each is considered essential to the maintenance of balance and harmony in Bugis society.

As in most other cultures, the majority of Bugis belong to one of two main genders: people who are biologically male and who also identify and live as men (oroané); or people who are biologically female and who identify and live as women (makkunrai).

Bugis also recognise calalai’ — people born female who live and work more like men in society; and calabai’ —  people born male who live like women, wear feminine clothes, and perform many of the functions that women traditionally perform. Typically, neither calalai’ nor calabai’ actually want to become the opposite gender. They are comfortable holding gender identities that are non-binary, and they are generally accepted as such in Bugis society.

In addition to these four genders, a fifth is also recognised. Bissu are a class of traditional priest — experts in pre-Islamic Bugis belief systems and rituals. They are regarded as embodiments of male, female, mortal and deity combined.

Bissu embody elements of all genders within them, and thereby occupy a space outside or above any single gender identity. They are essentially beyond gender — ‘meta-gender’ or ‘gender-transcendent’ as they are sometimes described.

This blending of genders is believed to bestow special spiritual powers upon them, and they are highly regarded in Bugis society for having a unique ability to intercede with the spirit world.

Indonesia is now a muslim majority country and the Bissu have retained importance in their roles rituals in their culture.

https://learn.akkadium.com/beyond-binary-five-genders-of-the-bugis/

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In western culture we are familiar with the idea of being either male or female - two gender identities at opposite ends of a binary concept. But as we move towards embracing greater gender diversity in our own society, anthropology gives us glimpses into other cultures where gender can be fluid, diverse, and imbued with spiritual power.

Gender is a subjective aspect of identity. It is not strictly defined either by biological sex or by sexuality, but rather emerges from a complex interplay between a person's sense of self, the social roles we perform, and our modes of self-expression.

In our society, the recognition of only two genders creates an expectation that individuals will identify as one or the other. People who don't identify with their assigned gender may identify as trans - perhaps moving in the direction of transition from one gender to the opposite, occupying a space between the two, or embodying an alternative gender identity that may not be recognised or understood by others.

The Bugis of South Sulawesi embody a fascinating alternative to our binary gender framework. They recognise five genders, and each is considered essential to the maintenance of balance and harmony in Bugis society.

Five genders

The Bugis are one of the four main ethnic groups of South Sulawesi, a narrow peninsular region of Sulawesi island that stretches south towards the island of Flores in the Indonesian archipelago. Today, the main religion here is Islam, but traditional spiritual and ritual practices still play an important role in many communities.

The first anthropologist to study the Bugis in any detail was Christian Pelras, an ethnographer who spent many years living and working in South Sulawesi. Pelras found that there were strong links between pre-Islamic Bugis belief systems and their concepts of gender.

As in most other cultures, the majority of Bugis belong to one of two main genders: people who are biologically male and who also identify and live as men ( oroané); or people who are biologically female and who identify and live as women ( makkunrai).

But in addition, Bugis also recognise calalai' - biological females who live and work more like men in society; and calabai' - biological males who live like women, wear feminine clothes, and perform many of the functions that women traditionally perform. Typically, neither calalai' nor calabai' actually want to become the opposite gender. They are comfortable holding gender identities that are non-binary, and they are generally accepted as such in Bugis society.

Gender transcended

In addition to these four genders, a fifth is also recognised. Bissu are a class of traditional priest - experts in pre-Islamic Bugis belief systems and rituals. They are regarded as embodiments of male, female, mortal and deity combined.

Sharyn Graham Davies, Associate Professor at Aukland University of Technology, New Zealand, has undertaken extensive ethnographic research into Bugis concepts of gender. During fifteen months of fieldwork, she learned that bissu embody elements of all genders within them, and thereby occupy a space outside or above any single gender identity. They are essentially beyond gender - 'meta-gender' or 'gender-transcendent' as they are sometimes described.

Some bissu are born intersex, possessing ambiguous genitalia. This is not always the case, but irrespective of their biology most bissu have a gender-ambiguous or androgynous appearance. This blending of genders is believed to bestow special spiritual powers upon them, and they are highly regarded in Bugis society for having a unique ability to intercede with the spirit world.

Harmony in diversity

As religious specialists, bissu orchestrate a range of important ceremonies. They heal the sick, officiate at weddings and bestow ritual blessings upon people in the community. Davies has observed bissu at work, and describes complex rituals in which reverence for Allah is blended with shamanic trance, chanting and possession by spirits or deities ( dewata).

One of Davies' research informants, a bissu she calls Mariani, succinctly encapsulates the importance of gender to the spiritual role that bissu perform:

"... you must understand, neither a man nor a woman is powerful ( sakti) enough to be possessed ( disurupi) by dewata, and if you can't be possessed, then you're not bissu. It's the combination of woman and man, and human and dewata, that makes us bissu." (Mariani, interviewed in Davies' PhD thesis, 2004: 187)

Far from being an attribute to be ignored, tolerated or passively accepted, Mariani's blended gender identity is a culturally potent state of being. It is essential to facilitate the important role that s/he performs in Bugis society, and it is therefore highly valued by many.

