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- the predecessor of evolution as a scientific theory that states all species are unchanging throughout time
- 19th century biologists believed that taxa such as genus and species were fixed
- this is still a popular view that is maintained by religious opponents of evolution, even though biological historians have stated that pre-Darwin thinkers may have never had these views in the first place
- many well known examples of essentialists (such as Linnaeus) were actually very far from essentialist, and it appears the "essentialism story" came about by combining philosophical views from Aristotle on through to the immediate pre-Darwinian period and using biological terminology and examples

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-Lived in Crotona in the 5th century
-Credited as the first person to ever make significant contributions in biology
-Was the first to use dissection
-He used it as a means to find the source of human intelligence, instead makes a huge advance in the field of anatomy.

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-naturalist and a zoologist.
-worked with animals as well as fossils.
-made his own taxonomy or form of animal classification.
-classified animals based off of their body parts.
-Some of these classifications included vertebrates and mollusks.
- Also recognized that rock strata could be placed in order based off the age of fossils found in them.
-eventually worked at the natural history museum in Paris
- Thought to be the father of paleontology.

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-18th Century (1707-1788)
-Believed that migration gave rise to evolution
-compared Old World species to New World species
-Believed that life could be spontaneously generated under the correct conditions
-published 36 volumes out of 50 of the encyclopedia called 'Histoire Naturelle' that he planned to fill with everything currently known in the natural world

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- Austro-Hungarian American Biochemist
-discovered two rules that paved the way to discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
-first rule was that there were equal cytosine and guanine bases and equal adenine and thymine bases.
-second rule was that the number of bases vary from one species to another.

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-Swedish botanist
- "Father of Taxonomy"
- Classification system still used today (binomial nomenclature)
- Believed species were immutable (unable to change)

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- Scottish farmer and Naturalist
- Worked closely with Charles Lyell in coining the term Uniformitarianism and challenged the term catastrophism.
-Hutton believed that natural processes occurred slowly and gradually over time with the help of geological forces that are continually at work on earth.

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-He was a Taoist philospher who lived around the 4th century BCE.
-spoke of biological species changing
-taoism talks about constant transformation and that can also be applied to other species besides humans

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- Technically the first person to bring up the idea of evolution.
- He proposed a theory of "change through time" + "scale of nature." He believed lower life organisms like plants evolved over time towards human "perfection." For example, a ladder with grass at the bottom and a human at the top; the grass slowly moved up the ladder evolving into a human.
- He proposed that change in organisms was the result of a "nervous liquid" within their bodies.

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- Early 20th century German anthropologist
- Started the movement for modern social anthropology
- Debunked the use of the cranial index (ratio of head width to length) to determine ancestry.
- Fought against eugenics and proponents of social darwinism in the study of culture.

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- Greek pre-Socratic philosopher
- Empedocles claimed that the Earth had created living creatures, but that the first creatures were disembodied organs
- Empedocles pictured the earth in its early days populated by strange creatures  "cattle with human heads, arms without shoulders, and all sorts of other monstrous creatures." These strange lifeforms became extinct, Empedocles said "Only the better adapted survived."

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- a Greek philosopher
- wrote about 200 biological writings
- proposed the "scala naturae" (Ladder chain of being)
- theory of the passing on of soul-as-substantial form
- formed the basis of meaning of "species"
- "embryogenesis"
- did not believe evolution, believed in essentialism
- species were fixed with a  divine design

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- Independently came up with the concept of natural selection and descent with modification
- Came from more humble beginnings than Darwin
- Travelled to Brazil and Indonesia, collecting and cataloging thousands of new species
- He discovered that species west of the Lombok strait resembled species in Asia while species from the east resembled species in Australia and Asia; this boundary was later named after him: the Wallace Line

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-Influential economist
-Said human population growth will extend beyond its food supply leading to a famine unless checked by wars, disease, or "moral" restraint

-Organisms better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce
-Darwin uses Malthus ideas to help him propose Natural Selection

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- A Scottish geologist
- Coined the term "uniformitarianism"
- Laid the groundwork for separating human history into the "Anthropocene"
- Theorized that long term variations in temperature and precipitation can be explained by shifting tectonic plates
- Divided the Tertiary period into three distinct epochs

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- A "gentleman scientist"
- Traveled on the HMS Beagle from 1831-1836
- His book "On The Origin of Species" (published on November 24th, 1859) kickstarted a paradigm shift in biology and natural history