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The process by which a beam of light or other system of waves is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture or across an edge, typically accompanied by interference between the wave forms produced.

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IPS monitors or “In-Plane Switching” monitors, leverage liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colors. IPS panels are defined by the shifting patterns of their liquid crystals. These monitors were designed to overcome the limitations of TN panels.

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Anamorphic lenses are specialty tools which affect how images get projected onto the camera sensor. They were primarily created so that a wider range of aspect ratios could fit within a standard film frame, but since then, cinematographers have become accustomed to their unique look.

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All the Gear, No Idea

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A scale or a series of successive changes, stages, or degrees.

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This is a process where the photographer captures a sequence of images at slightly different focal positions. The photographer then merges the areas in focus into a single image.

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A method of estimating correct daylight exposures without a light meter. ... The basic rule is, "On a sunny day set aperture to f/16 and shutter speed to the [reciprocal of the] ISO film speed [or ISO setting] for a subject in direct sunlight."

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The term alternative process refers to any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process.

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The concept of the “decisive moment” implies that the photographer must be able to anticipate an important moment within the constant flow of life, and capture it in a fraction of a second.

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It means to set your camera in a fast burst mode, shooting several photos per second, and then to simply hold down the shutter button while hoping to capture the perfect image.

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Within the field of photography, a toy camera is a simple, inexpensive film camera. Despite the name, they are in fact always fully functional and capable of taking photographs, though with optical aberrations due to the limitations of the simple lenses.

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The term snapshot aesthetic refers to a trend within fine art photography originated in the USA from around 1963. The style typically features apparently banal everyday subject matter and off-centered framing.

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The Sabattier effect, also known as pseudo-solarization, is a phenomenon in photography in which the image recorded on a negative or on a photographic print is wholly or partially reversed in tone.

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Trying to manipulate a scene to make it look as beautiful as possible.

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Femto-photography is a technique for recording the propagation of ultrashort pulses of light through a scene at a very high speed. A femto-photograph is equivalent to an optical impulse response of a scene and has also been denoted by terms such as a light-in-flight recording or transient image

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Lomography is an experimental form of photography using film and old-fashioned, analogue cameras. ... Devotees of the practice, known as lomographers, often experiment with techniques such as distortion, blurring, and multiple-exposures, all things which are deemed to be 'bad' in conventional photography.

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The meter measures the amount of light that falls on the lumisphere, and is not influenced in any way by a subject's reflectance. The measurement is taken where the subject is and measures the intensity of light falling on the subject.

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A reflective light meter, such as the one in your camera, measures the intensity of light reflecting off of a subject. The light hits your subject, bounces off of, and then is measured as it hits the reflective light meter. The measurement is taken from the position of your camera.

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Push processing in photography, sometimes called uprating, refers to a film developing technique that increases the effective sensitivity of the film being processed. ... This technique results in effective overdevelopment of the film, compensating for underexposure in the camera.

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An Overview. The pushing or pulling process involves shooting and developing film at a different ISO than what the film is rated for. Let's say you want to push your 400 ISO film 1 stop (+1), set your camera to 800 ISO, and shoot/meter the whole roll as 800 ISO.

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A circular polarizer is made up of two components: a linear polarized filter and a quarter-wave plate. ... The light exiting the linear polarizer filter is now considered linearly polarized light because the plane of polarization of the output light is in one direction instead of being random (or unpolarized)

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Combination printing is the photographic technique of using the negatives of two or more images in conjunction with one another to create a single image. Similar to dual-negative landscape photography, combination printing was technically much more complex.

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Contre-jour is a photographic technique in which the camera is pointing directly toward a source of light and an equivalent technique of painting

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Duotone design refers to creations that are made up of two contrasting colors. ... In photography, toning is the process of recoloring grayscale images, and duo-toning describes doing so with two colors—replacing the darks with one and the lights with another.

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The biggest difference between a standard inkjet print and a giclee print is that giclees are printed using pigment-based inks rather than dye-based inks that are found in lower-cost inkjets. Pigment-based inks have a longer lifespan: they can last anywhere from 100 - 200 years without significant fading.

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Barn doors are light modifiers that shape and direct light. They are flexible to use and can create focused light. ... Barn doors are fixed onto the front of studio or theatre lights. They have four hinged doors around the light source. That set up, seen right, can be changed so you can control the light shape.

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“Stopping down a lens” refers to increasing the numerical f-stop value. This decreases the size or diameter of the aperture of a lens, which usually has the effect of sharpening detail resolution and increasing depth of field

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When taking photographs to 'open up' or 'opening up' refers to the practice of allowing more light to be recorded by a photographic medium for example a camera film or sensor. Opening up can be done in one of two ways; By selecting a larger aperture setting on a lens, or setting a longer exposure time on a camera.

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Social documentary photography or concerned photography is the recording of what the world looks like, with a social and/or environmental focus. ... It may also refer to a socially critical genre of photography dedicated to showing the life of underprivileged or disadvantaged people.

