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Diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

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Diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes

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Pharyngitis
Scarlet Fever
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
GAS Pyoderma
Erysipelas
Cellulitis
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Myositis
Lymphangitis
Septicemia

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1) Status of research and development of vaccines for Streptococcus pyogenes.

Streptococcus pyogenes is an important global pathogen, causing considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in low and middle income countries where rheumatic heart disease and invasive infections are common. There is a number of promising vaccine candidates, most notably those based on the M protein, the key virulence factor for the bacterium. Vaccines against Streptococcus pyogenes are considered as impeded vaccines because of a number of crucial barriers to development. Considerable effort is needed by key players to bring current vaccine candidates through phase III clinical trials and there is a clear need to develop a roadmap for future development of current and new candidates.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16300706

2) Streptococcus pyogenes causing toxic-shock-like syndrome and other invasive diseases: clonal diversity and pyrogenic exotoxin expression.
Genetic diversity and relationships among 108 isolates of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes recently recovered from patients in the United States with toxic-shock-like syndrome or other invasive diseases were estimated by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Thirty-three electrophoretic types (ETs), representing distinctive multilocus clonal genotypes, were identified, but nearly half the disease episodes, including more than two-thirds of the cases of toxic-shock-like syndrome, were caused by strains of two related clones (ET 1 and ET 2). These two clones were also represented by recent pathogenic European isolates. A previous report of a relatively high frequency of expression of exotoxin A among isolates recovered from toxic-shock-like syndrome patients in the United States was confirmed; and the demonstration of this association both within clones and among distantly related clones supports the hypothesis that exotoxin A is a causal factor in pathogenesis of this disease. Near identity of the nucleotide sequences of the exotoxin A structural gene of six isolates of five ETs in diverse phylogenetic lineages was interpreted as evidence that the gene has been horizontally distributed among clones, presumably by bacteriophage-mediated transfer.
http://www.pnas.org/content/88/7/2668.short

3) Molecular analysis of pyrogenic exotoxins from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates associated with toxic shock-like syndrome.

Toxic shock-like syndrome (TSLS) is characterized by hypotension or shock, fever, multiorgan system involvement, and a concurrent group A streptococcal infection. We analyzed 34 streptococcal strains isolated from patients with clinically well-documented TSLS for their pyrogenic toxin profiles and M-protein types. Although strains of nine different M types were represented in the sample, 74% of the isolates were of either M type 1 or 3. It was determined that 53% produced streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type A under in vitro growth conditions and that 85% contained the gene encoding this toxin. These values are in contrast to the published value of 15% for the incidence of this gene in a sample of general group A streptococcal isolates. As has been found with all group A streptococci examined to date, regardless of disease association, 100% of TSLS-associated isolates contained the gene encoding pyrogenic exotoxin type B. This toxin was detectably produced by 59% of isolates. The gene encoding pyrogenic toxin type C was found in only 21% of isolates. We conclude that the pyrogenic exotoxin type A gene is associated with group A streptococcal strains isolated from patients with TSLS and may play a causative role in this illness. However, other factors are also likely to be important, since not all strains from patients with TSLS contained the A toxin gene.
http://jcm.asm.org/content/29/8/1562.short

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1. Gram staining
- Gram positive

2. Cultural characteristics
- on nutrient agar
circular, convex, smooth, shiny, opaque
- on blood agar
beta hemolysis
-on MacConkey agar
pink colonies

3. Biochemical tests
3.1 Fermentation
-Glucose -positive
-Lactose -positive
-Sucrose -positive

3.2 IMViC Test
- Indole production -negative
-Voges-Proskauer test -positive
-Citrate reduction -negative

4. Hydrogen sulfide reduction and motility -negative

5. Catalase test -negative

6. Oxidase test -negative

7. Urease test -negative

8. Gelatin liquefaction -negative

9. Nitrate reduction -negative

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1. Domain - prokaryotes
2. Kingdom - bacteria
3. Phylum - firmicutes
4. Class - bacilli
5. Order - lactobacillales
6. Family - streptococcaciae
7. Genus - streptococcus
8. Species - Streptococcus pyogenes

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1. Binomial name
-Streptococcus pyogenes (Rossenbach 1884)

2. Synonym
-Group A (beta hemolytic) streptococcus (GABHS)

3. Synonym
-Group A streptococcus (GAS)

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i find that the Streptococcus pyogenes doesn't just cause the flesh eating disease, it also causes tonsilitis,cellulitis,lymphagitis and erysepilas

and basically, since it's an infection from a bacteria, usually patients are given antibiotics, either orally or through an iv depending on how bad the condition is. the antibiotics that are used to treat these diseases are penicilin and erythromycin for those who are allergic to penicilin. the antibiotic intake usually depends on the infection. some patients may have to take antibiotics for 7 days and some needs to take 10 days.

-to reduce the pain, patients are usually prescribed with some sort of painkillers, like advil,paracetamol and ibuprofens and even tylanols

-if conditions are bad
the patients might have to go to surgery, like the tonsilitis, if the condition of the tonsil is very bad minor surgery is needed, so the tonsils needs to be removed. but after tonsilitis surgery, the best way to recover is by eating lots and lots of ice cream! :)

like the flesh eating disease there is a possibility that the infected area may have to be removed to stop the infection or worst amputated.

patients with lymphagitis sometimes needs to go for surgery to remove either abseccess or the nodes itself.

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Microbe has a narrow ecological niche
-Human is the only known host
-Reside extracellularly in human respiratory tract and superficial layers oepidermis
-No known environmental reservoir
Incidents of infection determined by seasons and climates
-Pharyngitis outbreaks are more common in the winter season
-Impetigo outbreaks are more common in humid weather that is typical of tropical regions

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1.  Good wound care

- to avoid contamination from other types of bacteria
- hygiene influences basic wound healing
- flush the wound surface and interior with a mild solution

2.  Effective hand washing

-  help to reducing the risk of infection
- prevent people from getting sick with germs/bacteria that are already resistant to antibiotics
- soap and water are more effective than hand sanitizers

3.  Humidifier
-  boosting your indoor humidity level
- air moisture eases skin, breathing symptoms