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The cilia and flagella are projections from the cell. They are made of a specialized arrangement of microtubules, and are designed to help the cell move itself or various substances over or around the cell.

Cilia and flagella both involved in movement. Cilia moves substances across its surface, while flagella moves the entire cell from one point to another.

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- Many eukaryotic cells are propelled through water by the cilia or flagella, which act as locomotor appendages. (ex. sperm)

- When extended from stationary cells part of a tissue layer, they can move fluid across the surface of the tissue. (ex. sweeps mucus/debris out of lungs)

- Some non-motile cilia can even act as a signal-receiving antenna for the cell. Membrane proteins in this type of cilium have the ability to transmit molecular signals from the cell's environment to the cell interior, leading to changes in the cell's activities. (This is essential to brain function.)

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This is an example of what cilia looks like in a cell:

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This is an example of what flagella looks like in a cell:

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While the flagella and cilia are clearly the most useful and important organelles, it's important to note some of the issues that can arise from malfunctioning. If the cilia or cells associated with them are defective or absent, the lack of their specialized functions can result in serious diseases. One example of this is that if cilia on kidney cells function incorrectly, it can give way to polycystic kidney disease.

Though not likely scenarios, other possible effects of dysfunctional cilia include: blindness, deafness, chronic respiratory infections, heart disease, infertility, etc.

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Motile cilia usually occur in large numbers on the cell surface, while flagella, which are longer, are typically limited to just a few per cell.

Each motile cilium and flagellum has a group of microtubules covered in an extension of the plasma membrane. Cilia and flagella have the same composition. They contain a ring of 9 outer microtubule doublets that line against the plasma membrane, and 2 single microtubules in its center. They are held together by flexible cross-linking proteins.

Microtubules are small hollow rods made from the protein tubulin. They are anchored into the cell by a basal body, which is structurally similar to a centriole, and helps anchor the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum.

Bending movements of flagella and motile cilia involve large motor proteins called dyneins that are attached along each outer microtubule doublet. Dyneins have "2 feet that walk" along the microtubule, converting the chemical energy stored in ATP to mechanical work.  This causes the whole organelle to bend,

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1. Though structurally identical, flagella and cilia have different beating patterns. The motion of flagella is more undulating and wave-like, while the motile cilia have alternating power and recovery strokes.

2. The sperm of animals, algae, and some plants have flagella, which makes this kind of reproduction possible!.

3. In a woman's reproductive tract, the cilia lining in the oviducts can help move an egg toward the uterus.

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Another great in-depth look at different structural elements of the cilia and flagella!

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