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1. Define "fake news".
2. Read the historical example of fake news and find an example from 2018.
3. Write 1 fake news example and 1 true news story.
4. Write 10 keywords in English/German and 3 sentences.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.[1][2]

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media.[3][4][5] These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility.[4] While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC.[6] The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait.[7] PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.[8]

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election.[7] Except for the 2016 Philippine elections,[9] prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree.[7] Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views.[7] Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.[7]

Name

Notes

Sources

70 News

[10]

[11]

ABCnews.com.co (defunct)

[12]

[13]

American News

Published a false story claiming actor Denzel Washington endorsed Donald Trump for president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election.

[14]

[15][16]

Before It's News

Before It's News and InfoWars were described as "unabashedly unhinged 'news' sites" in 2014 by The Washington Post following its promotion of conspiracy theories relating to Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.

Bipartisan Report

Once describing itself at "the internet's largest newspaper", its content is written from a heavily liberal-biased perspective. It has been described as a clickbait and fake news website by Danny Westneat of The Seattle Times, and its articles have been debunked by PolitiFact and Snopes.

bizstandardnews.com (defunct)

Its stories have been mistaken as real-news then shared and cited as real-news. A disclaimer says the stories "could be true" because "reality is so strange nowadays". But the disclaimer also says it is "a satirical site designed to parody the 24-hour news cycle."[27]

Its name is similar to the unrelated Indian English-language daily newspaper called Business Standard.

Bloomberg.ma (defunct)

Designed to imitate Bloomberg.com. Was used to issue a false report announcing that Twitter had received a US$31 billion takeover offer, resulting in a brief 8% stock price spike of Twitter. The site is now defunct.

The Boston Tribune

Starting in February 2016, this website spread outright hoaxes.

[36]

Breaking-CNN.com

[37]

Buffalo Chronicle

An American fake news website that has promoted fake stories related to Canadian politics.

Cairns News (Australia)

Antivaxx propaganda that falsely claimed that two young girls died after receiving a COVID-19 vaccination on the Gold Coast, Australia.[42]

[43]

Celebtricity

Has falsely claimed that Barack Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago, Illinois after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a Wendy's employee put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that Bryshere Y. Gray was Jay-Z's son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world".[44]

CBSnews.com.co

Owned by Paul Horner. Mimics the URL, design and logo of CBS News.

cnn-trending.com

Imitated CNN.com, complete with the CNN logo. Pushed the Hawking Code scam. Domain expired.

CountyNewsroom.info

[50]

Disclose.tv

A fake news website based in Germany that started out as a UFO conspiracy forum before rebranding as a news aggregator in 2021. It promotes anti-vaccine narratives and conspiracy theories, and platforms hate speech, including Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism, on its message groups.

Empire News

Many of this website's fake news hoaxes were widely shared on social media, with stories based on social or political controversies, or were simply appalling to readers. The site says that its content is for "entertainment purposes only."[58]

Empire Sports

Includes a disclaimer describing itself as a "satirical and entertainment website".[59] Not to be confused with the legitimate (but long-defunct) Empire Sports Network.

[60]

The Exposé

British conspiracist website known for publishing COVID-19 and anti-vaccine misinformation. One of its articles was cited by Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro in a speech falsely claiming that people vaccinated against COVID-19 were developing AIDS.

The Gateway Pundit

[67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]

Globalresearch.ca

Principal website of the Centre for Research on Globalization, which The Economist in April 2017 called "a hub for conspiracy theories and fake stories," and NATO information warfare specialists in November 2017 linked to a concerted effort to undermine the credibility of mainstream Western media.

Gossip Mill Mzansi

A fake news website using Wordpress, targeting South African affairs. Its misinformation is spread on social media including Facebook and Twitter.

The Grayzone

Owned by Max Blumenthal, The Grayzone is known for its sympathetic views towards contemporary authoritarian regimes such as Venezuela, Russia and China, as well as conspiracy theories such as denial of the Uyghur genocide and disinformation distributed by the Russian government.

Gummy Post

Houston Chronicle TV

Not affiliated with the legitimate Houston Chronicle.

Huzlers

Fake news from this website often involves restaurants and leading brands to disgust readers with its gross-out stories. One story by the site falsely reported that Dong Nguyen, the creator of Flappy Bird, killed himself. Another story made up an incident where a person working at a McDonald's restaurant put his mixtapes in Happy Meals. The site describes itself as "the most infamous fauxtire & satire entertainment website in the world."[92]

InfoWars

Managed by Alex Jones. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a hoax, that the Boston Marathon bombing was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant.

