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Source: Ross, Will., Slavery’s Long Effects on Africa, British Broadcasting Network, 29 March 2007

The Ghanaian historian and lawyer, Mohamed Shaibu Abdulai, says Africa's loss of millions of the strongest men and women during the slave trade is one reason for this underdevelopment.

"The slave trade actually prevented the coming into being of an agrarian revolution in Ghana, and likewise an industrial revolution. Because before you can industrialize you need to have stable agricultural production. So slavery has a very long effect."

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In document 11 Mohamed Shaibu Abdulai talks about how Africa lost millions of people during the slave trade which then affected the economy. During the slave trades, the Europeans took the men and woman that they seemed to find the strongest and healthiest, therefore leaving Africa what they considered the weak. With this Africa was unable to succeed or develop as majority of their strong people or the people that could do the hard work, were taken away. This, in the long run, affected Africa in the way that since they were never really able to establish a good agriculture system then they were never bound to succeed as Mohamed Shaibu Abdulai says " Because before you can industrialize you need to have a stable agricultural production."

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Source: The Life of Olaudah Equiano

I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country or even the least glimpse of hope of gaining the shore, which I now considered as friendly; and I even wished for my former slavery in preference to my present situation, which was filled with horrors of every kind, still heightened by my ignorance of what I was to undergo. I was not long suffered to indulge my grief; I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life: so that with the loathsomeness of the stench and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables, and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me across I think the windlass, and tied my feet while the other flogged me severely. I had never experienced anything of this kind before, and although, not being used to the water, I naturally feared that element the first time I saw it, yet nevertheless could I have got over the nettings I would have jumped over the side, but I could not; and besides, the crew used to watch us very closely who were not chained down to the decks, lest we should leap into the water: and I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating.

In a little time after, amongst the poor chained men I found some of my own nation, which in a small degree gave ease to my mind. I inquired of these what was to be done with us; they gave me to understand we were to be carried to these white people's country to work for them. I then was a little revived, and thought if it were no worse than working, my situation was not so desperate: but still I feared I should be put to death, the white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner; for I had never seen among my people such instances of brutal cruelty, and this not only shown towards us blacks but also to some of the whites themselves. … The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable.

- Olaudah Equiano

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Document 1 explains the gruesome trip that slaves had to endure. The source and slave that this comes from is Olaudah Equiano. He first mentions that any hope of going home had completely vanished, coming to peace with the fact that there was no way back across the Atlantic Ocean and back to Africa. His description of the ship was that of a hot, crowded place that reeked of sweat and vomit from all the other slaves in the ship. He explains that he wished that he was dead but that the white men who had enslaved would punish those who try and do so. The source continues to explain the adversary that slaves had to go through during their trip to the Americas. Very hot climates,  brutal whippings, more horrible and sickening smells, and the collective groans of all the fellow slaves suffering.
The document shows the precise events that the first generation of slaves experienced. Giving us specific scenarios in the first person that give us an idea of the unsanitary and painful hardships that slaves went through

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Th Atlantic slave trade began during the 15th century after the Europeans began to captivate Africans in order for them to begin working in their lands, which then led Europe to develop and succeed. African slaves were also being transported across the Atlantic Ocean and sold in return for the slaves' labor. Over the 400 years of the Atlantic Slave Trade, millions of slaves and generations of slaves had damage done to them both mentally, physically, and culturally . As a whole Africa was completely affected as it caused it to become less developed and face many negative long term effects.

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Source: Nun, Nathan. 2008. The long-term effects of Africa’s slave trades. Quarterly Journal of Economics 123 (1): 139-176.

Herbst (1997, 2000) also focuses on the importance of state development for economic success, arguing that Africa’s poor economic performance is a result of postcolonial state failure, the roots of which lie in the underdevelopment and instability of precolonial polities. Herbst (2000, chaps. 2–4) argues that because of a lack of significant political development during colonial rule, the limited precolonial political structures continued to exist after independence. As a result, Africa’s post-independence leaders inherited nation states that did not have the infrastructure necessary to extend authority and control over the whole country. Many states were, and still are, unable to collect taxes from their citizens, and as a result they are also unable to provide a minimum level of public goods and services.

