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Fall of the Berlin Wall (November 9, 1989)

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Fall of the Berlin Wall (November 9, 1989)

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- In October of 1989, East Germans startled the world by repudiating their Communist government. In November, they opened the Berlin Wall, allowing free passage between the two parts of the city for the first time in 28 years.
- East German border guards watched as the people of Berlin pounded the wall. In early 1990, East Germany held its first free elections and on October 3 of that year, the two German nations were United.
- Other nations in Europe adopted the democratic reforms by following East Germany. The Baltic states of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania declared their independence from the Soviet Union. Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania also made successful transitions from Communism.
- I believe that the responsibility of the fall of the Berlin Wall is 70/30. The United States have 70 percent of the responsibility because they are the nation that was most influential in bringing the change from communism to democracy. The U.S. had sent troops into Berlin to defend the western side earlier in the war. However, the USSR also has 30 percent of the responsibility because the prime minister introduced democratic ideals that led to a dramatic decrease in support of communism. The actions of the USSr to give up East Germany also had an impact of the fall of the Wall because they didn't retaliate when the citizens destroyed it.

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- Castro in Cuba had a large ally in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms.
- During the summer of 1962, the flow to Cuba of Soviet weapons, including nuclear missiles, increased greatly.
- Kennedy responded with a warning that America would not tolerate offensive nuclear weapons in Cuba. On October 14, photographs taken by American planes showed that the Soviet bases contained missiles ready to launch.
- Kennedy delivered the news to the United States, saying that any missile attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out war on the Soviet Union.
-  The world now faced the possibility of nuclear war. 100,000 troops waited in Florida.
- The first break in the crisis occurred when the Soviet ships stopped suddenly to avoid a confrontation at sea. A few days later, the Soviet Union offered to remove the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba.
- The blame for the Cuban missile crisis is 40/60. The majority of the blame is put on the USSR because they made the advancements to bring weapons onto the island of Cuba. However, the blame is also partially on the United States as they instigated the event by trying to invade Cuba during the Bay of Pigs. If the U.S. hadn't tried to invade Cuba it is likely that the USSR wouldn't have felt the need to defend them and place missiles on Cuba.

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- War that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
- It was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist forces, whereas South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, and other anti-Communist allies. North Vietnam had a very strong military presence, but South Vietnam and the United States relied on air superiority. The U.S. saw their involvement in the war as a way to prevent Communist takeover off South Vietnam.
- The blame here is largely 50/50 because both the USSR and the United States instigated the war. No one would be willing to step down, but both of them were fighting for different causes. The U.S. to prevent Communist spread and the USSR to reunify Vietnam. Overall both of the nations brought heavy troops and artillery to support their respective sides. The blame is therefore 50/50.

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Creation of the Berlin Wall (August 13, 1961)

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Creation of the Berlin Wall (August 13, 1961)

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- In the 11 years since the Berlin Airlift, almost 3 million East Germans had fled into West Berlin because it was free from Communist rule. The refugees advertised the failure of East Germany's Communist government. The departure also dangerously weakened the country's government.
- Khrushchev declared that he would close all roads leading into Berlin, but the superior nuclear striking power prevented Khrushchev from closing the air and land routes between West Berlin and West Germany.
- Instead, East German troops unloaded concrete posts and rolls of barbed wire along the border. Within days, the Berlin Wall was built, separating East and West Germany.
- The blame for the creation of the Berlin Wall is 20/80. The blame is almost entirely on the USSR because it was they who built the wall and had the idea for the wall. They felt as if the refugees were weakening the government, and they therefore created the wall. The blame is consequently almost entirely on the USSR. However, the U.S. has part of the blame because the U.S. sent in forces to defend West Berlin. If they had not defended West Berlin, the USSR would not have been threatened and probably wouldn't have built the wall.

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- Japan had annexed Korea in 1910 and ruled it until the end of World War II. When the war ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel (38 degrees North latitude) surrendered to the Soviets.
- In 1948, South Korea was established in the zone that the United States had occupied. Likewise, the Communists formed the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north.
- After World War II, the U.S. had cut back its armed forces in South Korea. As a result, by 1949, there were only 500 American troops in South Korea. The Soviets believed that the United States would not be able to defend South Korea. They therefore began to back North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and money in an attempt to take over all of Korea.
- On June 25, 1950, North Korea launched a surprise attack on South Korea. The UN passed a vote to help South Korea. Truman consequently ordered troops stationed in Japan to support South Korea. Truman also sent the American fleet into the waters between Taiwan and China.
- 16 nations sent 520,000 troops to aid South Korea, and over 90 percent of the troops were American.
- After years of fighting, the two sides (Russia and the United States), signed an armistice ending the war. Korea, however, was still split into two nations.
- The blame for the Korean War is 30/70. The Soviet Union instigated the war because they thought that the United States would not be able to defend South Korea because they had taken out troops. Because they made the advancement to instigate the war, they deserve most of the blame. The U.S. only deserves 30 percent of the blame because they were only defending themselves when they fought back. They deserve partial blame because they did respond by putting in more troops.