[95][96]

[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][75]

Judicial Watch

Conservative activist group known for making false and unsubstantiated claims and filing lawsuits to investigate claimed misconduct, the vast majority of which have been dismissed by courts.[104]

ΚΒΟΙ2.com

Notable for its use of the IDN homograph attack, this fake news site used lookalike letters from other scripts (news coverage of the spoof did not specify which, though the examples listed demonstrate Greek and Cyrillic examples) to spoof the legitimate television station KBOI-TV's website in 2011. (The real KBOI site has since moved to a new domain, IdahoNews.com.) The sole purpose of the fake KBOI site was to spread an April Fool's Day joke regarding Justin Bieber being banned in the state.

KMT 11 News

The Last Line of Defense

This website has a history of publishing fake news articles, especially of the political genre. Notable hoaxes include Donald Trump revoking the press credentials of six major news outlets, Michelle Obama getting ditched by the Secret Service, and Hillary Clinton describing Beyoncé's music using racial slurs. Although the website claims to be written by "a group of educated, God-fearing Christian conservative patriots who are tired of Obama's tyrannical reign and ready to see a strong Republican take the White House," its articles are in fact all written by one person, Christopher Blair, who has written under multiple pen names. As of 2019, Blair's site is now branded as "Daily World Update: satire for flat-Earthers, Trumpsters and Y'all-Qaeda."

Law Enforcement Today

Published fake news about police relations amid the George Floyd protests and source of Oregon fires, as well as material by QAnon supporters.[115]

Liberty Writers News

Established in 2015 by Paris Wade and Ben Goldman, who told The Washington Post their stories focus on "violence and chaos and aggressive wording" to attract readers. The stories reflect the positions of supporters of Donald Trump.

LinkBeef

Fake news website that has published claims about the pilot of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 reappearing, a billionaire wanting to recruit 1,000 women to bear his children, and an Adam Sandler death hoax.

MV-media (formerly MV-lehti)

A Finnish fake news website that publishes disinformation, pseudoscience, conspiracy theories and Russian state propaganda. The publication has links to the far-right Soldiers of Odin.

NationalReport.net

Founder Jestin Coler told Columbia Journalism Review: "When it comes to the fake stuff, you really want it to be red meat. [...] It doesn't have to be offensive. It doesn't have to be outrageous. It doesn't have to be anything other than just giving them what they already wanted to hear." In 2013, the nonpartisan FactCheck.org deemed NationalReport.net a satirical site. The site's disclaimer states "All news articles contained within National Report are fiction, and presumably fake news. Any resemblance to the truth is purely coincidental."[128]

Natural News

Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various dietary supplements, promotion of alternative medicine, controversial nutrition and health claims, and various conspiracy theories, such as " chemtrails", chemophobic claims (including the purported dangers of fluoride in drinking water, anti-perspirants, laundry detergent, monosodium glutamate, aspartame), and purported health problems caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the now-discredited link to autism.

[130][131][132][133][75]

NewsBuzzDaily (defunct)

This fake news website mostly consists of celebrity gossip and death hoaxes, but a few of its other stories were disseminated on social media. When the site was up it said that it was "a combination of real shocking news and satire news" and that articles were for "entertainment and satirical purposes" only.[36]

[36]

News Examiner

Started in 2015 by Paul Horner, the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news.

[36]

The News Nerd

A defunct website which used to have a disclaimer on every page.[136]

[60]

"The People's Voice"

( NewsPunch, YourNewsWire)

Founded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to NewsPunch in 2018.

[137][138][139][140][141][142][143]

NewsWatch33

Began in April 2015 under the name NewsWatch28, later becoming NewsWatch33. The website disguises itself as a local television outlet. It has also been known to mix real news along with its fake news in an attempt to circumvent Facebook's crackdown on them.

[36]

The New York Evening (TheNewYorkEvening.com)

This fake news website has spread numerous false claims, including a fake story claiming that Malia Obama had been expelled from Harvard.

[144]

Now 8 News (Now8News.com)

Started in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media.

OpIndia

OpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020.

Palmer Report

Hyperpartisan liberal political blog known for publishing unsubstantiated or false claims and conspiracy theories, especially on matters relating to Donald Trump and Russia

Peace Data

A website that purports to be an independent left-wing news outlet, linked to Russian state actors.

[152]

The Predicted

[21]

Prntly

A politically conservative news site described by Snopes as "a disreputable outlet that has a penchant for publishing both fake news and spurious pro-Trump articles".

