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Like the French Revolution, social class struggles and discontent played a large role in Latin American independence movements. The peninsulares, the wealthy Spanish-born citizens, were the smallest group but held all of the highest political offices.

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Social Hierarchy in Latin American Society

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Social Hierarchy in Latin American Society

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1. Peninsulares - wealthy European-born citizens
2. Creoles - Europeans born in Latin America who could not hold political office but could be army officers
3. Mestizos - European and and Indian ancestry
4. Mulattos - a mixture of European and African ancestry
5. Slave Class

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Haiti was a colony of France that was known as Saint-Dominque prior to its independence. It had a large slave population most of who were treated brutally and lived in poor conditions.

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Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps.

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Look through this timeline. Start in January 1773 and read through events until January 1805.

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The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Republic of Haiti. The Haitian Revolution was the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state.

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Leader of the Mexican Revolution

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Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps.

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In Mexico, the independence movement from Spain was first led by the mestizos. Father Miguel Hidalgo, inspired by Enlightenment ideals, called for rebellion and a crowd marched toward Mexico City. They were defeated in 1811 by the upper classes. Mexican independence was finally attained in 1821 when the Mexican creoles, fearing the loss of their power, declared independence from Spain. Mexico made Agustin de Iturbide their emperor.

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In 1823, the nations of Central America (Nicaragua, Guatemala, Hondouras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica) declared their independence from Mexico.

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Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps.

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Leader of South American Revolutions. He was a creole general. He began leading independence movements in his home country of Venezuela in 1811. He then moved into Colombia and Ecuador, when he met Jose de San Martin who had recently freed Chile. Together, the two men combined forces under Bolivar's command to free Peru.

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Bolivar's dream was to unite the Spanish colonies of South America into a single country, known as Gran Colombia. However, political issues prevented the countries from being united as one country.

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Creoles (people of "pure" European blood by born in the New World) led the majority of the independence movements throughout Mexico and South America. They had been educated in Europe and exposed to Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas.

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Napoleon Bonaparte's attempts to conquer nations in Europe, and thus extend control over its colonies, caused many creoles to worry about foreign domination by an absolute ruler. Nationalistic feelings increased people's desire for self-rule. Creoles and other lower classes throughout Latin America used Enlightenment ideas such as Locke's idea of consent of the governed along with nationalistic ideas to justify rebellion against Spain.

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The Haitian Revolution was the only successful slave revolt in history.

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Which is the most interesting of the revolutions and why?

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Which is the most interesting of the revolutions and why?

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Use this as a summary of the accomplishments of the Latin American Revolution leaders.

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Watch this for a quick summary of the revolutions.

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Latin American Revolutions: Crash Course World History #31