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An urban heat island occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas.

Why does this happen?

An urban area is a city. A rural area is out in the country. The sun's heat and light reach the city and the country in the same way. The difference in temperature between urban and less-developed rural areas has to do with how well the surfaces in each environment absorb and hold heat.

If you travel to a rural area, you'll probably find that most of the region is covered with plants. Grass, trees and farmland covered with crops, as far as the eye can see.

Plants take up water from the ground through their roots. Then, they store the water in their stems and leaves. The water eventually travels to small holes on the underside of leaves. There, the liquid water turns into water vapor and is released into the air. This process is called transpiration. It acts as nature's air conditioner.

You can feel cooling transpiration at work on a hot summer day. On a sunny day, go outside and find a sidewalk that is right next to a patch of grass. Feel both surfaces. The grass should feel cooler on your skin than the pavement-and that's mostly due to transpiration!

When you visit a big city, you won't see many plants. Instead, you'll see sidewalks, streets, parking lots and tall buildings. These structures are usually made up of materials such as cement, asphalt, brick, glass, steel and dark roofs.

What do urban building materials have in common?

First of all, materials such as asphalt, steel, and brick are often very dark colors-like black, brown and grey. A dark object absorbs all wavelengths of light energy and converts them into heat, so the object gets warm. In contrast, a white object reflects all wavelengths of light. The light is not converted into heat and the temperature of the white object does not increase noticeably. Thus, dark objects-such as building materials-absorb heat from the sun.

To cool down urban heat islands, some cities are 'lightening' streets. This is done by covering black asphalt streets, parking lots, and dark roofs with a more reflective gray coating. These changes can drop urban air temperatures dramatically, especially during the heat of summer.

Planting gardens on urban rooftops can also help to cool down the city, too! In fact, a study in Los Angeles, California, calculated that changes like these would be enough to save close to $100 million per year in energy costs!

Urban building materials are another reason that urban areas trap heat. Many modern building materials are impervious surfaces. This means that water can't flow through surfaces like a brick or a patch of cement like it would through a plant. Without a cycle of flowing and evaporating water, these surfaces have nothing to cool them down.

To help cool the heat island, builders can use materials that will allow water to flow through. These building materials-called permeable materials-promote the capture and flow of water, which cools urban regions.

What does it mean?

Urban heat islands are one of the easiest ways to see how human impact can change our planet. After all, sidewalks, parking lots and skyscrapers wouldn't exist if humans weren't there to build them. And although these structures are essential to city living, the heat islands they create can be dangerous for humans.

In the summer, New York City is about 7°F (4°C) hotter than its surrounding areas. That doesn't seem like much, but these higher temperatures can cause people to become dehydrated or suffer from heat exhaustion. The hot temps also require more energy to operate fans and air conditioners. This can lead to power outages and a serious danger to public health.

But, there are things we can do to help cool the cities down. And NASA satellites can help to figure out where these cities are the hottest.

Earth-observing satellites, such as Landsat and Suomi-NPP, can keep a close eye on the Earth's vegetation and surface temperature. Scientists can use this information to track hotspots in cities across the planet. NASA scientists, with their global satellite views, are working to understand urban heat islands and help urban planners to build more energy efficient, cooler and safer cities.

Related NASA Missions

Related Resources for Educators

Story Map: Creation of Urban Heat Islands
Urban Heat Island Lessons and Activities

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An urban heat island occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas. An urban area is a city. A rural area is out in the country. The sun's heat and light reach the city and the country in the same way.

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National Geographic (3min 30 sec)

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How Did the 'Unsinkable' Titanic End Up at the Bottom of the Ocean? | National Geographic

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Mother polar bear and cubs emerging from den - Planet Earth - BBC

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Gabrielino-Tongva villages were located in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years. These villages were located near and around the ever changing Los Angeles River, San Gabriel River, Santa Ana River and the coastal areas.

It was a time when there was a perfect balance of the ecosystem where fish and game were plentiful and the river ran free with fresh water from the mountains.

Gabrielino-Tongva villages/locations/rancherias/lodges sometimes overlapped at the boundaries with the Chumash, Tataviam, Serrano, Cahuilla, Juaneno and Luiseno Indians. During the relocation and assimilation years, many found refuge with other tribes.

This map shows the Old Spanish and Mexican Ranchos (1800's).

Eras:

Spanish Era 1769-1821

--(Mission Era 1769-1833)

Mexican Era 1821-1848

American Era 1848-1880+

The locative suffix -nga, -ngna , is Gabrielino and is affixed to the village name. The suffix -bit, -vit, -pet, -bet , etc., is the Serrano Locative. Where both groups came together each applied its locative suffix to the village name. Johnston (1962: 10), however, quotes information from J. P. Harrington that the ending -vit, -bit or -pet "indicated the habitat of an individual, much as a New Yorker adds the 'er' to his city's name."