Real Raw News

A WordPress site hosting conspiratorial content, often about public figures being tried and executed for supposed crimes.

The Reporterz

Starting in early 2016, this fake news website penned several different hoaxes, including one about a murder over a Twitter trend.

[36]

Super Station 95

Pirate radio station and corresponding website operated by Hal Turner.

True Pundit

A far-right and fake news website known for publishing conspiracy theories that often credited false stories about the FBI and Hillary Clinton to anonymous sources and claimed the mainstream media was covering it up.

[171][172][173][174][175][176][177]

TruNews

The Unhived Mind

The Unhived Mind is a far-right fake news website that has frequently been shared on the alt-tech social network Gab.

[183]

usatoday.com.co (defunct)

Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns

[49]

washingtonpost.com.co

Originally registered by Jestin Coler. The Washington Post submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with GoDaddy under the UDRP, and in 2015, an arbitral panel ruled that Coler's registration of the domain name was a form of bad-faith cybersquatting (specifically, typosquatting), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue."

WorldNetDaily

A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Barack Obama was not born in the United States.

[25][26][20][75][189]

World News Daily Report (worldnewsdailyreport.com)

Run by Janick Murray-Hall. Its disclaimer states, "World News Daily Report assumes all responsibility for the satirical nature of its articles and for the fictional nature of their content. All characters appearing in the articles in this website-even those based on real people-are entirely fictional and any resemblance between them and any person, living, dead or undead, is purely a miracle."[190]

[20]

Philippines [ edit ]

Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media.[191] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news[192][193] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic.[194][195][196]

The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it.[197]

Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: Former President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and President Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages.[198] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte.[199] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration.[200] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs.[199]

According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls.[9] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero"[201] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Donald Trump nomination and the 2016 United States elections.[202]

1. ^ "Watch out for this fake news website masquerading as The New York Times". businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.

2. ^ Lewis Sanders IV (11 October 2016), "'Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda", Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 25 March 2019

3. ^ Earl, Jennifer (November 14, 2016). "Google's top search result for "final election numbers" leads to fake news site/". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. a fake news blog called '70news,' which falsely claimed that Trump had won both the popular vote and the Electoral College. ... Google acknowledged the error in surfacing the fake news on Monday

4. ^

5. ^

6. ^

7. ^ Food and Drug Administration (April 9, 2020). "RE: Unapproved and Misbranded Products Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). Letter to Alexander E. Jones.

8. Ognyanova, Katherine; Lazer, David; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo (2020-06-02). "Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. Shorenstein Center. 1 (4). doi:10.37016/mr-2020-024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-20.

9. ^

10. ^ Osmundsen, Mathias; Bor, Alexander; Vahlstrup, Peter Bjerregaard; Bechmann, Anja; Petersen, Michael Bang (May 7, 2021). "Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter". American Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. 115 (3): 999-1015. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000290. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 235527523. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021.

11. ^ "Not Pat's Place". Snopes.com. 25 Oct 2016. the "interview" was still picked up by at least one actual news site, with no mention of its satirical bent. To further muddy the waters, there actually is a site called the Conservative Chronicle, in which Buchanan's syndicated columns appear.

12. ^

13. Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew; Yu, Chuan (2019-04-01). "Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media" (PDF). Research & Politics. SAGE Publishing. 6 (2). arXiv:1809.05901. doi:10.1177/2053168019848554. ISSN 2053-1680. S2CID 52291737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-08.

14. ^ Guess, Andy; Aslett, Kevin; Tucker, Joshua; Bonneau, Richard; Nagler, Jonathan (2021). "Cracking Open the News Feed: Exploring What U.S. Facebook Users See and Share with Large-Scale Platform Data". Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media. 1. doi:10.51685/jqd.2021.006. ISSN 2673-8813. S2CID 236598470. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02.

15. ^ Bucy, Erik P.; Newhagen, John E. (August 2019). "Fake News Finds an Audience". In Katz, James E.; Mays, Kate K. (eds.). Journalism and Truth in an Age of Social Media. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190900250.003.0014. ISBN 978-0-19-090025-0. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. The most aggressive fake news sites and associated YouTube channels, such as Infowars, The Gateway Pundit, and Daily Stormer, are routinely sued by victims of these published reports for libel and defamation (Ohlheiser 2018; Tani 2018).