Along with oroané, makkunrai, calalai' and calabai', the contribution of bissu to gender diversity in South Sulawesi is neither challenging nor offensive. Indeed, it is considered critical for ensuring balance and harmony for all.

You can learn more about the Bugis of South Sulawesi and their concepts of gender in:

Davies, S. G. (2011) Gender Diversity in Indonesia, Sexuality, Islam and Queer Selves. London: Routledge.

Available from Amazon.

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Beyond Binary: Five genders of the Bugis

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In western culture we are familiar with the idea of being either male or female --- two gender identities at opposite ends of a binary concept.

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wíŋkte are people considered to be physically male but occupy the role of women on Lakota society. However, the term can also just mean gay.

The Lakotan language distinguishes gender based on how someone speaks the language rather than pronouns.

usually historical accounts (by anthropologists) hold the winkte as sacred, occupying a liminal, third gender role in the culture and born to fulfill ceremonial roles that can not be filled by either men or women.

https://eu.thepublicopinion.com/story/lifestyle/2021/06/22/lakota-two-spirit-native-american-culture-and-gender-identity/7691928002/

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Mudoko dako were a third gender category that existed in precolonial times in the are of Uganda. It described effeminate men, with mudoko dako being able to freely marry men.

However, the introduction of religion (Christianity and Islam) by Western colonialists introduced more prude values and suppressed the indigenous cultures. Additionally, Uganda's legal code closely followed British law, which took British laws against homosexuality along with it.

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Offer (1994) was a member of "Hashomer Hatsair" socialist movment (which participate in the QE).
Offer joined the army and was signed as a female soldier. at 2012 and afterwards went to the Officers course, where he decided he can't be in the closet anymore and came out as trans.
Offer became the first trans officer, in the IDF and later was the Chief of general staff's counsel for trans issues and lead the way for the IDF becoming and accepting place for trans people.

After his service Offer was the head of the LGBT center of Jerusalem, and until today contenue helping trans people in the IDF.

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the concept of tlazolli (trash) was central to the ideas of
order and disorder that relate to Nahua sexual categories and acts. Although tlazolli is most often translated into English as “trash,” it meant much more. Tlazolli to the Nahuas linked closely with the excess they believed necessary to produce the large ceremonies so central to Nahua
society just before the Spanish conquest.

Nahuas in this sense did not see any sexual activities as sinful, but rather they saw them all as potentially pleasurable and as both ritually and symbolically positive for society. Nahua discourse strongly supported
bodily pleasures, practiced in moderation, and condemned excessive indulgence in such pleasures.

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Nahuas from before the Spanish conquest would not have
understood the term, category, or concept of being “gay” (or, for that matter, “transgender”). While there is evidence of men engaging in sexual activity with other men, and there is yet more evidence that biological males dressed in women's clothing, it is likely that any words reffering to sexual identities or gender became reinterpreted in the production of the Florentine Codex and in the context of the Spanish conquest.

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The Zuni people had what we would call traditional gender roles. However, they also recognised a third gender called a Lhamana. These were people who physically appeared as men but presented as women. They occupied both roles in society. They are sometimes considered sacred and therefore held important roles in society, such as healers or name givers.

We'wha is one of the most famous historical Lhamana. They were considered extraordinary in their nation by the anthropologist Matilda Coxe Stevenson. They visited Washington D.C. to help him learn more about native traditions and culture. During this visit We'wha met President Grover Cleveland.

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Learn about We'wha, a Zuni Ihamana, non-binary individual, in this video from First Person: Classroom. Students explore the life and lasting impact of the famous Two-Spirit Zuni cultural ambassador, negotiator, religious leader, weaver, and potter using primary sources, discussion questions, teaching tips, vocabulary, and a short activity.

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Nahuas also, at least until the seventeenth century, performed curing ceremonies in which issues of gender and sex played central roles. In one such ceremony, performed by Nahua commoners, a cross-dressed male curer would take on the identity of a goddess in order to engage in mock
sexual intercourse with an individual sick from a scorpion sting. As the curer did this, he called on a myth in which the goddess once seduced a warrior, preventing that warrior from engaging in his duty. The goddess then beheaded the warrior, who became a scorpion.

Spanish chronicles, criminal trials, and similar documents show that some Nahua men had sex with other men. They also show that some Nahua men dressed as women—or at least the Spanish observers perceived them as dressing in such a manner.

Sexual behaviors fell under other categories, particularly those linked with sacrifice and with “trash.” If the Nahuas did not have a term for either “sex” or for “sin,” then they could not have understood specific sexual identity categories.