There are over 3,000 Gabrielino-Tongva archaeological sites in Los Angeles County, Orange County, and the Channel Islands.

This website is dedicated to finding and preserving the history of the Gabrielino-Tongva Native Americans of California. This site is an ongoing work in progress. Be sure and check back often for latest updates.
Sam Villa

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Gabrielino-Tongva villages were located in the Los Angeles Basin for thousands of years. These villages were located near and around the ever changing Los Angeles River, San Gabriel River, Santa Ana River and the coastal areas.

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An urban heat island occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas.

Why does this happen?

An urban area is a city. A rural area is out in the country. The sun's heat and light reach the city and the country in the same way. The difference in temperature between urban and less-developed rural areas has to do with how well the surfaces in each environment absorb and hold heat.

If you travel to a rural area, you'll probably find that most of the region is covered with plants. Grass, trees and farmland covered with crops, as far as the eye can see.

Plants take up water from the ground through their roots. Then, they store the water in their stems and leaves. The water eventually travels to small holes on the underside of leaves. There, the liquid water turns into water vapor and is released into the air. This process is called transpiration. It acts as nature's air conditioner.

You can feel cooling transpiration at work on a hot summer day. On a sunny day, go outside and find a sidewalk that is right next to a patch of grass. Feel both surfaces. The grass should feel cooler on your skin than the pavement-and that's mostly due to transpiration!

When you visit a big city, you won't see many plants. Instead, you'll see sidewalks, streets, parking lots and tall buildings. These structures are usually made up of materials such as cement, asphalt, brick, glass, steel and dark roofs.

What do urban building materials have in common?

First of all, materials such as asphalt, steel, and brick are often very dark colors-like black, brown and grey. A dark object absorbs all wavelengths of light energy and converts them into heat, so the object gets warm. In contrast, a white object reflects all wavelengths of light. The light is not converted into heat and the temperature of the white object does not increase noticeably. Thus, dark objects-such as building materials-absorb heat from the sun.

To cool down urban heat islands, some cities are 'lightening' streets. This is done by covering black asphalt streets, parking lots, and dark roofs with a more reflective gray coating. These changes can drop urban air temperatures dramatically, especially during the heat of summer.

Planting gardens on urban rooftops can also help to cool down the city, too! In fact, a study in Los Angeles, California, calculated that changes like these would be enough to save close to $100 million per year in energy costs!

Urban building materials are another reason that urban areas trap heat. Many modern building materials are impervious surfaces. This means that water can't flow through surfaces like a brick or a patch of cement like it would through a plant. Without a cycle of flowing and evaporating water, these surfaces have nothing to cool them down.

To help cool the heat island, builders can use materials that will allow water to flow through. These building materials-called permeable materials-promote the capture and flow of water, which cools urban regions.

What does it mean?

Urban heat islands are one of the easiest ways to see how human impact can change our planet. After all, sidewalks, parking lots and skyscrapers wouldn't exist if humans weren't there to build them. And although these structures are essential to city living, the heat islands they create can be dangerous for humans.

In the summer, New York City is about 7°F (4°C) hotter than its surrounding areas. That doesn't seem like much, but these higher temperatures can cause people to become dehydrated or suffer from heat exhaustion. The hot temps also require more energy to operate fans and air conditioners. This can lead to power outages and a serious danger to public health.

But, there are things we can do to help cool the cities down. And NASA satellites can help to figure out where these cities are the hottest.

Earth-observing satellites, such as Landsat and Suomi-NPP, can keep a close eye on the Earth's vegetation and surface temperature. Scientists can use this information to track hotspots in cities across the planet. NASA scientists, with their global satellite views, are working to understand urban heat islands and help urban planners to build more energy efficient, cooler and safer cities.

Related NASA Missions

Related Resources for Educators

Story Map: Creation of Urban Heat Islands
Urban Heat Island Lessons and Activities

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An urban heat island occurs when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas. An urban area is a city. A rural area is out in the country. The sun's heat and light reach the city and the country in the same way.

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NY Botanical Garden Article

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Plants Behaving Badly
Carnivorous plants have evolved ways of trapping insects. Snap traps work along the lines of an old-fashioned mousetrap. Scientists have finally worked out how the Venus flytrap can close its trap so quickly.

