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The development of agriculture was particularly evident on islands in Southeast Asia and in the Pacific. In New Guinea, swamp drainage advanced agricultureal cultivation.

Human Cultural Development:
People where becoming very tactic on how to use the land to their advantage. Cultivators where becoming independent domesticators of their plants. However, these where the earlier stages and animals weren't used, plus farmers where scattered.

Sources:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p. 278-77

Denham, Tim. "Early Agriculture and Plant Domestication." Current Anthropology. November 13, 2009. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/658682.
Picture:
http://geography.name/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/9909879.jpg

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Denham, Tim. "Early Agriculture and Plant Domestication." Current Anthropology. November 13, 2009. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/658682.

Kirch, Patrick Vinton, and Eric Conte. "Eastern Polynesia--Introduction." Asian Perspectives. February 14, 2003. Accessed May 18, 2017. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/38727.

Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.

Stevensona1, Christopher M., Cedric O. Pulestonb, Peter M. Vitousekc, Oliver A. Chadwickd, and And Sonia Haoae. "Variation in Rapa Nui (Easter Island) land use indicates production and population peaks prior to European contact." UW Libraries Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. October 29, 2014. http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1025.full.t/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/AD-Easter-Island-Statue-Bodies-3.jpg

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Long-Term Sedentism      8000 BC             

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Long-Term Sedentism      8000 BC             

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Repeated visitation in Austrasian houses is evidence of long-term sedentism. Other factors such as presence of stone walls and earth mounds found in McArther Creek and Allambie, Victoria help point toward early settlements.

Human Cultural Development:
Sedentism was thought to increase the spread of diseases such as small pox. Because people lived in these structures for months at a time, culturally, they were less transient.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.  274
Picture:
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/be/a2/bc/bea2bc59ce23a25738fa057a3663938c.jpg

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Tool advances                    4000 BC.     

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Tool advances                    4000 BC.     

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Pebble tools (Hoabinhian industries) were highly popular in Southeast Asia. Pebble and flake tools were also evident in any cave sites. In Toalian, Blade-like flakes where present in cutting tools. Also, trapazoildal miroliths appeared here and in other regions of Australasia.

Human Cultural Development:
Tool making is always useful in determining cultural development. For example, the increased technologies  in tools. stone implements also emulated.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p. 270-78
Picture:
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/94/0d/23/940d23221ae6fd60468bdd1fbb3de25a.jpg

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Austronesian Language Dispersal        4000 - 3000 BC.

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Austronesian Language Dispersal        4000 - 3000 BC.

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Early languages started spreading by early colonists and Taiwan. This domino effect continued  into the Philippians and eventually made its way into the Austrosian world. More specifically, from Madagascar to Easter Island. There are a few inferences about the linguistic modifications and dispersals. So, the break up began in Taiwan as early populations spread. Then a second version (Malayo) migrated to the Philippians and so on. These linguistic patters continued, making their way though New Guinea and Madagascar.

Human cultural Development:
Language dispersal helped form many different, and some more closely related cultures. Not only does the linguistic variations suggest contact between settlers on various islands, but also shows that they where around each other enough in order to branch or spread their languages.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.280
Picture:
https://readtiger.com/img/wkp/en/Migraciones_austronesias.png

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Cultural Unity: Dabenkeng         3000 - 2000 BC. 

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Cultural Unity: Dabenkeng         3000 - 2000 BC. 

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This would also further support the fact that the two cultures where heavily unified. The discovery of Nanguanli has allowed archeologists to link this early unified culture to Austronesians. Pottery and artifacts of both populations where found mixed together suggesting there was contact.

Human Cultural Development:
This is evidence that early cultures saw the opportunity to rely on eachother and unify. This would also transition into later colonies as well.  During this time, language and agriculatural advances where also taking place.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.283
Picture:
http://www.essential-humanities.net/img/history/artw203.png

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Rapa Nui: Easter Island        300 BC - AD 1250         

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Rapa Nui: Easter Island        300 BC - AD 1250         

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The Island was formed by convergent plate volcanoes which carved creator walls. There is evidence of raised stone platforms knows as Ahu. The built statues are thought to be representations of deceased chiefs and we still aren't sure exactly how the people moved the massive red volcanic stone.