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Simon Nkoli (1957–1998) was one of Africa’s most prominent anti-apartheid, gay rights and AIDS activists

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Simon Nkoli (1957–1998) was one of Africa’s most prominent anti-apartheid, gay rights and AIDS activists

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Simon Nkoli (1957–1998) was one of Africa’s most prominent anti-apartheid, gay rights and AIDS activists. In 1983, he formed the Saturday Group, the first public, black LGBTQ+ group in Africa, established in response to implicit racism by the predominantly white Gay Association of South Africa (GASA). Nkoli was arrested in 1984 and faced the death penalty on charges of treason for his anti-apartheid activism. He came out to his colleagues in the United Democratic Front in prison, a courageous act that broke the silence around homosexuality in the liberation movement. He was acquitted and released in 1988, and soon founded GLOW which organized the first Pride parade in South Africa in 1990. Nkoli received several human rights awards globally and was one of the first gay activists to meet with President Mandela in 1994, campaigning for the protection from discrimination in the 1994 Constitution and for the repeal of the sodomy law. In 1996, South Africa became the first country in the world to provide constitutional protection to LGBTQ+. Among the earliest publicly HIV-positive African gay men, Nkoli is widely referenced and heralded; there’s even a “Simon Nkoli Day” in San Francisco.

Source: https://africasacountry.com/2020/07/six-lgbtq-figures-from-african-history

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Area Scatter (Nigeria) (1970s) - gender non-conforming folkloric musician

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Area Scatter (Nigeria) (1970s) - gender non-conforming folkloric musician

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Area Scatter was an Igbo gender non conforming folkloric musician from southeast Nigeria. In the 1970s, he disappeared into the wilderness, reemerging seven months and seven days later, spiritually reborn and beautifully adorned as a woman. She claimed to be endowed by the gods with musical gifts, and her new name “Area Scatter” meant “one who comes to disorganize a place, to shock, and to reclaim.” Very little is known about “the curious case of Area Scatter” aside from a rare video clip of her performing to royalty. She led a band called Ugwu Anya Egbulam famously playing her thumb piano. She was admired, praised on the streets, and widely respected at the time. Area Scatter’s story shows how gender came to acquire a Eurocentric understanding and performativity in many African contexts, where queer identity and fluidity was not always subject to ridicule, threats, and attacks.

Source: https://africasacountry.com/2020/07/six-lgbtq-figures-from-african-history

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Two main principles organized Nahua thought about sexual behaviors and desires.
First, sexual behavior related directly to the fertility rituals, which were ceremonies that promoted the concept that everything and everybody must maintain and support fertility in order for the community to survive.
Second, one needed to maintain moderation in respect to sexual activity. In Nahua thought, moderation was considered a virtue, and excess a vice.

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The Nahuas also had individuals who cross-dressed and may have engaged in some activities most often reserved for individuals who had been born into the other sex. Yet, it would be anachronistic to argue that lesbian, gay,
bisexual, and transgender Nahuas existed before the conquest. There is simply no evidence of the existence of such sexual identities before the conquest.

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The Nádleehi are gender non-conforming  people of the Navajo (Diné) nation, native to Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. These people were revered in Navajo culture: they were thought to bring luck and respect from their community to their family and ensure their wealth. Some Diné people recognize four general places on the gender spectrum: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, and masculine man. There gender does not fall within the gender binary and was fluid, their gender expression and roles could change throughout their life.

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PALESTINIANS FROM AL QAWS AND OTHER QUEER OR FEMINIST ORGANIZATIONS HOLD AN LGBTQ DEMONSTRATION IN HAIFA ON JULY 29, 2020

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This organitzation stands their help to LGTBIQ+ community in Palestine and works to erase the pink washing of Israel.
"Crucially, the promotion of “gay-friendly Israel” depends on presenting Palestinians (and Arabs more generally) as the exact opposite: sexually regressive and therefore undeserving of solidarity. These stereotypes draw on the long history of efforts to demonize Palestinian narratives and resistance using political strategies anchored in anti-Arab racism and Islamophobia." (AlQaws, 2020)

More information:
Oficial Webpage: http://www.alqaws.org/siteEn/index
Article of the demonstration in 2020:
https://mondoweiss.net/2020/07/a-rallying-cry-for-palestinian-queer-liberation/

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Japan's first main religion, Shintoism, is said to have been established as far back as 1,000 BCE. Its first known texts, the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) and the Nihon Shoki (The Chronicle of Japan), were completed in 712 AD and 720 AD, respectively. Both relate the creation myth of Japan. In addition to this, the Nihon Shoki records some of Japan's early history.

Nothing in the Kojiki or Nihon Shoki mention anything about homosexuality, unless you count the fact that the first three generations of deities described in the Nihon Shoki are all male. But, maybe this is the point. There is no overt approval of homosexual behavior, but there is no condemnation, either.

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the Nahuas, the indigenous Nahuatl-speaking peoples of central Mexico, did not have a discreet category that can be called “sexuality.” Sexual activity was connected with fertility and sacrifice, aligning them with the larger cosmology and with processes of death and rebirth.
Nahuas did not equate sex with “sin.” The concept of sin did not adequately translate into the Nahuatl language, much less the cultural framework for that language.

It was believed that sexual activity linked them with the earth and the cosmos, and they did not think of any particular sexual acts as spiritually problematic. Sex was not necessarily good or bad, although they did deem excess sex (like anything in excess) dangerous.

