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https://curve.carleton.ca/dc303d5d-aaae-4873-bd46-4d6f1aff24e6

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Time management is not the issue. We can schedule a task as I did with this blog writing, but then when we get to that time in our day we “don’t feel like it,” so we put it off. We needlessly delay the task despite expecting to be worse off for the delay

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This primacy of present self over future self, the tendency to “give in to feel good,”due to an inordinate focus on escaping negative moods (i.e., Baumeister and Heatherton, 1996).

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Procrastination research further suggests that individuals are more likely to postpone tasks that are unpleasant (Milgram et al., 1988; Blunt and Pychyl, 2000) or when task rewards are more distal (Steel, 2007).

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Procrastination is defined as voluntarily delaying an activity, despite the expectation of being worse off for that delay (Steel, 2007). or attending to one’s immediate needs despite possible negative consequences (Sirois and Pychyl, 2013), potentially for motivational or affective reasons (Baumeister and Heatherton, 1996; Tice and Bratslavsky, 2000).
shifting the behavioral and psychological burden to their future self (Tice and Bratslavsky, 2000; Sirois and Pychyl, 2013; Krause and Freund, 2014).
typically evaluated in relation to affect-related factors, with people being more likely to engage in avoidance behaviors as a deadline approaches (Wohl et al., 2010) to minimize negative emotions such as shame, guilt, and regret (Higgins et al., 1994; Fee and Tangney, 2000; Blunt and Pychyl, 2005).

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Procrastination refers to the voluntary, needless delay of an intended act despite expecting negative consequences for this delay, and has been found to be strongly associated with emotions, such as guilt

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80–95% of college students reporting that they engage in this self-defeating behavior

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Additionally, despite being labeled as a type of procrastination, active procrastination does not include any of the defining features of procrastination even though it has been noted as a form of procrastination. Klingsieck (2013) and Haghbin and Pychyl (2015) specified voluntary needless delay, irrational belief, an intention-action gap, delaying despite the probable negative consequences, and delay accompanied by subjective emotional discomfort and/or poor outcomes as the defining characteristics of procrastination.

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Pychyl's (2013)
“all procrastination is delay, but not all delay is procrastination

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https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c1b1/f754fd7b9e285529943d8657341413c1c7cf.pdf
Chu and Choi (2005) distinguished active, passive and non-procrastinators using a number of psychological characteristics and correlates. What they found was that active procrastination is not correlated with passive procrastination, and active procrastinators have stronger self-efficacy beliefs, can make purposive use of time, are driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and use proactive coping strategies to deal with stress much as non-procrastinators do and unlike traditional procrastinators.

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https://studiemetro.au.dk/fileadmin/www.studiemetro.au.dk/Procrastination_2.pdf

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Procrastination is a form of self-regulation failure

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A critique of the construct validity of active procrastination

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A critique of the construct validity of active procrastination

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886917305081

Highlights

Active procrastination is a heterogeneous construct.

Active procrastination consists of both purposeful and arousal delay.

Active procrastination does not include the defining features of procrastination.

Active procrastination is not a type of procrastination.

Nomological network of active procrastination does not hold true.

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Active/ productive procratsination is a myth

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Active/ productive procratsination is a myth

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Ttypes of delay:

Inevitable

arousla

hedonistic

due to psychologic la problems

pruposeful (CAN be productive for certain types of personalities)

irrational

https://work.qz.com/1131368/productive-procrastination-is-a-myth/

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Burka, Jane, B and Yuenen, Leonora M (1983) Procrastination: reading Addison-wesley
Ellis, Albert and Kanaus, Willima, J (1977) overcoming procrastination

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Brehm, J.W (1966) a theory of psychologic al reactance, (1972) RESPONSES TO THE LOST OF FREEDOM, (1981) a theory of freedom and control.
Buller, D.B, Borland, R and Burgoon, M (1988) Impact of behavioural intention on effectiveness of message features.
Levav, J and Zhu, R (2009) seeking freedom though variety (consequences of physical space on reactance)

Lui, J. Seemsters, D. and Vohs, K, D. (2012) Reminders of money elicit feelings of threat andreactance in response to social influence

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researchers define prewriting as the period of time between the moment the assignment is received and the time writing begins. Emig definesprewriting as "that part of the composing process that extends from the time a writer begins to perceive selectively certain features of his inner and/or outer environment with a viewto writing about them-usually at the instigation of a stimulus-to the time when he first puts words or phrases on paper elucidating that perception"
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.471.2831&rep=rep1&type=pdf

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Finding connections, etc. Review the literature 2

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Research Guides: Write a Literature Review: Your First Literature Review

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Research Guides: Write a Literature Review: Your First Literature Review

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The Nature of Psychological ReactanceRevisited: A Meta-Analytic ReviewStephen A. Rains

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The Nature of Psychological ReactanceRevisited: A Meta-Analytic ReviewStephen A. Rains

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http://srains.web.arizona.edu/sites/srains.web.arizona.edu/files/Rains2013HCR.pdf

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4957539/

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Psychological reactance and its relationship to normal personality variables

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Psychological reactance and its relationship to normal personality variables

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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02355671

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PRT and languageBrian L. Quick1 & Michael T. Stephenson2

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PRT and languageBrian L. Quick1 & Michael T. Stephenson2

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http://users.ugent.be/~wbeyers/scripties2011/artikels/QuickStephenson2008.pdf

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Psychological reactance theoryDr. Simon Moss

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Psychological reactance theoryDr. Simon Moss

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Main points:

how language helps avoid reactance

the licencing effect

consequences of reactance

http://www.sicotests.com/psyarticle.asp?id=65

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Main points:

characteristic of a precrastinator (optimistic, false sense of security, thinking they work well under pressure, low self confidecne, justyfying thei reasons, stubborness, feels like a victim, PERFECTIONISM, unrealistic expectations, high degree of dissatisfaction and frustration, overwhelmed, low frustration tolerance)

solutions (reasurance, prise, presentation of the acivity, staging the activity, advertising) REINFORCEMENT (strengthen of habits, practicing of avoidance is bad, self indocination of fear

reasons (positive reinforcement of a negative beahaviour, task can be presented as difficult, time consuming hard and failure is scary.