Aired: 05/02/17

Rating: TV-PG

Problems Playing Video? Report a Problem |

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Plants Behaving Badly | The Venus Flytrap | Episode 1 | PBS

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Plants Behaving Badly Carnivorous plants have evolved ways of trapping insects. Snap traps work along the lines of an old-fashioned mousetrap. Scientists have finally worked out how the Venus flytrap can close its trap so quickly. Aired: 05/02/17 Rating: TV-PG Problems Playing Video? Report a Problem |

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dp.la

Youtubekids

Thekidsshouldseethis.com

Kids.nationalgeographic.com

Sikids.com

tweentribune.com

Brainpop

animal planet

Epic (digital books)

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Hungry Venus flytraps snap shut on a host of unfortunate flies | Life - BBC

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Playgrounds/Force and Motion Text Set Padlet

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Playgrounds/Force and Motion Text Set Padlet

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What's the Matter? | Everyday Learning

Everything we see is made up of matter; it's what gives things volume. Matter is comprised of three states: solids, liquids, and gases. Look at your desk at school. That's a solid. The milk you drink for lunch? That's a liquid. And helium-that invisible substance that fills birthday balloons-is a gas. This video helps young children begin to understand the three states of matter and their properties. This video is available in both English and Spanish audio, along with corresponding closed captions.

This resource is part of the KET Everyday Science for Preschoolers collection.

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Everything we see is made up of matter; it's what gives things volume. Matter is comprised of three states: solids, liquids, and gases. Look at your desk at school. That's a solid. The milk you drink for lunch? That's a liquid. And helium-that invisible substance that fills birthday balloons-is a gas.

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Nesting

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0u67Wk_hJ0

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Baby Emperor Penguins Emerge from Their Shells | Nature on PBS

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close
Click on the animal habitat images below to see a list of animals by habitat and to learn more about the habitat.

Grassland

© umabatata - Fotolia.com

Desert

© svedoliver - Fotolia.com

Tropical Forest

© Les Cunliffe - Fotolia.com

Temperate Forest

© Jakob Radlgruber - Fotolia.com

Coniferous Forest

© Nobilior - Fotolia.com

Mountains

© Timothy Stirling - Fotolia.com

Polar Regions

© cec72 - Fotolia.com

Freshwater

© dan talson - Fotolia.com

Oceans

© Dmytro Tolokonov - Fotolia.com

Coral Reefs

© vilainecrevette - Fotolia.com

Coasts

© Swollib - en.wikipedia

Urban Areas and Farms

Public Domain photo

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Hear About the Speed of Sound! | Nat Geo Kids Sound Playlist

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Discover the very best videos about sound YouTube has to offer - brought to you by National Geographic Kids! ➡ Subscribe for more National Geographic Kids videos: http://bit.ly/SubscribeToNatGeoKids ➡ Watch more Sound videos: http://bit.ly/NGKSoundPlaylist More National Geographic Kids: Check out "Weird But True!" during Xploration Station on most FOX broadcast stations!

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Learn About Sound | Nat Geo Kids Sound Playlist

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Octopuses are sea animals famous for their rounded bodies, bulging eyes, and eight long arms. They live in all the world’s oceans but are especially abundant in warm, tropical waters. Octopuses, like their cousin, the squid, are often considered “monsters of the deep,” though some species, or types,…

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http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/animals/octopus/#octopus.jpg

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video, images, book

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video

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Soil Formation | #aumsum #kids #science #education #children

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Website

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(Book to get)

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Learn how nature has ensured the survival of the weird and fascinating jellyfish. Includes full-color photographs, glossary, index and websites.

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The Jellyfish (Weird Sea Creatures)
~ Miriam J. Gross (author) More about this product

Price: | $22.60

|

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The Difference Between a Frog and a Toad

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The Difference Between a Frog and a Toad

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These are the differences between frogs and toad hope u enjoy like, subscribe, and comment for more videos

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(Long Video: Safeshare)

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SafeShare.tv - How does a jellyfish sting? - Neosha S K...

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View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-a-jellyfish-sting-neosha-s-kashef You're swimming in the ocean when something brushes your leg. When the tingling sets in, you realize you've been stung by a jellyfish. How do these beautiful gelatinous creatures pack such a painful punch? Neosha S Kashef details the science behind the sting.

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You Tube Video

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What is Sound? | Physics for Kids | SciShow Kids

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(Short Video: Safeshare)

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Tiny Jellyfish Become Giants | FREAKY CREATURES - Safeshare.TV

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YouTube for Kids. SafeShare is the perfect tool for sharing YouTube videos with kids in a safe environment.

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Match the Habitat Game Goal: Match the correct animal to the habitat

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CgTYGI2mi8

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Blossoms Photo - National Geographic Kids My Shot

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Share, view, and rate photos in the National Geographic Kids My Shot community.