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Document 14 focuses on how slave trades led to the failure of political development in Africa, which as a result led Africa to become one of the most undeveloped countries. This can be seen as a long term effect as due to African slavery, the country failed to establish a strong economy and political system, which continues to affect the country to this day. The document states that "Many states were, and still are, unable to collect taxes from their citizens, and as a result they are also unable to provide a minimum level of public goods and services." This evidence demonstrates the true long impact that the slave trades caused on Africa as citizens are being affected as goods and services can't be provided to them.

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“I was early snatched away from my native country, with about eighteen or twenty more boys and girls, as we were playing in a field. We lived but a few days' journey from the coast where we were kidnapped, and consigned to Grenada... We were soon led out of the way which we knew, and towards evening, as we came in sight of a town. I was soon conducted to a prison, for three days, where I heard the groans and cries of many, and saw some of my fellow-captives.

But when a vessel arrived to conduct us away to the ship, it was a most horrible scene; there was nothing to be heard but the rattling of chains, smacking of whips, and the groans and cries of our fellow-men. Some would not stir from the ground, when they were lashed and beat in the most horrible manner.”

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This document shows how sudden this Offobah Cugaono's life changed. Cugaono went from playing in a field to being a piece of property meant to work. Along with about 20 or more young men and women, they were sent to a prison and waited to be put on a ship, sailing thousands of miles away from home. Once they were taken from the ships, the only sounds he heard were those of crying and groans from other slaves, chains that slaves wore, and whips being cracked against the skin of other slaves.
This document shows us the suddenness of how most slaves were captured. It also gives readers and viewers and idea to the hardships that slaves went through even before getting on a ship or arriving to the Americas.

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Letter about Spain’s interactions with its colonies in 1559

From New Spain are obtained gold, silver and other things. One fifth of all profits go to the king. Great quantities of gold and silver used to be out in the open; with all of it gone, now gold and silver

have to be mined.

The work is hard and the Spaniards are not willing to do the work, Natives who have become Christians are not allowed to be forced to do the work because the Emperor freed them.  So now it is necessary to acquire negro slaves [enslaved Africans], who are brought from the coasts of Africa. Their masters are making

them work too hard and giving them too little to eat, they fall sick and the greater part of them die. . . .

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Document 16 focuses on how enslaved Africans ended up working for the Spaniards. Through this document the reader learns about the situation with gold and silver, in which gold and silver ended up having to be mined, but since no one wanted to do the work, enslaved Africans were brought to New Spain to begin doing the hard work. This would be considered a short term impact as slaves are no longer being transported to Spain, and therefore doesn't impact Africa in the long run.

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Selection from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845)

If at any one time of my life more than any another, I was to drink the bitterest dregs of slavery that time was during the first six months of my stay with Mr. Covey. We were worked in all weathers. It was never too hot or too cold. It could never rain, blow, hail or snow to hard for us to be in the field…. The longest days were too short for him, and the shortest nights too long for him…Mr. Covey succeeded in breaking me. I was broken in body, soul and spirit. My natural elasticity was crushed, my intellect languished, the desire to read departed, the cheerful spark that lingered about my eye died; the dark night of slavery closed in upon me; behold a man transformed into a brute…..

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In document 18, Fredrick Douglas talks about how the hard, endless, grueling work as a slave broke him, not just physically but emotionally and spiritually. As a slave, he lost interest in reading, hope, happiness, and felt trapped doing slavery.  That's why this is considered a long term impact, because Fredrick Douglas will have these events he suffered as a  slave for the rest of his life. Even when is was a free man, he will never be truly able to forgot about the tragic events he suffered during his years as a slave, as it is something that one simply can not forget.