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JP Morgan was born, he contributed to the Gilded Age's industrialization by skillfully financing his money; $12 million. In result, unlike other wealthy corporate investors, he donated his money towards paintings to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and other galleries

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Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, and many other useful household electric items, was born. With industrializing in light and electricity , he contributed to Gilded age

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Carnegie immigrated from Scotland to America and started work on a railroad company

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Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species which developed the term, Social Darwinism. As a result, it evolved to the main idea:  "uplift those at the bottom of the social order" which is not laissez-faire.  laissez-faire meant that the  government could not interfere in the workings of the free market.

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Old Immigration- most immigrants came from Western Europe (primary Ireland and Germany) to the U.S (New York City) offering new opportunities and created urbanization in the Gilded Age

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Rockefeller bought his first oil refinery and practiced marketing strategies; led him to being one of the wealthiest men in the Gilded age

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End of Civil War/ Start of Guided Age; industrialization, Urbanization and Immigration

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Income tax produced 20% of federal receipts but currency was sill scarce--
demonstrated change with taxing the employed for money to go towards the government. The gov will use this money to fund projects ad make America better for them.

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Laurence Gronlund immigrated to the U.S from Denmark. He developed Socialism: "the belief that private control of economic enterprises should be replaced by public ownership in order to ensure a fairer distribution of the benefit of the wealth produced"

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New Immigration- most immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe to the U.S (New York City) offering new opportunities and created urbanization in the Gilded Age.

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The National Labor Union was formed and banned membership to those who made more money than the labor workers. The labor unions organized workers and helped them advocate for a better work environment and wages

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Rockefeller controlled 85% of all production of American oil. By the end of 1880s decade, he was worth $200 million.

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President Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act which had citizens be hired based on money not political standings

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The New York Court of Appeals invalidated a state law that prohibited the manufacture of cigars in tenement housing on the grounds that workers said that they had "liberty" to work "where he will"

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"A large and vibrant labor movement" occurred in Chicago which immigrants and native born labor workers took part in. The topics include reforming immigrant socialism and anarchism-The Haymarket affair

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The Federated Trades of the Pacific Coast rephrased the Declaration of Independence. Which raised awareness to if freedom could endure in a circumstance of excessive economic inequality

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Farmers contributed to the urbanization of the Gilded Age by moving to cities for new oppurtunities.

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Carnegie published his writing collection, The Gospel of Wealth, which he outlined his philanthropic philosophy. He was viewed socialist for helping charities but payed low wages and expected long hours from his workers

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In 1890, the Sherman Anti-Trust was created to prevent any organization that "could not trade" which resulted in a union controlled event.

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Historian Fredrick Jackson Turner discussed "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" The main points were: "individual freedom, political democracy and economic mobility "

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The Illinois Supreme Court declared that a state law was unconstitutional; making woman and children work long hours. As a result, they prohibited the production of garments in sweatshops and "established" a maximum forty eight hour workweek for both woman and children.

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Carnegie sold his empire of steel to the banker J. P. Morgan for $480 million.

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End of World War I

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The New York Supreme Court voided a state law constituting ten hours per day or sixty per week as a max. hrs of work for bakers

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Rockefeller became the worlds first billionaire. Similarly to Carnegie, he became a philanthropist; an estimated $530 million went towards medicine and black educational institutions

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Explosion of the Ford Model T - America is now a ‘nation of car owners’; one car rolls off the line every two hours (5 day work week!); Ford believed that leisure was good for workers

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Release of ‘The Flapper’; cosmetics and cigarettes boom

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18th Amendment passed=prohibition

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Explosion in front of the JP Morgan building

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Warren G. Harding’s ‘Return to Normalcy’

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Economy rebounds

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Klan March in Tulsa/Second Wave of the KKK/Promotion of 100% Americanism

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California destruction of liquor (a ‘sober’ nation?)
Al Capone’s bootlegging enterprise (earning millions by end of the decade)

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unregulated stock market booms; lots of jobs

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Harding dies; Coolidge becomes president - big business reigns

Segregation and poverty afflicts the Jim Crow south

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Henry Ford invented the assembly and the conveyor belt which were used to manufacture cars more efficiently. Before the 1924, a car was produced every 12 hours. With the new invention, cars were created every 24 seconds!

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Great Migration; Harlem Renaissance

consumer boom! (vacuums, washing machines, radio)

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Rise of sports; Babe Ruth
-Jack Dempsey becomes a national star

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Klan March in D.C.

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Traffic expands; traffic stops/lights

Chrysler building becomes tallest in US

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Charles Lindbergh - first solo non stop flight to Paris

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Miami expands; September 17 hurricane

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Dempsey/Tunney rematch - Tunney wins

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*Runaway bull market
The Great Mississippi Flood

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 Charles Lindbergh - first solo non stop flight to Paris

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Black Tuesday - 25 million dollars gone overnight

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construction of the Empire State building

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Farm credit Act- Provided short- and medium term loans to enable farmers struggling with low incomes to keep their homes and land by refinancing their mortgages. This act removed the fear of losing both home and employment. It gave security for the future to enable farmers to take advantage of other government agricultural programmes to raise productions.