How procrastinaton works:

1. the activating event (the thing you are putting off)

2. the belief system (the hidden feelings towards the activating event

3. the consecuences (what we actually do , rational or irrational

http://sas.calpoly.edu/docs/asc/ssl/Procrastination.pdf

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https://www.thestar.com/life/2009/08/04/professor_links_putting_off_work_to_fear_of_failing.html

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Procrastination 101: is not about feeling like it

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Procrastination 101: is not about feeling like it

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dont-delay/201607/procrastination-101-its-not-about-feeling-it

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dont-delay/201701/procrastination-depression-and-creativity

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dont-delay

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Solving the Procrastination Puzzle: A Concise Guide to Strategies for Change (Paperback) BUY

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Solving the Procrastination Puzzle: A Concise Guide to Strategies for Change (Paperback) BUY

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https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0399168125/ref=tmm_pap_used_olp_0?ie=UTF8&condition=used&qid=&sr=

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BBC article about tips for procrastinator

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BBC article about tips for procrastinator

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http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38496775

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http://www.procrastination.ca/

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Now that Tim has retired from university life, procrastination.ca is transforming from being an academic research group to a website focused on helping users solve the procrastination puzzle. The guiding principle to this transformation is based on something that Tim's father used to say when Tim would tell his dad about what he was learning at school, "It's not just that you know something new son. What's more important is what you do with that knowledge."

What we want to do with this website is to move from knowing to doing.

Over the next year, we'll develop the new features of this more applied approach here on procrastination.ca. Our hope is that the resources we provide will make a difference in your life. For now, if you're trying to solve the procrastination puzzle in your own life, we invite you to check out Tim's recent series on the Waking Up app as well as the podcast interviews below.

Podcast Interviews

Deep Dive host, Ali Abdaal, interviews Dr. Pychyl about How to Solve Procrastination Note that this is a long interview on YouTube, but very comprehensive in terms of a variety of ideas related to procrastination.

Prof. Pychyl joined Dr. Michael Wahl (Memorial University) host of the Wellness and Healthy Lifestyle radio show to discuss the impact of procrastination on health and well-being.

The Rebound Talks - The Science Behind Why You Procrastinate. YouTube Video Interview

The One You Feed - Being a Procrastinator with Tim Pychyl. Host, Eric Zimmer interviewed Dr. Pychyl exploring key concepts presented in the book, Solving the Procrastination Puzzle.

SIMPLE FAMILIES - Procrastination. Host, Denaye Barahona Ph.D., writes, "Procrastination has been on my mind lately, so I invited an expert, Dr. Tim Pychyl, to dissect and explain the many examples I could list in my life where I find myself delaying tasks that feel important. I was fascinated to learn that not all my delays are considered procrastination, how mindfulness relates to procrastinating, and what my 6-year old daughter thinks about this topic. Listen to hear my interview with Tim (and my little girl!).

PRODUCTIVITYIST - The Procrastination Conversation Host, Mike Vardy, interviews Dr. Pychyl about his research on procrastination and its relation to productivity.

Flourish with Floriana - Procrastination, Health and Well-Being

ADHD reWired - The Procrastination Researcher Host, Eric Tivers, interviews Dr. Pychyl with a focus on the challenges of procrastination when you also experience ADHD.

Maryann Jacobson, MS, RD, interviewed Dr. Pychyl - Stop Procrastinating

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Timothy A. Pychyl, Ph.D. | Solving the Procrastination Puzzle

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Now that Tim has retired from university life, procrastination.ca is transforming from being an academic research group to a website focused on helping users solve the procrastination puzzle. The guiding principle to this transformation is based on something that Tim's father used to say when Tim would tell his dad about what he was learning at school, "It's not just that you know something new son.

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Procrastination as a Self-Handicap for Men and Women: A Task-Avoidance Strategy in a Laboratory Setting

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Procrastination as a Self-Handicap for Men and Women: A Task-Avoidance Strategy in a Laboratory Setting

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Main points:

task avoidance ( difference between labeling an activity as enjoyable or not)

self-defeating behaviour

(perfectionism, noncompetitiveness, self-deception)

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656699922614

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Analysis of procrastination among university students

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Analysis of procrastination among university students

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810017593

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https://sites.laverne.edu/psychology/faculty-and-staff/ngoc-bui/

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dont-delay/200805/evaluation-threat-and-procrastination

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Counseling the Procrastinator in Academic Settings (book)

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Counseling the Procrastinator in Academic Settings (book)

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http://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4318009.aspx

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https://www.theguardian.com/education/mortarboard/2012/may/09/students-procrastinating-exams

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Highly Restrictive Goals Promote Temptation Indulgence