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Brazilian Wandering Spider vs  Hooded Mantis | MONSTER BUG WARS

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Uploaded by Monster Bug Wars - Official Channel on 2015-10-12.

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(Website)

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Jellyfish - National Wildlife Federation

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Jellyfish article from the June-July 2013 issue of Ranger Rick

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Game

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Do you know where the red-eyed tree frog calls home? Play this game based on animal habitats to learn! Explore the desert, coral reef, jungle, and marsh to discover where many animals live by matching each animal to their correct habitat!

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http://www.kids.esdb.bg/newenergy.html

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Extinction Risk

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Earlier this month four men were arrested for poaching on the Holly Shelter Game Land preserve in North Carolina. Their arrest made national headlines, and history, as they became the first people charged with a felony for stealing Venus flytrap plants ( Dionaea muscipula) from the wild.

Yes, Venus flytrap poaching is a thing. Not only that, it threatens the existence of this iconic but endangered carnivorous plant in the wild. The four men arrested this month had 970 Venus flytraps in their possession-almost 3 percent of the entire species's naturally growing population.

Although Venus flytraps appear for sale in greenhouses around the world, they actually have an extremely limited wild range: about 120 kilometers around Wilmington, N.C.-and, even there, they remain rare. The plants grow only in bogs and many of their habitats have been lost to development over the past century. Flytraps disappeared in other locations after fire-suppression techniques protected properties but allowed brush to thrive, starving the plants of the sunlight they needed to flourish. Today Venus flytraps only survive on a handful of sites, all of which are owned by The Nature Conservancy, the North Carolina government or the U.S. military.

Over the past decades The Nature Conservancy has managed to protect flytraps from development and fire-suppression schemes. Poaching, however, has remained a persistent problem. "We've had flytraps poached on our land," says Debbie Crane, director of communications for The Nature Conservancy's North Carolina chapter, who says thefts of a thousand plants at a time were all too common. The crime, until last December, was considered to be a mere misdemeanor with a maximum $50 fine. "People would get a slap on the hand in court, and they didn't care," Crane says. "They came out of court grinning."

A new law that went into effect on December 1 should help change that. Stealing Venus flytraps is now a felony, punishable by 25 to 39 months in jail-a penalty the four men arrested this month will face if convicted. "What makes poaching so sad and stupid is that the people who are doing it are local folks," Crane says. "They're not making much money off of it. They're selling the bulbs for maybe 25 cents. It's an incredibly stupid thing that they're going to wipe out this wonderful thing in nature."

What makes all of this worse is that flytraps, unlike most other carnivorous plants, grow extremely well in captivity, so wild plants aren't even necessary to feed the existing market. "Flytraps love cloning," Crane notes, who says she is kind of obsessed with the plants. "You can create them in a greenhouse very easily, and it's being done all over the world. They're being sold legally in a lot of places because they're cloned."

The plants are also, she argues, the most charismatic species in North Carolina. "This is our natural heritage," she says.

Venus flytraps obviously won't go extinct anytime soon-they're too popular and too easy to cultivate-but the wild plants can't survive many more big poaching events like this one. Their loss would not only eliminate one of the most beloved plant species on the planet, it would also be a blow to the North Carolina economy. "We've had people from all over the world come here to see flytraps," Crane says. "If the plants are gone, the tourists are not going to visit."

To help protect the plants even further, The Nature Conservancy is about to start a new public education campaign while looking for ways to create other economic opportunities for potential poachers. "A lot of people don't even realize they've got this incredibly special, cool thing sitting in their backyard," she says. "This is a plant that Darwin himself called one of the most amazing plants in the world. We think that we need to educate people about how special they are."
Photos by Dan Mele courtesy of The Nature Conservancy

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Venus Flytraps Risk Extinction in the Wild at the Hands of Poachers

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Earlier this month four men were arrested for poaching on the Holly Shelter Game Land preserve in North Carolina. Their arrest made national headlines, and history, as they became the first people charged with a felony for stealing Venus flytrap plants (Dionaea muscipula) from the wild.

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Why Sea Otters Hold Hands & Wrap Pups in Seaweed

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Have you ever WONDERed whether animals play like we humans do? If you have a dog or a cat at home, you've probably seen them playing with balls and toys or even chasing each other around the .

But what about wild animals? Nature experts will tell you that wild animals play, too. In fact, if you're ever near a or marshy area, you may see some -like animals running and sliding on their tummies into the water to create a big splash. What are we talking about? otters, of course!