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CCC-Civilian Conservation Corps.
Provided work to young men, paying $30 a month, of which all but $5 had to be sent. While completing this work, the men stayed in camps, organised on military lines and worked on regional environmental projects such as national parks where they built trails, recreation facilities and access roads;disbanded in 1942

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Federal Emergency Relief Agency (FERA) Families were paid relief benefits for taking work organized by the government, with $500 million given to states and local governments.
Suspended in 1935 because the Works Progress Administration projects started and financial aid was given as a result of the unemployment insurance of the Social Security Act of 1937

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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Regional planning of a deprived area, hydro-electricity production, environmental conservation, flood control and educational and health projects. Involved the states of Virginia, North Carolina Tennessee Georgia Alabama Mississippi and Kentucky.

Still operated though criticized for its unanticipated environmental impact

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Public Works Administration (PWA)  run by Harold Ickles,  this program financed 34,000 federal, state and local projects costing a total of 6 billion- a large source of employment. Major involvement and housings energy supplies in conservation. Included the Civil Works Administration run by Harry Hopkins

Discontinued in 1939 as it had sufficient success in reducing unemployment or promoting private Investments but it was valued for other treatments and promoted Roosevelt's belief in work relief rather than cash subsidies there. It gave over 4 million unemployed people paid work on useful local projects and help to raise morale and create optimism that the person could come to an end

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National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) including the National Recovery Administration (NRA)
 attempted to establish National Economic Planning by devising  and running a series of codes for Industries. The codes were to control production prices, Labor Relations, and trading practices run by General Hugh Johnson 
The NRA was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and came to an end

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Banking Act ( Glass-Seagall Banking Act) Prohibited commercial Banks from selling stock or financing corporations. created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which guaranteed savings deposits up to 2,500 ( later raised to $5,000 and now $100,000). Protected the ordinary depositor from loss of savings.

It separated investment banks from commercial banks so that investors’ money could no longer be used for speculative ventures on the stock market. The guaranteeing of individual deposits diminished the fear that investors might lose all their savings through the misuse of their funds by the bank.

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Federal Communications Commission (FCC)  agency to regulate wired and Wireless Communications, later to regulate television as well. Part of a program of government regulation of new Enterprises. continues today

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Federal Housing Administration(FHA)  Federal guarantees of private mortgages, with reduced down payments from 30% to 10% and extended repayment time from 20 to 30 years. Enabled more Americans to purchase their own homes. Continues today.

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Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Regulatory Agency for trading in stocks and bonds to comply with federal laws.  continues today

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National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, which set up the national Labor relations Board (NLRB)
Strengthened the power of labor unions by allowing collective bargaining;created a way of peacefully solving labor disputes without resorting to violence, which had characterised employment disagreement in the past.

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Works Progress Administration (WPA) Established work relief programs funding a beast range of projects directed at different areas, including the Federal Art Project (FAP) Run by Harry Hopkins.
Ran for eight years and employed 8.5 million people, using local official to administer the projects.

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National Youth Administration
(NYA) Established by the WPA to encourage the education and training of young people.
Disbanded during WWII

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Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
Gave loans for cheap rural electricity in areas where there was no public utility supply. It was the government's commitment to bring electricity to rural, though the setting ip of an agency to aid farm cooperatives. These were eligible for low cost federal loans to pay for the installation of power lines. The Act was very successful- in 1935, 10% of farms had electricity, by 1940-40% and 1950- 90%. America's vast landscapes were being conquered by a new kind of unity.

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Social Security Act (SSA)
Created guaranteed retirement payments for over 65s, set up federal insurance for the unemployed, and provided additional assistance for the disabled, for public health and for dependent woman and children
continues today.

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National Housing Act

established the United States Housing Authority instead of housing projects for low-income families.

Encouraged house buildings in home ownership, but was also discriminatory against black Americans and Inadvertently Promoted Suburban over inner city housing.

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Farm Security Administration (FSA)
Gave guaranteed loans to small farmers and tenants to buy small property or to rehabilitate farms. This enabled more farmers to stay on their farms.
Maintained migrant labor camps for agricultural workers as part of its remit that no one should be excluded from its benefits

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Fair Labor Standards Act
Set a minimum wage of $0.40 an hour to a maximum working week of 40 hours for businesses involved in interstate commerce, and particularly for workers not in unions. It raise the wages of 12 million workers by 1940. The system was a model for the future. It was opposed by Southern conservatives on the ground of excess government interference with business. They also fear that the southern industry, with his traditional low-wage structure, would lose its competitiveness.

It gave the benefits of a shorter working week in a minimum hourly wage by stature, rather than by Union negotiation. This was the last of the New Deal reform to become a law.