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is established by 12 Western nations: the United States, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Iceland, Canada, and Portugal. The military alliance, which provided for a collective self-defense against Soviet aggression, greatly increased American influence in Europe.
Greece, Turkey, and West Germany later joined NATO, but in 1966 France withdrew, citing American violations of the 1949 treaty. Eventually the Warsaw pact was created. A few years after the end of the Cold War, NATO engaged in its first military action as part of an international effort to end two years of fighting in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, which all left the Warsaw Pact upon its dissolution in 1991, joined NATO in 1999. Today, there are twenty-six member states in total. The US pushed quite hard for NATO at the time, and for this reason it is only logical that they take the brunt of the responsibility.

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The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, gave over $13 billion to finance the economic recovery of Europe between 1948 and 1951. The Marshall Plan successfully sparked economic recovery, meeting its objective of ‘restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe. The plan is named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall, who announced it in a commencement speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947. At the time, Americans perceived the plan as a generous subvention to Europe. The Soviet Union, however, viewed the Marshall Plan as an attempt to interfere in the internal affairs of other states and refused to participate. Ultimately, the Soviets prevented Poland and Czechoslovakia from taking part, despite their eagerness to do so.
The nature of this plan was such that the US was only spending money on others to benefit themselves. While the USSR obviously caused the problems which the US was attempting to solve with this policy, this was once again the US's own decision and therefore they take the brunt of the responsibility.

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In a speech from Truman he asks the soviets to stop their conflicts with the US. People say this is the statement which ended the cold war.
In February the British informed the US that it could no longer give military assistance to Greece. The Truman administration believed that both nations were threatened by communism and it jumped at the chance to take a tough stance against the Soviet Union. In Turkey, the Soviets were demanding some manner of control over the territory  which Turkey would able to use to dominate the strategic waterway from Black to Mediterranean Sea's.

Later on, Truman appeared before Congress to state his case. Nations could adopt a way of life based on freedom and liberty, or oppression and minimalism. He stated that Greece was on the verge of communist control, and needed military aide to avoid it It was vital for the U.S. to ensure that no other countries fell victim to communism, a USSR agenda. However, it was solely up to the US regarding how the threat of communism was to be handled. It is for this reason that the US is mostly to blame.

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At the opening of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in Peking Mao announced that the new Chinese government will be under communist rule.
The September 1949 conference in Peking was the beginning of the rule of communism. Mao and his communist supporters had been fighting against what they saw was a corrupt and extravagant nationalist government in China since the 20s. Despite U.S. support for the Nationalist regime, Mao’s forces were victorious in 1949 and drove the Nationalist government onto the island of Taiwan. In September, the victory of the communist party was announced. China vowed to establish the necessary governmental policies to ensure that the countries needs were met.
This revolution cannot be blamed solely on the U.S. or USSR, and instead can be attributed to China's unusual political climate. Ultimately despite some outside influence the direct cause of the cultural revolution was china itself.

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By the time the United States did the first successful test of a nuclear bomb, Germany had already been defeated. However the war in Japan was raging. Truman was warned by some of his advisers that any attempt to invade Japan would result in an astounding number of American casualties, ordered that the new weapon be used to bring the war to a speedy end. On August 6, 1945, the American bomber Enola Gay dropped a nuclear bomb over Japanese city of Hiroshima.The blast reduced four square miles of the city to ruins and immediately killed 80,000 people. Tens of thousands more died in the weeks following from wounds and poisoning. Three days later, another bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki, killing nearly 40,000 more people. After that the Japanese finally surrendered.
In the years since the two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan, many historians have suggested that the weapons had a complex goal. First, was to bring the war with Japan to a speedy end and spare American lives. It has been suggested that the second objective was to demonstrate the new weapon of mass destruction.  By August 1945, relations between the Soviet Union and the United States had deteriorated badly. Nobody besides the U.S. can be directly blamed for this event, however part of their motivation was deterring the USSR from starting conflict with the US. We all know how that went.

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- In March of 1960, Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba. The CIA and the exiles hoped it would trigger a mass uprising that would overthrow Castro.
- Kennedy learned of this plan shortly after his election.
- Some 1300 to 1500 Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. military landed on Cuba's southern coast at the Bay of Pigs. The plan was a massive disappointment.
- An air strike failed to knock out the Cuban air force and a small advance group sent to distract Castro's forces had never reached shore. Furthermore, when the main commando unit landed, it faced 25,000 Cuban troops backed up by Soviet tanks and a jet aircraft.
- The fault was blamed on Kennedy, who later went on to pay a ransom of $53 million to release the prisoners.
- The blame of the Bay of Pigs is 80/20. The United States has most of the blame because they planned and followed through with the invasion. Even though it was unsuccessful, the event would not have happened if it was not for the United States. The blame is also slightly on the USSR because the U.S. felt as if the USSR had large control over Cuba and that it posed a threat for the United States.

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The February 1945 Yalta Conference was the second meeting between Churchill,  Stalin and  Roosevelt. During the conference, the three leaders agreed to demand Germany’s surrender and begin plans for a post-war world. Stalin also agreed to instate free elections in east Europe and to enter the Asian war against Japan so that the Japanese could get back lost lands. Although most of these agreements were initially kept secret, the decisions from the conference were eventually disclosed. Overall the Yalta Conference was due to the end of the Word War, which the U.S. had been more heavily involved in than the USSR. Additionally, the U.S. had been initiated communication with the USSR for the most part because of their fear that they would end up in conflict with Russia, which they eventually did.