16. ^ Goodyear, Michael P. (August 24, 2020). "Is There No Way to the Truth? Copyright Liability as a Model for Restricting Fake News". Harvard Journal of Law & Technology. 34 (1). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3647504. S2CID 225621025. This dichotomy would similarly be helpful for differentiating websites that are used as conduits of fake news, such as Facebook, and those that primarily propagate fake news, such as the Gateway Pundit.

17. ^ Kornbluh, Karen; Goodman, Ellen P.; Weiner, Eli (March 2020). "Safeguarding Digital Democracy: Digital Innovation and Democracy Initiative Roadmap". German Marshall Fund: 14. JSTOR resrep24545. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021.

18. ^ Freivogel, William H. (1 January 2017). "Trump attacks checks on his power". Gateway Journalism Review. Southern Illinois University Carbondale. 46 (344): 6-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022 - via Gale Academic OneFile.

19. ^

20. ^ Sharockman, Aaron (2017-05-30). "Bloggers claim Obama cancelled, Trump revived 'police week'". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25.

21. ^ Mak, Tim (4 December 2016). "'Pizzagate' Gunman Liked Alex Jones". thedailybeast.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016.

22. ^ Finnegan, William (22 November 2016). "Why Won't Donald Trump Denounce Sandy Hook Deniers?". newyorker.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016.

23. ^ Fake website URL not from KBOI-TV Archived 2011-04-05 at the Wayback Machine. KBOI-TV. Retrieved 2011-04-01.

24. ^ Boise TV news website targeted with Justin Bieber prank Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. KTVB. Retrieved 2011-04-01.

25. Cataldo, Laurie (14 June 2016). "'The Notebook 2' Not Filming in Atlantic City...or Anywhere Else". WJLK. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019.

26. ^ 'Rumors spread like wildfire': false posts claiming activists started Oregon fires flood social media Archived 2020-11-15 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 2020

27. ^ Novella, Steven (2010-12-14). "H1N1 Vaccine and Miscarriages - More Fear Mongering". Neurologica (blog). New England Skeptical Society. Archived from the original on 2016-12-23.

28. ^ Novella, Steven (2010-01-25). "Mike Adams Takes On 'Skeptics'". Neurologica (blog). New England Skeptical Society. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06.

29. ^ Orac [David Gorski] (2011-10-27). "Mike Adams vs. the flu vaccine". Respectful Insolence. ScienceBlogs. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11.

30. ^ Mcintire, Andrew Higgins, Mike; Dance, Gabriel J. x (2016-11-25). "Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07.

31. ^ "Realrawnews.com" (PDF). NewsGuard. September 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-03-14.

32. ^

33. ^

34. ^ Zeng, Jing; Schäfer, Mike S. (21 October 2021). "Conceptualizing "Dark Platforms". Covid-19-Related Conspiracy Theories on 8kun and Gab". Digital Journalism. Routledge. 9 (9): 1321-1343. doi:10.1080/21670811.2021.1938165. In contrast, Gab users who shared more far-right "fake news" websites are relatively more visible on Gab. Some of the most cited sources under this category include the Unhived Mind (N = 2,729), Epoch Times (N = 1,303), Natural News (N = 1,301), Breitbart (N = 769), the Gateway Pundit (N = 422), and InfoWars (N = 656).

35. ^

36. ^ Bacungan, VJ (June 23, 2017). "CBCP to public: Fight 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017.

37. ^ "Senate tackles spread of 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. October 4, 2017. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire.

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What have you learned? Can you tell what is Fake News and what is Real News?

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What have you learned? Can you tell what is Fake News and what is Real News?

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***POST YOUR FAKE AND REAL NEWS HERE***

https://padlet.com/aliciabankhofer/af2rjuvkslqv

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Step 4: Play the Bad News game (10 - 15 Minutes)

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Step 4: Play the Bad News game (10 - 15 Minutes)

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https://getbadnews.com/#intro

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Play the fake news game! How bad are you? Become a fake news tycoon and get as many followers as you can.

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Step 3: Create Fake News by posting a story to the class padlet (10 - 15 minutes) in step 5. 

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Step 3: Create Fake News by posting a story to the class padlet (10 - 15 minutes) in step 5. 

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https://www.breakyourownnews.com

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Step 1: Read this Infographic – How to Spot Fake News

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Step 1: Read this Infographic – How to Spot Fake News

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IFLA [CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

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https://quizlet.com/_60vbbj

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The Problem with Fake News. The author mentions five (5) C words. What are they are how do they help us recognise fake news?

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Helping Students Identify Fake News with the Five C's of Critical Consuming