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“Takatāpui is an umbrella term that embraces all Māori with diverse gender identities, sexualities and sex characteristics including whakawāhine, tangata ira tāne, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, intersex and queer. Takatāpui identity is related to whakapapa, which is the proper identity of a Maori person"

The interesting thing is that infact, that is a word that predates colonialism, meaning that same sex relations existed before the arrival of western colonizers. during the time it was a a colony of the UK the term was lost due tot the repression to the community, but resurfaced in the 1990s

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Leinster House, Kildare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland

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The result of a campaign by Senator David Norris and the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform, led to a ruling in 1988 that Irish laws prohibiting male homosexual activities were in contravention of the European Convention on Human Rights.

In 1993 same sex activity was decriminalised, due to increasing pressure on the Fianna Fáil government of Albert Reynolds from their coallition labour party.

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Queen (or Female King) Nzingha Mbande (1583–1663)

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Queen (or Female King) Nzingha Mbande (1583–1663)

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Queen (or Female King) Nzingha Mbande (1583–1663) ruled the kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba in the north of modern day Angola. She assumed power after the death of her father and brother, during a period of rapid growth in the slave trade. Nzingha led a four-decade military resistance against Portuguese dominion and is revered for her intelligence, military tactics, and diplomatic brilliance.

Nzingha’s dubious sexual identity finds different accounts pointing to a heterosexual marriage, to female wives, and to a harem of men who dressed as women. She certainly transgressed gender binaries, answering only to “King,” leading troops into battle, and wearing both men’s and women’s clothing. Her female husbandry illustrates the “queering” of gender roles in Africa, traditionally less closely identified with biological sex. Nzingha’s ability to perform a queer identity can be partly attributed to her royal status and power. However, this doesn’t delegitimize the reality of relationships between ordinary women based on love and desire during her time. African lesbian sexualities have largely been shaped by silence, secrecy, and repression.

Source:
https://africasacountry.com/2020/07/six-lgbtq-figures-from-african-history

Recognized for her brilliant military tactics, Queen Nzigha Mbande is one of the most celebrated female rulers in African history. Ruling over the Ndongo kingdom (present-day Angola) for 37 years, Nzigha Mbande was responsible for diffusing the conflict between the Ndongo and the Portuguese during the 16th century.

At the time, the Portuguese were under pressure from their competitors — the English and the French concerning monopolizing the sources of slaves within the West African coast so they were really looking forward to establishing a trading relationship with the people of Angola. They had mapped out several strategies to gain control over the land but unfortunately for them, things didn’t quite turn out as planned — all thanks to the diplomacy and brilliant strategy of the brave warrior queen of Angola Nzigha Mbande.

Her Early Life
Nzingha was born in 1583 in Angola and during the time of her birth, the Atlantic slave trade was at its peak and the Portuguese were gaining much power over Angola.

Her father Ngola Kia Samba — whom the country was later named after, became king, ruling over the Mbundu people in Ndongo and Matamba when Nzingha was just 10 years old. Her mother Guenguela Cakombe was the favorite amongst all of the King’s concubines and even though Nzigha had several siblings, the most recognized was her brother Ngola Mbandi who eventually became king after the death of their father.

According to legends, at the time of Nzingha’s birth, her umbilical cord was wrapped around her neck and in the Ndongo tradition, children with unusual births were believed to be born for higher purposes. An old prophetess even prophesied that Nzigha was no ordinary child as she would grow to become a great leader.

Amongst all the king’s children, Nzingha Mbande was the King’s favorite. Se was what you’d call a typical “daddy’s girl” as she was highly favored by her father the king. As a young girl, she showed very little to no interest in feminine things, rather, she was more interested in men’s business — like training as a warrior alongside her father, participating in several official duties, and even going for battles.

Also because of how precious she was to her father the king, she was the only child of all the King's children to be specially trained by the Portuguese missionaries who taught her to read and write in Portuguese as well as speak the language fluently. And because she had no claims to the throne as she was a female and a daughter of one of the king's slave wives, her closeness with her father did not cause much concern to her brothers who were heirs to the crown.

The Ndongo and Portuguese Conflict
The Portuguese first arrived in Ndongo in 1575 and with help from Ndongo’s northern enemies (the kingdom of Kongo), the Portuguese were able to establish a trading post in Luanda — the present capital city of Angola. For several years, the relationship between the Portuguese and the Ndongan people was cordial but this did not last as they soon began to have conflicts that would eventually lead to several years of war between both kingdoms.

With the support of Kongo, the Portuguese were able to conquer and subdue the Ndongo people. They successfully obtained their territory as well as seized about 50,000 slaves.
Then in 1590, Ndongo fought back fiercely and conquered the Portuguese in battle but their victory was not as impactful as they had already lost so much to the Portuguese and many of their people including some of their noblemen who had begun to rebel against the king and side with their oppressors(the Portuguese).