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The Scheimpflug principle is a description of the geometric relationship between the orientation of the plane of focus, the lens plane, and the image plane of an optical system (such as a camera) when the lens plane is not parallel to the image plane.

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Ansel Adams rose to prominence as a photographer of the American West, particularly Yosemite National Park, using his work to promote conservation of wilderness areas. His iconic black-and-white images helped to establish photography among the fine arts.

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One of the greatest photographers of the 20th century, Avedon expanded the genre of photography with his surreal and provocative fashion photography as well as portraits that bared the souls of some of the most important and opaque figures in the world.

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From 1914, Oskar Barnack (1879–1936), the inventor of the Leica, used the prototype camera he developed, today known as the Ur-Leica, for photography. He captured various events in entire series of photographs and became one of the earliest photographers to document the relationships between man and the environment.

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As new technology advanced photography from the daguerreotype to the glass plate negative process in the 1850s, Brady helped lead the way. The easily reproducible negatives brought mass marketing to photography in the form of card photographs known as cartes de visite (visit cards) and three-dimensional stereo views.

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Born in Germany, Brandt moved to England, where he became known for his images of British society for such magazine as Lilliput and Picture Post, later he made distorted nudes, portraits of famous artists and landscapes. He is widely considered to be one of the most important British photographers of the 20th century.

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Julia Margaret Cameron was a British photographer who is considered one of the most important portraitists of the 19th century. She is known for her soft-focus close-ups of famous Victorian men and for illustrative images depicting characters from mythology, Christianity, and literature.

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Henri Cartier-Bresson was a French humanist photographer considered a master of candid photography, and an early user of 35 mm film. He pioneered the genre of street photography, and viewed photography as capturing a decisive moment. Cartier-Bresson was one of the founding members of Magnum Photos in 1947

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Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, better known as Louis Daguerre, was a French artist and photographer, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography. He became known as one of the fathers of photography.

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George Eastman was an American entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and helped to bring the photographic use of roll film into the mainstream.

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Harold Eugene "Doc" Edgerton, also known as Papa Flash, was an American scientist and researcher, a professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is largely credited with transforming the stroboscope from an obscure laboratory instrument into a common device.

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On May 17, 1861, Scottish physicist Sir James Clerk Maxwell presented the very first colour photograph at the Royal Institution. The photograph showed a tartan ribbon and was made by Thomas Sutton according to the three-colour method proposed by Maxwell already in 1855.

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Sir Donald McCullin CBE is a British photojournalist, particularly recognised for his war photography and images of urban strife. His career, which began in 1959, has specialised in examining the underside of society, and his photographs have depicted the unemployed, downtrodden and impoverished.

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Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, commonly known or referred to simply as Nicéphore Niépce, was a French inventor, usually credited as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in that field.

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Guy Le Querrec is a French photographer and filmmaker, noted for his documentary images of jazz musicians. He is a member of Magnum Photos.

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Edward Jean Steichen was a Luxembourgish American photographer, painter, and curator, renowned as one of the most prolific and influential figures in the history of photography. Steichen was credited with transforming photography into an art form

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Though best known for his photographs of the Crimean War, Roger Fenton was one of the most accomplished landscape and architectural photographers of his time. Fenton was born into an affluent family near Manchester, England, in 1819 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from University College in London in 1840.

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Talbot was an accomplished mathematician involved in the research of light and optics; he invented the polarizing microscope. He was also politically active and a Member of Parliament. He lived his adult life at this family estate, Lacock Abby, originally built in 1232.

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Brassaï, original name Gyula Halász, French Jules Halasz, (born September 9, 1899, Brassó, Transylvania, Austria-Hungary [now Romania]—died July 8, 1984, Eze, near Nice, France), Hungarian-born French photographer, poet, draughtsman, and sculptor, known primarily for his dramatic photographs of Paris at night.

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Best known for her iconic photograph Migrant Mother, photographer Dorothea Lange (1895-1965) had a career that spanned more than four decades. In 1919 at the age of 23 she daringly opened a portrait studio in San Francisco.

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David LaChapelle is an American photographer, music video director and film director. He is best known for his photography, which often references art history and sometimes conveys social messages. His photographic style has been described as "hyper-real and slyly subversive" and as "kitsch pop surrealism".

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Robert Doisneau was a French photographer. From the 1930s, he photographed the streets of Paris. He was a champion of humanist photography and with Henri Cartier-Bresson a pioneer of photojournalism.

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Steve McCurry is an American photographer, freelancer, and photojournalist. His photo Afghan Girl, of a girl with piercing green eyes, has appeared on the cover of National Geographic several times. McCurry has photographed many assignments for National Geographic and has been a member of Magnum Photos since 1986.

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Andreas Gursky is a German photographer and professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Germany. He is known for his large format architecture and landscape colour photographs, often using a high point of view in most of his photos.

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Robert Michael Mapplethorpe was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs. His work featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male and female nudes, self-portraits, and still-life images.

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Alfred Stieglitz  was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form.

