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3:18

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It’s Saturday afternoon in the Hagia Sophia. Just before the service, three men burst in, march up to the altar, slam down a piece of paper, shout in a foreign language, and storm out. You’ve just witnessed the Christian church being split in two—forever.

MAIN IDEA

Christianity in the East and the West developed differently, causing arguments and finally a split.

Picture: Icons

The word icon comes from the Greek word for “image.” Many icons were painted on wood, but some were made from mosaic tiles, ivory, and other materials. Although Byzantine emperors banned icons more than once, people kept them in their homes and businesses and placed them in churches.

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2.2 History Through Objects: Byzantine Mosaics 

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2.2 History Through Objects: Byzantine Mosaics 

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The Byzantine Empire developed an influential artistic culture. Its distinctive style is well represented by the remarkable mosaics found in churches such as the Hagia Sophia. Covering entire walls and ceilings, Byzantine mosaics stood out for their exceptional quality and craftsmanship. Large expanses of gold-backed glass created a rich glow. Natural stone cubes helped create vibrant, detailed scenes. The breathtaking results still awe viewers today.

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On May 29, 1453, the last Byzantine emperor died fighting as his enemies swarmed through his capital’s shattered walls. That day, the Byzantine Empire ended. It was a heroic finale for an empire that had survived against the odds for a thousand years.

MAIN IDEA

After Justinian, the empire experienced invasions and another golden age before it finally collapsed.

Picture: Greek Fire
The Byzantine army had a secret weapon: Greek fire. It was liquid fire soldiers could propel at enemy troops. It burned with an incredible intensity, and not even water could extinguish it.

The formula for making Greek fire was a closely guarded secret that died with the empire.

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How Greek Fire was Used to Target Enemy Ships

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3:03

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This painting shows the invasion of Constantinople by the Crusaders.

Jacopo Robusti Tintoretto, 16th century