The only that can be found north of Mexico, the North American thrives in rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands, and along the coasts of every state and territory of both the United States and Canada. The only places you won't find otters are the desert areas of the southwestern U.S.

Although they're difficult to track, otters have maintained sustaining populations despite numerous threats from predators and habitat . Experts believe there are over 100,000 otters the waters of North America today.

otters have a long history in North America. Their rich furs were favorites of French traders in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. In addition to keeping them warm, their thick gives them a waterproof coating that helps them survive and in their favorite environments.

otters like to live close to water, because their diet consists primarily of fish. However, they're actually semi- mammals, which means they can live on land, too. In fact, they usually live in burrows near the water and will snack on other types of food in the area, including insects, birds, shellfish, turtles, and frogs.

If asked to choose one word that describes the , most experts would choose "playful." Extremely social animals, otters can often be seen in groups playing games. They also love to run and slide on their stomachs. If you a in the wild, it's likely you'll catch a of it sliding on its tummy down a muddy and into the water.

Experts note that these playful activities also serve an important purpose: they teach survival skills. In addition to strengthening social bonds, their games help them practice hunting techniques and mark their territory with their scent.
Since they spend a lot of time in the water, otters are very good swimmers. Of course, it helps that they're able to close off their ears and noses to keep water out. When hunting for fish, otters can dive as deep as 60 feet. They're also capable of holding their breath for as long as eight minutes!

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Have you ever WONDERed whether animals play like we humans do? If you have a dog or a cat at home, you've probably seen them playing with balls and toys or even chasing each other around the . But what about wild animals? Nature experts will tell you that wild animals play, too.

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The Cookin' Kids Lily's Famous Chocolate Chip Cookies - YouTube

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Plants Bite Back (analog text)

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Venus Fly Trap and Pitcher Plant

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"I want people to get passionate about plants," says Lisa Van Cleef about a new exhibit at the San Francisco Conservatory of Flowers. "Everybody gets excited about the zoo and animals, but once you start looking at plants you find they have a lot going on, too!"

Especially the carnivores, or meat eaters, that use the sneakiest of tricks to trap their insect dinners. Take bladderworts, for example. They appear so small and delicate growing in a quiet pond. But these are the fastest-known killers of the plant kingdom, able to suck in unsuspecting mosquito larvae in 1/50 of a second using a trap door!

Once the trap door closes on the victim, digestive enzymes similar to those in the human stomach slowly consume the insect. When dinner is over, the plant ejects the remains and is ready to trap again.

Carnivorous plants grow in places with soil that doesn't offer much food value. "You and I could take a vitamin pill," says Van Cleef. "But these amazing plants have had to evolve over thousands of years, developing insect traps to get their nutritional needs met. Just look at all they've done in the fight to survive."

The traps can be well-disguised to fool the eye, like pitcher plants, which get their name because they look like beautiful pitchers full of nectar.

The Asian pitcher plant, for example, has a brightly colored rim and an enticing half-closed lid. Curious insects are tempted to come close and take a sip, then slide down the slippery slope to their deaths.

Hair-like growths along the pitcher walls ensure that nothing can scramble out, and the digestive enzymes can get to work. A tiny insect called a midge might be digested in a few hours, but a fly takes a couple of days.

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"I want people to get passionate about plants," says Lisa Van Cleef about a new exhibit at the San Francisco Conservatory of Flowers. "Everybody gets excited about the zoo and animals, but once you start looking at plants you find they have a lot going on, too!"

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melting ice

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Abby and Elmo learn about the word transform. Transform means to change something into something else. Investigate and see if the ice cube transforms into water. This resource teaches STEM skills.

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Pitcher Plant

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See an aphid juggling and many just relaxed even though there is a ladybug that is going to eat them in a few minutes. This is one single clip. In the previous video I only included a part of it.

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LadyBug Muncha Muncha Muncha on Aphids in HD (How to get rid of  Aphids)

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Is Flour a Solid or a Liquid?

Explore flour and compare its characteristics to common examples of solids and liquids, in this video produced by WGBH. Observe the properties of flour, a wooden spoon, nuts, water, and oil. Flour can be poured and take the shape of its container, like a liquid, but it also can be picked up and held, like a solid. Collections of pieces, such as the particles of a powder, may have properties that the individual pieces do not have.

Click on the links below to download a customizable activity and two student handouts for this resource.

Activity | Student Handout: Flour | Student Handout: Salt

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Explore flour and compare its characteristics to common examples of solids and liquids, in this video produced by WGBH. Observe the properties of flour, a wooden spoon, nuts, water, and oil. Flour can be poured and take the shape of its container, like a liquid, but it also can be picked up and held, like a solid.