So by 1593 when Nzigha’s father ascended the throne as King, there wasn’t much territory left to rule. Even after several efforts and strategies made by the king to restore the kingdom back to its former glory, not much changed. And as if that weren’t enough, In 1607, Ndongo Kingdom suffered yet another invasion by the Portuguese who had this time teamed up with the much-feared Imbangala tribe and together they successfully forced the king into giving up any claims to his lost territories.

Unfortunately in 1617, king Ngola Kia Mbandi died and his son Ngola Mbandi ascended the throne. As king, Ngola Mbandi engaged in several killings for political purposes — hunting and killing anyone who had any sort of claim to the throne, including Nzigha’s son. He spared Nzigha because even though he envied her close relationship with their late father, she was but a woman and had no right to rule the kingdom(though he made sure to sterilize her so she never gives birth again).

As the new ruler of Ndogo, Mbandi lacked the military skills to face the Portuguese who successfully taking over the land. The only solution at the point was to come to an agreement so to achieve this, a peace treaty was organized in which the governor Portugal Joao Correia de Sousa and king Ngola Imbandi were to meet. But since the king couldn't speak Portuguese, he decided it would be more effective to send Nzingha as his representative since she was the only one who knew Portuguese.

Nzingha’s Meeting with the Portuguese
At the meeting, Nzigha made sure to appear in the traditional Ndongo attire — unlike other Ndongo representatives at previous meetings who dress in western clothing to appease the Portuguese. She wanted to show that her culture wasn’t inferior to that of the Portuguese. Also at the conference, there had been seats made available for the Portuguese governor and his people but none for Nzingha and her escorts. This was the Portuguese’ way of putting the Ndongans in their place.

But to their surprise, one of Nzingha’s maids quickly spread out a mat on the floor and one of her men bent his body on the mat-forming a human bench then Nzingha sat on his back.

This act revealed Nzingha’s power/command over her people and she was able to win the respect of the Portuguese before the conference even started. Thanks to her ability to negotiate diplomatically using her fluency in the Portuguese language as leverage, Nzigha was able to negotiate a good deal for her people — on her part, promising to put an end to hostility and to allow for the return of escapee Portuguese slaves fighting in her brother’s army and in exchange, she requested that the Portuguese removed the Fort which they had built in the Ndongan territories.

Also, she requested that her people would stop paying tribute to Portugal, instead, the two kingdoms would support each other against their other enemies. To further prove her alliance, she asked to be baptized as a form of conversion to Christianity. And was given the name Dona Anna de Sousa — with the Portuguese governor Joao Correia de Sousa and his wife Ana da Silva as her godparents.

The Portugueses’ Betrayal
In 1622, just as Nzingha returned home to her people with the news of her successful peace treaty, the Portuguese went back on their word and soon resumed attacks on the Ndongo people. After several back and forth battles between the Ndongo people and the Portuguese, In 1624, Mbandi fell into a deep depression and handed over most of his duties as King to his sister Nzingha. That same year, he died. Some accounts record, he was poisoned by Nzingha while others claim he had committed suicide from his depression.

Nzingha Becomes Queen
Having a female ruler wasn't something that was acceptable at the time, especially being that her mother was only a concubine and not a legal wife to her father king Ngola Kia Mbande, Nzingha faced much criticism especially from other noble families interested in the throne but she fought the oppositions by ordering the killings of all those who opposed her rule and having her supporters seize the ritual objects which were associated with the monarchy.

Nzingha didn't stop there, she went as far as marrying a man named Kasa. Kasa was an Imbangala war chief to whom king Ngola Mbande had entrusted his only son — who was just 7-year-old at the time. After her marriage, she had the little Prince killed with the justification of avenging her son who was murdered by the young princes’ late father king Ngola Mbandi.

The conflict between the Portuguese and Nzigha’s people continued to worsen as the Portuguese invaded their lands and in an attempt to escape being killed, Nzingha fled with her people to the west where she formed a new state in Matamba. There she built a sanctuary for African soldiers that had trained under the Portuguese as well as runaway slaves. This became a form of Military training (Kilombo).

While Nzingha was at Matamba restrategizing on how to conquer the Portuguese, Ndogo was already under the control of the Portuguese who in Nzingha’s absence was using a puppet leader to control the affairs of the Ndogans. Soon Nzinghas military which she had been training in Matamba fought and defeated the Portuguese. However, in another war in 1625, the Portuguese defeated Nzingha and her people yet again. This led her to find an ally in the Netherlands that took control over Luanda but the Portuguese reclaimed Luanda as well.

Then in the battle at Ngoleme and Kombi, the Ndongans defeated the Portuguese once again but after losing her sister who was a spy for her during the war, Nzingha retreated back to Matamba.
The back and forth attacks between the Portuguese and the Ndongo people grew weary and both parties decided on a new peace treaty. This time around they settled their conflicts and came to an agreement. At last, the Ndongo people were free from the Portuguese.

