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Action: Movement accomplished by a muscle during contraction.
Insertion: End of muscle is attached to more movable structure.
Origin: End of muscle is attached to least moveable structure.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Insertion of a muscle moves toward the origin where the muscle arises during contraction.
- Muscles shorten under neutral control, causing soft tissue and bony structures to move.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Paired; largest and most superficial.
- Primary muscular landmark for neck during EO exam.
- Divides neck into anterior and posterior cervical triangles.
- Insertion: Posterior and inferior to external acoustic meatus of each ear.
- If one muscle contracts, the head and neck bend to the ipsilateral side, while the face and anterior part of the neck rotate to contralateral side.
- If both muscles contract, the head will flex at the neck and extend at the junction between the neck and skull.
- Innervation: 11th cranial nerve (accessory)

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Paired, superficial muscle.
- Insertion: Lateral third of the clavicle, pars of scapula.
- Used as base for palpation of cervical lymph nodes during EO exam.
- Innervation: 11th cranial nerve (accessory), 3rd & 4th cervical nerves.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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Epicranial Muscle - Raises eyebrows and scalp ("surprise")
Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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Orbicularis Oculi Muscle - Closes eyelids.
Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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Orbicularis Oris - Pressing lips together; tightening/thinning lips; rolling lips inward/thrusting outward.
Buccinator - Assists in mastication.
Risorius - Stretch lips laterally; widen the mouth.
Levator Labii Superioris - Elevates lower lip.
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi - Elevates upper lip ("sneering")
Zygomaticus Major - Elevates labial commissure (smiling)
Zygomaticus Minor - Elevates upper lip (smiling)
Levator Anguli Oris - Elevates labial commissure (smiling)
Depressor Anguli Oris - Depresses labial commissure (frowning)
Mentalis - Raises chin, protrudes lower lip.
Platysma - Raises skin of neck

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Strongest and most superficial.
- Broad, thick, flat muscle on either side of the face, anterior to parotid salivary gland.
- 2 heads: superficial and deep.
- Elevates mandible, raising lower jaw.
- Innervation: Mandibular nerve branch of 5th cranial nerve (Trigeminal)

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Broad, fan-shaped muscle on each side of the head at the temples.
- Elevates and raises the mandible.
- Innervation: Mandibular nerve branch of 5th cranial nerve.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Deepest muscle of mastication.
- Elevates mandible, raising lower jaw.
- Innervation: Mandibular nerve branch of 5th cranial nerve.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Short, thick.
- Depresses mandible, protrusion during opening of the jaw.
- Innervation: Mandibular nerve branch of 5th cranial nerve.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Each muscle elevates the hyoid and/or depresses the mandible.
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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- Each muscle depresses the hyoid bone.
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid - Depresses only thyroid cartilage.
Thyrohyoid - Raises thyroid cartilage and larynx.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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Superior and Inferior Longitudinal - Change shape of the tongue by shortening/thickening.
Transverse and Vertical - Make tongue long and narrow.
- Innervation: 12th cranial nerve (hypoglossal)

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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Styloglossus - Retracts tongue.
Genioglossus - Protrudes tongue, depresses parts of tongue.
Hyoglossus - Depresses tongue.
- All innervated by 12th cranial nerve.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)

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Stylopharyngeus - Elevates and widens pharynx.
Pharyngeal Constrictor - Raises pharynx/larynx, helps guide food down esophagus.

Fehrenbach, M.J., & Herring, S.W. (2017)