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Two Divisions of the ANS and Alternate Names

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Two Divisions of the ANS and Alternate Names

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Sympathethic- fight or flight

Parasympathetic- rest & digest

Source: Lecture Notes

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Sympathetic Nervous System Neurotransmitters & Release Locations

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Sympathetic Nervous System Neurotransmitters & Release Locations

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Acetylcholine (ACH)- cholinergic
Neurotransmitters released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings
Norepinephrine (NE)- adrenergic
Neurotransmitters, synthesized from Dopamine, are released by adrenal medulla and neurons at postganglionic nerve endings
Epinephrine (EPI)- adrenergic
Neurotransmitter is produced by adrenal medulla and acts on adrenergic receptors
Dopamine (DA)
Sympathetic and CNS neurotransmitter and precursor to Norepinephrine that stimulates many receptors (Alpha, Beta, Dopaminergic)

Source: Lecture Notes

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Parasympathetic Nervous System Neurotransmitters & Release Locations

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Parasympathetic Nervous System Neurotransmitters & Release Locations

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Acetylcholine (ACH)-  released at ganglia and postganglionic nerve endings

Source: Lecture Notes

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Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors & Locations

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Sympathetic Nervous System Receptors & Locations

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Alpha 1 located on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins
Alpha 2 located at adrenergic nerve ending
Beta 1  located on heart
Beta 2  l ocated on smooth muscle, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries and     coronary arteries

Source: Lecture Notes

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Parasympathetic Nervous System Receptors & Locations

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Parasympathetic Nervous System Receptors & Locations

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Muscarinic- located on cardiac, smooth muscle and glands
Nicotinic 1 (Nn)- located at synapse (ganglia of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves)
Nicotinic 2 (Nm)- located at neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles

Source: Lecture Notes

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End Organ Responses- Sympathetic Nervous System

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End Organ Responses- Sympathetic Nervous System

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Adrenal medulla- Release of epinephrine
Arteries- Vasoconstriction (in all except skeletal muscle and coronary)
Heart- Increased heart rate, conduction, and contractility
Intestines- GI motility and secretions are reduced
Postganglionic NT- Norepinephrine released
Pupil- Dilation (mydriasis)
Lower Respiratory- Bronchodilation
Urinary Bladder- Relaxation
Urinary Sphincter- Contraction

Source: Lecture Notes

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End Organ Responses- Parasympathetic Nervous System

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End Organ Responses- Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Arteries- Not supplied by PS nerves
Heart- Decreased heart rate, AV conduction, and contractility
Intestines- GI motility and secretions are increased
Postganglionic NT- Acetylcholine (ACH) released
Pupil- Constriction (miosis)
Lower Respiratory- Bronchoconstriction
Urinary Bladder- Contraction
Urinary Sphincter- Relaxation

Source: Lecture Notes

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Drug Classification- Sympathetic Nervous System

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Drug Classification- Sympathetic Nervous System

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Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonists- Alpha 1 receptor is stimulated causing contraction of smooth muscle, constriction of blood vessels, increased blood pressure, and vasoconstriction of nasal passages (which gives decongestant effect)

Adrenergic Agonists- Stimulates Alpha & Beta receptors to increase blood pressure and act as a cardiac stimulant or bronchodilator

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs- Binds to Alpha 1 receptors and blocks them resulting in relaxation of smooth muscle, decreased blood pressure, vasodilation of blood vessels, relaxation of smooth ureters and increased urine flow

Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists- Low dose stimulates dopaminergic receptors in kidneys and causes vasodilation/increased renal blood flow;
medium dose stimulates Beta 1 receptors in the heart, increasing cardiac output; high dose stimulates Alpha 1 receptors causing vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure

Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists- stimulate Beta 2 receptors, relaxing smooth muscle of the lungs (bronchodilation) & relaxation of uterine smooth muscle

Beta 1 Blockers- Beta 1 receptor is blocked, decreasing contraction, cardiac output, heart rate, conduction, and blood pressure

Non-selective Beta Blockers- Beta 1 and Beta 2 receptors are blocked, decreasing contraction, cardiac output, heart rate, conduction, and blood pressure

Source: Lecture Notes

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Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics (direct acting) - directly bind to muscarinic receptors and mimic ACH

Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics (indirect acting)- inhibit acetylcholinesterase (enzyme that destroys ACH) and increase ACH

Anticholinergics/Parasympatholics- bind to cholinergic receptor and act as blocking drug

Source: Lecture Notes

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Specific Drug Examples- Sympathetic Nervous System 

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Specific Drug Examples- Sympathetic Nervous System 

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Alpha 1 Adrenergic Agonists-
ephedrine- increases blood pressure
phenylephrine (Neo- Synephrine)- increases blood pressure, nasal decongestant

Adrenergic Agonists-
epinephrine (Andrenalin)- treat severe allergic reactions

Alpha 1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs-
prazosin (Minipress)- treats hypertension
terazosin (Hytrin)- treats hypertension & blood pressure
doxazosin (Cardura)- treats hypertension & blood pressure

Beta 1 Adrenergic Agonists-
dobutamine- treatment for shock

Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists-
albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)- bronchodilator
terbutaline (Brethine)- bronchodilator, uterine relaxant for preterm labor
formoterol (Foradil)- bronchodilator
salmeterol (Serevent)- bronchodilator

Beta 1 Blockers-
atenolol (Tenormin)
metoprolol (Lopressor)
*used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias,  tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma, and heart failure

Non-selective Beta Blockers-
nadolol (Corgard)
propanolol (Inderal)
timolol (Blocadren)
*used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmias,  tachycardia, migraines, glaucoma, and heart failure

Source: Lecture Notes

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Specific Drug Examples- Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Specific Drug Examples- Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics (direct acting)-
acetylcholine- pupil constriction, used for eye surgeries
pilocarpine (Pilocar)- pupil constriction, used for glaucoma
bethanechol (Urecholine)- urinary retention and intestinal stasis

Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics (indirect acting)-
neostigmine (Prostigmin)- treats Myasthenia Gravis
physostigmine (Eserin) - antidote to anticholinergics

Anticholinergics/Parasympatholics-
atropine- antidote for cholinergic poisoning
dicyclomine (Bentyl)- decreases GI secretions and motility to treat IBS, Ulcers, Colitis
ipratropium bromide (Atrovent)- bronchodilator

Source: Lecture Notes