Queen Nzingha Mbande was truly brave and persistent in her quest to free her people from slavery and oppression by the Portuguese. She died in 1663 at the age of 86. Up until this day, Queen Nzingha remains celebrated as a prominent fearless female warrior with the strength of a Great King.

Source:
https://historyofyesterday.com/queen-nzingha-mbande-the-queen-whose-resilience-sent-the-portuguese-away-for-good-36dd707d56b8

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The vivacious “legendary okama” (Japanese slang for “transvestite” or “faggot”) Takeshi Togo — aka Ken Togo (1932-2012) —revolutionized the way postwar Japan saw queer people forever.

Originally closeted, married, and working at a bank, Togo exploded into the LGBTQ rights scene in 1963 and was (unsuccessfully) running political campaigns by the 1970s. On the side, he moonlighted as a bar owner, gay magazine editor, singer, actor, and pornographer.

Togo was a radical leftist, whose ideologies would be at home with today’s most progressive queer youth, but which put him at odds with the respectability politics of the wider LGBTQ community. A self-proclaimed okama, Togo was an ardent activist for sexual minority issues, ranging from LGBTQ to sex worker rights. His open mockery of the emperor often brought the ire of right-wing parties. His political affiliation, he said, was to the Zatsumin no Kai (Association for Miscellaneous People) and there was seemingly no issue or societal reject he would not rally for.

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The fa'afafine are people from Samoa and its diaspora who are born biologically male but present as female. Kids can be raised as fa'afafine from a young age if they display more effeminate behavor. It is rooted in contributing "feminine labor" (domestic labor). early anthropologists claimed that Samoan families would raise their boys as fa'afafine when lacking a daughter who would help with domestic labor. Recent anthropologists have challenged this notion, arguing that the collective nature of Samoan societies means that there is never really a "lack" of girls.

Fa'afafine people are usually the hosts of a Samoan dance/show known as Taupou. The genderfluid nature of the allows them to transcend taboos through humor.

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Gila Goldstein (1947-2017) was an Israeli transgender actress and singer.
She is considered the first Israeli trans person and the one to establish the Israeli trans community.

After her death, the Trans community established the "Gila project" for trans empowerment which helps trans people across the country and funds trans projects.

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Akihiro Miwa (born 1935) — is a celebrated singer, actor, writer, and drag queen, with a career spanning nearly seventy years and over twenty books. A survivor of the Nagasaki atomic bomb, Miwa moved to Tokyo in his teens to perform in Ginza’s cabaret scene and quickly gained popularity for his singing and effeminate looks. Ghibli fans would know him from voice acting in Ghibli films.

Like Togo, Miwa publically came out as LGBTQ at a time when very few were at liberty to do so, let alone entertainers so prominent in the public eye. In addition to his writing and career in music, Miwa is known for his criticism of the government and strong anti-war stance.

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Considered to be a turning point in Canadian LGBTQ+ civil rights history.

Toronto police raided four bathhouses and arrested over 250 gay men, the next night, over 3000 people protested to the arrests and the raids. This is often referred to as “Canada’s Stonewall”.

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Among the most famous of these poets is Abu Nuwas (c756-814 CE), who dazzled the ‘Abbasid court of the Caliph Harun ar-Rashid with songs of his love for wine, girls and boys. He used direct quotations of Quranic verses to seduce young men into sleeping with him, or to describe his drunken, amorous trysts. Abu Nuwas’s poetry includes some stunning passages, such as comparing tufts of pubic hair to the landscape of the Islamic apocalypse, or redirecting his prayer from the Ka’bah – the house of God – to the house of a hot man in the neighbourhood. While Abu Nuwas was frowned upon by more conservative imams of his time, his creative, literary and sexual uses of the Quran were largely viewed as harmless fun, not outrageous blasphemy. No example captures this lax attitude towards art and scripture better than the one relayed in al-Abi’s Nathr al-durr (1030 CE), in which one friend gifts another a set of dildos inscribed with a Quranic verse: ‘Let them enter in peace and security.’ His friend returns them to his door with an updated inscription – another Quranic quip: ‘So we returned it/him to his mother, so that she might be comforted.’ This medieval ‘yo mama’ joke is a far cry from the outrage and mass protests for which the Arab world has become famous.

Source: https://aeon.co/essays/was-there-no-room-for-the-queer-individual-in-arab-history

Post Islam, some Arabic poetry steered away from taboo topics such as sex and alcohol.

But still, there were poets who championed the “you only live once” or YOLO mantra, long before it was a thing. Free love and good wine were recurring and rather common themes in their writings. Chief among this new breed of poets was Abu Nuwas.

Abu Nuwas was born in Persia, most likely sometime during the 750s, and lived until 814. He pioneered the genres of Khamriyyat (wine poetry) and Ghazal (love poetry) as they took off during the Abbassid caliphate.

Not only did Abu Nuwas take the traditional poetic form of the Qasida and write many poems in praise of wine, his main occupation was writing erotic poetry addressed to both men and women.

