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Stretch Receptors

They are located in the lungs and cause a hering-brever reflex (a protective reflex). This reflex is caused then there is an extreme. over inflation of the lungs. They will slow down the respiratory rate (they repress the respiratory system)

Chemo receptors

Located in the carotid and aortic bodies

They detect changes in the blood (chemical changes). If a decrease in in O2 is detected,  a decrease in pH and an increase CO2, it will stimulate the chemo receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies to stimulate the respiratory centre. This causes respiratory rate to increase so that you can breathe in more O2 and breathe out more CO2.

There are also medulla chemo receptors that detect a decrease in pH and increase in CO2. This will also stimulate the respiratory system to increase respiration.

Irritant receptors

Irritant receptors are located in the lungs. They are protective of the lungs and help to blow out the irritant.

When they are stimulated they will repress the respiratory centre to slow down respiration.

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This first section shows how the lungs, heart and tissues interact with each other in a broader form. The left sides shows the deoxygenated blood going from the tissue to the lungs. The blood leaves the tissues going from the venues to the veins to the inferno/superior venacava. The heart then pumps the deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery (Deoxygenated blood has more CO2 in comparison to O2) and the blood from the heart goes to the lungs so that the lungs can exhale CO2. On the right side, we see how when O2 is breathed in and the lungs send the O2 to the blood stream which enters the heart through the pulmonary vein (oxygenated blood). The oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the aorta and goes to the tissues through the process of Aorta to artery to arterials. The oxygen is off set into the tissues and is used and then CO2 is send back into the blood stream.

The second image is showing how the tissues convert the O2 to CO2 (how they use O2). The very bottom of the image is the tissue and above is the interstitial fluid, above that is plasma and above is blood. Oxygen is transported bound to haemoglobin. The haemoglobin and oxygen separate and the oxygen enters the interstitial fluid and goes to the tissue. The tissues form CO2 as a byproduct form using the O2. The CO2 can leave the tissues in 4 ways, the first is through plasma, the second is by water and the third is though the red blood cells where is joins with water. This then formed bicarbonate and H+ very quickly and the bicarbonate can leave the blood class though a transporter. This also brings in Cl-. There is also a fourth method where CO2 enters the red blood cell and joints with haemoglobin to form carboamino haemoglobin.

The third image is a zoom in of the lungs. Inside the lungs are bronchioles and alveoli and the alveoli clusters have blood supple form the pulmonary artery going in and the pulmonary vein leaving. Inside is gas exchange. CO2 is transported from the blood to the alveolus so that it can be exhaled. The first way this occurs is by plasma. The second way is slower and is the bicarbonate and H+ creating CO2 and H2O then the CO2 leaving to the alveolus. The third way is through the red blood cell and is the barcyrbonate and H+ and is faster because of the enzymes present and speed up the reaction of creating CO2 and H2O products. Once there is a lot of CO2 in the alveolus it is exhaled. Then we breathe in oxygen and that can enter the blood though plasma or by the red blood cell by joining with haemoglobin.

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Claim: Thee claim being made is that the Expand-A-Lung helps to improve lung capacity. The Evidence and Reasoning: The Expand-A-Lung exercises both sets of primary respiratory muscles and your accessory muscles for inhalation and by strengthening these, you're able to expand our lung capacity. It also seems to result in deeper easier breathing that increases endurance and performance while exercising.
I don't think that I agree with their claim because it seems as if it is just another semi-useless machine that does not work as well as actually training your self through exercising.

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Claim:

- Our evidence does agree with our claim that air that passes through the nasal passages is warmer than air that passes through the mouth. As seen in the chart bellow, the average temperature change of the air when inhaled though the mouth and exhaled though the mouth was 0.87C where as the the average temperature change of the air when inhaled though the nose and exhaled though the mouth was 1.63C.

Reasoning:
- Two ways that the nasal passages contribute to the warming of incoming air is because the nasal cavity is lined with a mucus membrane that secretes mucus and functions to warm and moisturise that incoming air. The mucus membrane and the mucus both function in warming the air.
- A third way is through the increased surface area due to the mucus membrane and the many blood vessels that are located in the nasal cavity enable the nose to warm and humidify the incoming air.

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1.  Locate the larynx or voice box D&D

- In lab observations:stiff, slimy, harder than trachea, horseshoe shape on the opening, circular outer structure.
- Research: The larynx is located in the neck and protects the airway by preventing foreign matter from entering the airway because it closes when you’re swallowing. The structure consists of cartilage and intrinsic muscles. There is also the hyoid bone which is on the top of the larynx. The cartilage plates prevent the larynx from collapsing.

2. If the heart is still attached, identify the main blood vessels leaving and entering the lungs.

- In lab observations: the heart was not still attached, however the descending aorta was visible. The descending aorta sends oxygenated blood to the lower body.The aorta is much less structurally stiff than the trachea
-  Research: The descending aorta, also known as the thoracic aorta, comes out of the left ventricle and goes towards the abdomen where is separates into other segments. The descending aorta winds around the vertebrae and ends in the front. It supplies oxygenated blood to the lower half of the body such as the legs.

3. Identify any membrane surrounding the lungs.

- In lab observations: Plura membrane cases the lung. Slightly translucent. Smooth, makes the lungs feel smoother then without the pleural membrane.
-  Research: The plural membrane is thin and slippery and consists of two layers; the parietal pleura which lines the rib cage and the pulmonary layer that covers the lungs. Today in the lab we saw the pulmonary layer that was lining the lungs. This membrane allows the lungs to expand easily without rubbing against the ribcage as the plural membrane contains liquid and is moist.

*click on image to see my anotations

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1. The nasal cavity is lined with a membrane that secretes mucus - a thick, sticky, clear substance. Mucus functions to warm and moisturise incoming air.

2. Muscle fibres in the diaphragm contract when you breathe in (causing the diaphragm to go downwards), this increases space in the thoracic cavity for the lungs to expand.

3. The trachea has cartilage rings that protect it and keep the trachea open so that air can go through it

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Anatomy:
I think that the heart, carotid artery, blood, autonomic nervous system, and medulla are most directly involved in what is seen in the video,

Physiology:
These systems interact by the heart pumping oxygenated blood from the left side to your upper body. Your autonomic nervous system controls your basic biological functions that you don't need to consciously think about and regulates that your heat is beating, and your medulla controls you autonomic functions.
This all works together so that your body can properly undergo cellular respiration which is the cellular process of converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP which is used as energy to power cellular functions.

Exercise physiology:
While exercising, your heart rate increases so that you can increase cardiac output to deliver oxygenated blood to your muscles. Your muscles need more oxygen while exercising because of their increased activity level.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vwPEMIuIIuGbie3xopmU6tXWa3HOIKuqh9MuzaSHdQA/edit