Human Cultural development:
This was also a time of great symbolism as seen in the statues. Some theorize that they used up the environment by advancing their technology and expanding their use of their food sources. Others belive the collapse was caused by European arrival, which is the most common theory.

Sources:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.295
Stevensona1, Christopher M., Cedric O. Pulestonb, Peter M. Vitousekc, Oliver A. Chadwickd, and And Sonia Haoae. "Variation in Rapa Nui (Easter Island) land use indicates production and population peaks prior to European contact." UW Libraries Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. October 29, 2014. http://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1025.full.t/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/AD-Easter-Island-Statue-Bodies-3.jpg
Picture: http://cdn.architecturendesign.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/AD-Easter-Island-Statue-Bodies-3.jpg

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Chiefdoms of Polynesia           AD 1500

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Chiefdoms of Polynesia           AD 1500

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Western and Eastern Polynesia didn't experience settlement until about 500 BC- 500 AD. During this time their was a rise of northern chiefdoms. This lead to a competitive nature between Islands such as Easter Island and the Hawaiian Islands. According to the article, there indigenous agriculture was popular.
299-301
Human Cultural Development:
Competitive nature was thought to be related to the increaseing desire to cultivate new land. From a socio-political perspective, chiefdoms where becoming increasingly popular, and cultural evolution and ecological adaptations were also taking place.

Sources:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.299-301
Kirch, Patrick Vinton, and Eric Conte. "Eastern Polynesia--Introduction." Asian Perspectives. February 14, 2003. Accessed May 18, 2017. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/38727.
Picture:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/political/images/pyramid.gif

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Trading Networks: ex. Beinan and the Jade trade        800 BC - AD 1

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Trading Networks: ex. Beinan and the Jade trade        800 BC - AD 1

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On specific trade was The Deinan and Jade trade. jade from Fengtian traveled 3000 Km. research suggests that these artifacts where distributed throughout a large area. This is a great example of how trade networks were expanding and how this may have further influenced unity or cultural expansion and migration.

Human Cultural Development:
As demographic and economic change was occurring , we can see how trade played a major role in fueling this. Not only is this evidence of a more developed social complexity, but it further supports the expanded colonial support in cultural and artifactual trade.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.286-87
Picture: https://urbantips.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/barter.jpg

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Lapita Cultural Complex            1350 BC - 900 BC

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Lapita Cultural Complex            1350 BC - 900 BC

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There is evidence of the pioneer mentality in the sites of the Lapita Cultural Complex. This also enabled the spread of Proto-Oceanic languages spoken in pacific Islands. During this time, sand or shell pottery, cooking pots, and open bowls were commonly used. Economically, they were self  sufficient.

Human Cultural Development:
During occupations and settlement there was still advantageous item exchange between islands. This part in the timeline is huge for cultural develpoment becuase of the Oceania colonization and the growth of a stronger economy.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.287
Picture:
http://www.archaeoillustration.com/data5/images/lapita_map.jpg

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Pottery and Stone Dispersals    2500 - 1500 BC.

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Pottery and Stone Dispersals    2500 - 1500 BC.

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Many variations of diverse pottery techniques where being disperesed amoung islands. These dispersals made their way into Southeast asia And Madagascar. Some  used red-slipped pottery while others used shell artifacts.

Human Cultural Development:
The specific area or land they where colonizing helped determined what type of stone was being used.

Source:
Scarre, Christopher. "Chapter 8: Australia and the Pacific Basin during the Holocene," The human past: world prehistory & the development of human societies. 3rd ed. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2013.
p.285
Picture:
http://cook-szigetek.com/assets/images/oceania/lapita-mi.jpg