Here are a few excerpts of his most beautiful poems on love and wine:

Abu Nuwas had a very simple solution for woes and troubles

“Forget all of that! Get on with yourself, and drink a fine vintage instead:

Golden-hued, it mingles with water and froth

As it pours from the hand of a slim-waisted beauty,

Who resembles a willow branch, flaunting its graceful bearing.”

This revolutionary poet was accused of being one of the most illicit poets of his time, here’s a clear example why

“Don't cry for Layla, don't rave about Hind!

But drink among roses a rose-red wine,

A drought that descends in the drinker's throat,

bestowing its redness on eyes and cheeks.

The wine is a ruby, the glass is a pearl,

served by the hand of a slim-fingered girl,

Who serves you the wine from her hand, and wine

from her mouth — doubly drunk, for sure, will you be!”

Abu Nuwas expressed his fondness of handsome young men, which contributed even more to his reputation

“I die of love for him, perfect in every way,

Lost in the strains of wafting music.

My eyes are fixed upon his delightful body

And I do not wonder at his beauty.

His waist is a sapling, his face a moon,

And loveliness rolls off his rosy cheek

I die of love for you, but keep this secret:

The tie that binds us is an unbreakable rope.

How much time did your creation take, O angel?

So what! All I want is to sing your praises.”

He had a very simple logic behind wine

"If apple is but wine, solidified,

And wine is apple, only liquefied,

You'll find, if drinking is not temporized,

Substantial joy and pleasure, actualized!"

He championed the forbidden

“Always I have and will scatter god and gold to the four winds.

When we meet, I delight in what the Book forbids.

And flee what is allowed.”

Source: https://stepfeed-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/stepfeed.com/amp/abu-nuwas-the-controversial-poet-and-his-most-beautiful-verses-5898-7205?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#amp_tf=Von%20%251%24s&aoh=16501243077642&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fstepfeed.com%2Fabu-nuwas-the-controversial-poet-and-his-most-beautiful-verses-5898-7205

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Maki Hirahara, also known as Maki Carrousel (born 1942), is a writer, singer, and actor, who was one of the first openly transgender women in Japan and known recipients of gender affirmation surgery, when she sought an unlicensed surgeon in Sapporo at the age of nineteen. Carrousel’s journey through operations, complications, and subsequent corrections spanned over a decade, all while managing her rising career in cabaret singing. Within the Nichigeki Revue, Carrousel was one of the most admired performers.

She has continued pushing the envelope with transgender rights, after an incident in 2001 when police arrested and detained her within a men’s jail for forty-one days. This prompted a long legal struggle which ended in 2004 when the Tokyo Family Court allowed Carrousel to become one of the first transgender applicants to legally change their sex within the family registers. Unfortunately, legal transition continues to be nigh unreachable for most transgender people who do not pass the court’s rigorous code.

At the age of seventy-eight, Carrousel continues to perform on stage and has enjoyed being cast in femme fatale roles on mainstream television.

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House of Commons of Canada, Wellington Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada

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Homosexuality decriminalised 1967 House of Commons of Canada

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Homosexuality decriminalised 1967 House of Commons of Canada

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In 1967, Pierre Trudeau (as Justice Minister) introduced Bill C-150 which would decriminalize homosexuality. The bill was heatedly debated, but passed in 1969 by a vote of 149 to 55 (Burnie, n.d.). The bill was not limited to decriminalizing homosexuality but also included allowing abortion and contraception, regulating lotteries, gun possession, drinking and driving offences, harassing phone calls, misleading advertising, and cruelty to animals.

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In the city of Slaymaniyah of Kurdistan this organitzation helps LGTBIQ+ people that suffers violence.
In Iraq and Kurdistan LGTBIQ+ people is persecuted and tortured by armed groups or by the ISIS.
They also support women that Scape from the extreme gender violence of this groups.
The picture above is from one of the murals that they painted in the city for a campaign in 2017. They couldn't use the more important walls of the city becouse of the fear of being approached by anti-LGTBIQ people so they used schools walls.

More information about the organitzation and the situation in Kurdistan (Iraq part) below.
https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2017/06/lgbt-iraq-kurdistan-human-right-gender-quality.html

https://www.washingtonblade.com/2017/01/03/kurdish-group-launches-pro-lgbt-human-rights-campaign/

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In the Indian subcontinent Hijra refair to a third gender identity.
Also known as Aravani, Aruvani, Jogappa, the hijra community in India prefer to call themselves Kinnar or Kinner, referring to the mythological beings that excel at song and dance. In Pakistan, they are known as Khawaja Sira.

In 2014 they were approximately 500,000 hijra people in India and Pakistan.

Hijra community is considered ancient and has reference in the Kama Sutra (4th century EC).
While British colonialism the community was persecuted and only long after India's independence gain it's legal rights.

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One of the firsts representations of transgender people in japanese history.
It is the tale of two siblings whose mannerisms are those of the opposite sex, and their relationships in the Emperor's court. The reception of the tale over time has depended on how the society sees sex and gender issues, with one reading of it being as a ribald erotic comedy, while another reading is as a serious attempt to discuss sex and gender issues through a Heian Buddhist understanding.