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Along with Ansel Adams, Weston pioneered a modernist style characterized by the use of a large-format camera to create sharply focused and richly detailed black-and-white photographs.

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Yevonde Philone Middleton was an English photographer, who pioneered the use of colour in portrait photography. She used the professional name Madame Yevonde.

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Mary Ellen Mark was an American photographer known for her photojournalism, documentary photography, portraiture, and advertising photography. She photographed people who were "away from mainstream society and toward its more interesting, often troubled fringes".

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Man Ray was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements, although his ties to each were informal. He produced major works in a variety of media but considered himself a painter above all.

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Margaret Bourke-White was a woman of firsts: the first photographer for Fortune, the first Western professional photographer permitted into the Soviet Union, Life magazine's first female photographer, and the first female war correspondent credentialed to work in combat zones during World War II.

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photographer whose images of war made him one of the greatest photojournalists of the 20th century.

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photographer and painter noted for the spontaneous, joyful photographs he took beginning in his boyhood and continuing throughout his life. Lartigue's boyhood photographs were almost always candid images taken of his family and friends..

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nown for his portraits of notable individuals. He has been described as one of the greatest portrait photographers of the 20th century. An Armenian genocide survivor,

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known primarily for her elaborately-staged photographs of infants.

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fashion, portrait and war photographer, diarist, painter, and interior designer, as well as an Oscar–winning stage and costume designer for films and the theatre.

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Willard Van Dyke was an American filmmaker, photographer, arts administrator, teacher, and former director of the film department at the Museum of Modern Art. Van Dyke went to the University of California, dropping out for a time to avoid taking an ROTC course

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Many abstract figures and forms

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John Paul Edwards (1884–1968) was an American photographer and a member of the Group f/64. ... He participated in the landmark Group f/64 exhibit at the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum, showing nine images of boats, anchor chains and farm wagons.

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He is known primarily for his bold compositions based on Western landscapes and natural forms, and for his extraordinary printing style.

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Consuelo Delesseps Kanaga was an American photographer and writer who became well known for her photographs of African-Americans

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Hugo Ball started this movement. Dada was an art movement formed during the First World War in Zurich in negative reaction to the horrors and folly of the war. The art, poetry and performance produced by dada artists is often satirical and nonsensical in nature.

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Started by Bernd and Hilla Becher, Known for their rigorous devotion to the 1920s German tradition of Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), the Bechers' photographs were clear, black and white pictures of industrial archetypes (pitheads, water towers, coal bunkers).

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Ansel Adams started Group f/64, it is a loose association of California photographers who promoted a style of sharply detailed, purist photography. The group, formed in 1932, constituted a revolt against Pictorialism, the soft-focused, academic photography that was then prevalent among West Coast artists.

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Douglas Crimp started this. "The Pictures Generation" is as elusive as any label attached to a group of contemporary artists. As it is often used, the phrase refers to a range of painters and photographers active during the 1970s and '80s whose work made use of images appropriated from mass culture.

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Henry Frederick Evans started this movement. The term generally refers to photographs that are not manipulated, either in the taking of the image or by darkroom or digital processes, but sharply depict the scene or subject as the camera sees it

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The aesthetic movement was a late nineteenth century movement that championed pure beauty and 'art for art's sake' emphasizing the visual and sensual qualities of art and design over practical, moral or narrative considerations.

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Impressionist photography is a style of photography that utilizes long exposures to add blur to a photo, creating a dreamy look to the image reminiscent of the impressionist art of the 19th century.

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Expressionism refers to art in which the image of reality is distorted in order to make it expressive of the artist's inner feelings or ideas.

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To approach and enter an Art Nouveau building is to be drawn into a new world, where light dances off the undulating, reflective surfaces, and both interior and exterior is adorned with depictions of flora and fauna in the form of murals, stained glass, ceramic tiles, sculpted detailing and more.

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Conceptual photography requires method, discipline and work routines such as continuous reflection, observation and exploration. When something pops into your mind, jot it down immediately in a notebook or in your mobile so that you don't forget it.

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Suprematism, the invention of Russian artist Kazimir Malevich, was one of the earliest and most radical developments in abstract art. Inspired by a desire to experiment with the language of abstract form, and to isolate art's barest essentials, its artists produced austere abstractions that seemed almost mystical.

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Photorealism is an extremely realistic style of painting and drawing, in which the artwork is based entirely on a photograph. Photorealist art is most appreciated for its huge WOW! factor. People often mistake photorealist paintings for actual photographs.

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The term Tonalism describes a style of American art focused primarily on depicting landscape, emphasizing tonal values to express mood or poetic feeling.

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Synchromism was an art movement founded in 1912 by American artists Stanton Macdonald-Wright (1890–1973) and Morgan Russell (1886–1953). Their abstract "synchromies," based on an approach to painting that analogized color to music, were among the first abstract paintings in American art.

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Defining characteristics of Symbolist art include the use of esoteric imagery, suggestion of the senses, religion, mysticism, sin, and love. Common themes include Biblical stories, mythology, and legend.