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Refers to the idea of understanding a culture's values, knowledge, and behaviour of people within the terms of their culture.

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The theory in which culture is seen as a whole and looks for the function/need of the aspect in social/cultural life.

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The theoretical concept where material conditions influence cultural ideas/ideology.

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A 4-field approach (archeological, biological, cultural, and linguistic) that studies gender inequality within cultures and the factors that cause it.

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Described as the idea to deconstruct and interpret cultures; impossible to have 'true' knowledge about the world.

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All cultures are unique and have their own rules, traditions, and history, and it makes it impossible to compare them. What is normal in one cultural may not be normal in another but that does not make it 'wrong'. When studying cultures, it is important for researchers to keep an open mind. Example: Dried seafood (fish, squid) are popular snacks in Asian countries, and though it may not be a 'normal' snack in other cultures, it does not make it wrong.

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Functionalism looks at the roles of things in society and how it meets the needs of individuals/groups of people and how it helps society evolve. Malinowski researched and studied the Trobriand Island during WWI; He was able to trace an exange of jewlery/trinkets and found that on the island, it had economic (money), social (societal relations), and political (authorities) functions.

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Cultural materialism studies how materials have a role in the development of cultures. Example: Marvin Harris and the Hindu sacred cow. In Hinduism, cows are seen as a sacred animal and people would rather starve to death than eat the cow or starve the cow. Marvin Harris argues that though Western cultures may see it as wasteful, cows are actually extremely useful and because it is a part of a religion, it is good for the soul.

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Feminist anthropology studies the treatment people experience due to their gender; the factors in the formation of this social hierarchy. In the past, careers and jobs were dominated by men except certain exceptions (like nurse), and feminist anthropologists' goal is to take away the bias that has been integrated in research studies from the past. Due to lack of gender equality in the past, femenist anthropologists believe that current data is inaccurate and has bias.

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Boas introduced the theory of cultural relativism. His theory was later popularized by his students. Boas is credited to be the father/founder of cultural relativism.

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Mead is the best known anthropologist of the 20th-century and is credited for her studies of the peoples of Oceania. Mead, along with others, studied under Franz Boas (above) and helped popularize cultural relativism.

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Postmodernism aims to deconstruct society's modern beliefs and things we believe to be true. There is the wide belief that it is impossible to look at issues and situations from an objective point of view. Due to one's social and personal views and experiences, it is impossible for anyone to look at cultures without bias. Postmodernism is an ongoing debate among social scientists.

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Radcliffe-Brown is most well known for his developement of his structural functionalism theory; unlike Malinowski, he is known as a "structural functionalist."

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Malinowski was one of the most important and influential anthropologists of the 20th-century. He was the founder of the school of functionalism.

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Harris was an American anthropologist who was highly influential in the development of cultural materialism. The idea of cultural materialism was from his 1968 book: The Rise of Anthropological Theory.

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Wolf was a famous American anthropologist and author whose book, Women and the Family in Rural Taiwan, but her in the frontline of feminist anthropology.

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Interdependence: When two or more people/things depend on each other for survival.
Structuralism: To study the mind in simplest terms and components to find how they work together.
Functionalism: Theory where all societal aspects have a role and are needed for society to function.

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1. Do we need culture?
2. How do different cultures benefit humanity as a whole?
3. How can cultures bring diversity in communities?
4. If one culture were to disappear, what would be the effects?

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Geertz is considered one of the founding members of postmdernism anthropology.

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Ethnocentric: A centralized belief that one's culture is the correct way of living.
Relativism: Theory that knowledge is relative to the limits and conditions of the mind and world.

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Materialism: A theory in which physical matter is the only definitive reality.
Infrastructure: Systems that allow materials knowledge, people, and power can move around.
Structure: Systems like political or social systems that help govern the world.
Superstructure: Symbols, beliefs, and ideologies of society.

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Feminism: The belief and advocacy of women's rights in order to gain equality between sexes.
Gender: Socilly constructed roles and behaviours assignmened to different identities.
Inequality: Unequal/unjust state or distribution.
Feminity: The discriptive qualities/characteristics of women (nature)

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Postmodernism: Late 20th-century movement described as skepticism on a general scale.
Modernism: An era distinguished by industrialization, social changes, and advances in science/knowledge.
Kitsch: Lack of aesthetic/attractive qualities in objects/ideas.

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1. Why are some cultures more accepting than others?
2. What cultural beliefs lead people to be close-minded?
3. How does an ethnocentric mindset affect society?
4. Could ethnocentric belief system cause cultures to disappear?

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1. What cultural beliefs/traditions play a factor in inequality?
2. What cultures have a focus in gender?
3. Has inequality towards women improved through the years?
4. Compared to past years, has treatment towards women changed?
5. How could a feminist perspective change the way the world in the future?

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1. What is more reliable: postmodernism or modernism?
2. How has postmodernism affected cultures?
3. In what ways does modernism affect cultures?

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1. What would happen if one of the structural levels (infrastracture, structure, or superstructure) where to fall apart?
2. What information will future researchers/scientists find from our current materials?
3. Can individuals/societies functin without materials?
4. What role do certain materials have in certain religious beliefs?