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Matetolage was a civil union between pirates during the Golden Era of Piracy. This meant that when one of the partners was killed in action, the other would inherit their wealth. most of the times they would both be killed in battle.

in the Pirate Code, written by Bartholomew Roberts it was stated that: "No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them. If any man were to be found seducing any of the latter sex, and carried her to sea, disguised, he was to suffer death." So we can totally afirm that pirates were gay.

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Hamamatsu, Prefectura de Shizuoka, Japón

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Keisuke Kinoshita (1912-1998), widely considered the first queer filmmaker of Japan. A contemporary of directors like Akira Kurosawa and Yasujiro Ozu, Kinoshita was known for creating both lively comedies, like The Blossoming Port (1943), and poignant dramas with anti-war messages, such as Twenty-Four Eyes (1954). Friends, collaborators, and the rest of the film world, widely recognized Kinoshita as a queer man, though Kinoshita himself kept his personal life private. His 1959 film Sekishuncho, or Farewell to Spring, depicts intimate and emotional relationships between its male characters, and is often recognized as “Japan’s first gay film.”

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One openly queer figure of the pre-war era whom we can rally around, however, is novelist Nobuko Yoshiya (1896-1973). A writer of the Taisho and Showa periods, Yoshiya wrote considerably in the romance genre, helping to establish both adolescent girls’ fiction and Japanese lesbian literature. In her personal life, Yoshiya was known for adopting androgynous fashion styles and lived an independent life in Tokyo when it was rare for Japanese women to remain single, or to own cars.

While not “out” in our sense of the word, Yoshiya openly lived and was in a committed relationship with her partner, Chiyo Monma, for over fifty years. Notably, Yoshiya had to formally adopt Monma as her “daughter” in order for the two to be legally bound and able to make medical decisions for one another. Even today, without legalized same-sex marriage, queer partners “adopting” one another continues to be one of the few legal loopholes for same-sex relationships in Japan. Yoshiya’s family denies her LGBTQ identity to this day.

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nanshoku, which translates to “male colors” or “male sexual pleasure.” This was a system of age-structured pederasty not unlike that of ancient Greece, involving older men with younger male companions or apprentices in their early teens. Their relationships most likely varied greatly by situation and across time periods, but a typical nanshoku pairing incorporated many dimensions: mentorship and stewardship, platonic friendship, as well as physical acts of homosexual sex.

Nanshoku dates back to the Japanese Sengoku Period (The Warring States) and earlier, and could be widely seen among samurai, monastic orders, and kabuki actors engaged in male prostitution. The practice only began to fade with the Meiji Restoration in the late 1800s, when scrutiny from the West led to a redefining of homosexuality and heterosexuality in Japanese society. Famous historical figures known to have practiced nanshoku include Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) and his vassal Mori Ranmaru (1565-1582), who perished with him in battle.

During the Tokugawa period, some of the Shinto gods, especially Hachiman, Myoshin, Shinmei and Tenjin, "came to be seen as guardian deities of nanshoku" (male–male love).

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Images of two spirit individuals who paved the way for native LGBTQ2 rights

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3rd Annual Native American Gay and Lesbian Gathering 

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3rd Annual Native American Gay and Lesbian Gathering 

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Term Two-spirit was established to encompass various gender identities and sexualities from different native nations into one umbrella term.

Different Indigenous cultures have their own variations of the term two-spirit, but all of these terms have historically been used to describe similar traits embodied by two-spirit people including gender variance, specialized work roles, same-sex attraction and spiritual identity.

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Mount Hiei, Ichijoji Idegadanichosenguchi, Sakyō-ku, Kioto, Prefectura de Kioto, Japón

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Although Japan was small in comparison to its Buddhist neighbors, it had a lot of monasteries. Leupp says there may have been upward of 90,000 Buddhist establishments during the medieval period of 1185-1572. Most of these were small, but a handful contained a thousand or more monks and monks-in-training, all of them male. Mt. Hiei alone had a population of 3,000, and all of them were expected to stay on the mountain, isolated, for 12 years. That's a long time to be surrounded exclusively by men. This isolation likely encouraged the openness and growth of homosexual culture amongst Buddhist monks and priests.

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Machi are Mapuche healers and shamans.   As part of their rituals, they asume diferent gender identities.
The three gendered binaries that shape the way machi see themselves
and the way others view them are structured by different principles. First
is the male-female binary of the majority discourse, defined by biological
sex and associated with men and women; second is the binary defined by
the sexual-penetration paradigm, in which penetrating men are opposed
to receptive nonmen and women; and third is the binary defined by ma-
chi’s ritual performances of the feminine and the masculine. These polarized gender referents are not antagonistic to gender fluidity. Indeed, the
polarization of the masculine and the feminine is precisely what allows
machi to move between the two or to collapse them. Machi’s juggling
of different genders adds an important dimension to the ways in which
national and Mapuche discourses conflict, overlap, are transformed, and
are appropriated.

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The place where Queer Easter takes place