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https://authors.library.caltech.edu/81452/1/sswp593.pdf

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4. Family Planning

We have a growing concern to foster the integrity of the family, and the opportunity for each child. It is essential that all families have access to information and services that will allow freedom to choose the number and spacing of their children within the dictates of individual conscience.

In the fiscal 1967 budget, I have requested a sizable increase in funds available for research, training and services in this field. The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development will expand its own research and its grant program to study human reproduction. The Children's Bureau and the Office of Economic Opportunity will support family planning to the maternal and infant care programs in local communities when requested. State agencies will be aided by federal welfare funds to provide family planning services to mothers.
http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=28111&st=&st1=
(citation provided not sure it is in the right format)

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Peer reviewed article on sterilization and racism

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Peer reviewed article on sterilization and racism

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http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=50447174&site=eds-live
Volscho, Thomas W. 2010. "Sterilization Racism and Pan-Ethnic Disparities of the Past Decade: The Continued Encroachment on Reproductive Rights." Wicazo Sa Review 25, no. 1: 17. Complementary Index, EBSCOhost (accessed September 19, 2018).

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(when I transferred the outline to padlet the roman numerals disappeared)

1. Introduction

1. Thesis- Throughout history, White people in the United States have exerted control over Black reproduction in order to maintain oppressive social structures. Although the introduction of widely accessible birth control to the Black community may have been intended as another tool of suppression, access to the pill ultimately empowered Black women to exercise more control over their lives.

2. Body Paragraphs

1.

1. There is a long history in the United States of Whites exerting control over Black fertility in order to benefit themselves. During slavery, it was beneficial for slave owners if Blacks reproduced so breeding was encouraged or even forced upon women. Testimony by slaves and stories of slave owners boosting "of their 'breeders' and of the profit to be made in selling slaves" has painted a disturbing picture of forced matings, punishment for female slaves who failed to reproduce, and rape by slave masters. Although the validity of these accusations was questioned for a long time, "any historical dispute that remains over the question no longer concerns the existence of slave breeding, but rather the matter of degree." (page 3 https://authors.library.caltech.edu/81452/1/sswp593.pdf)

2. find a story/ quote/ primary doc example to add in the human element- http://www.thiscruelwar.com/voices-of-slavery-they-were-saving-me-for-a-breeding-woman/

1. During slavery, female slaves would concoct folk remedies to use as birth control in order to have some bodily autonomy.

1. After the civil war, White views on Black fertility quickly changed. Suddenly, White people saw Black reproduction as a threat to the status quo of racial inequity so policies of forced and coerced sterilizations of Black women were created by the government and medical institutions.

1. Sterilization continued well into the 20th century reaching a peak in the 60s and 70s when the Black community was beginning to gain political power through the civil rights movement.

2. End with the case that banned coerced sterilizations

1. In 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson established federal funding for family planning clinics as part of his war on poverty.

2. Although today’s debate over family planning largely centers on women’s reproductive rights, Johnson promoted these programs to boost the economy. Quotes by LBJ on his motivations to boost the economy

3. ignored structural issues that left black people in poverty

4. Write about the impact on fertility rates

5. Statistics relating to the federal funded clinics- however this is by federal government and does not take into account which neighborhoods the clinics were established in and whether these neighborhoods were predominantly black or not Although many applauded Johnson for making family planning resources accessible for those living in poverty, others in the African American community feared the program was another attempt by the White man to curb their reproduction.

1. One theme that can be found when hearing the different perspectives on this issue is that Black women tended to see access to the pill as empowerment, while men thought the pill should be thrown in the gutter. However, the fear that family planning programs could be racial genocide was common among all genders.

2. bring in the two studies that found this fear

3. quote by thrust newspaper

1. Many Black women saw the pill as a form of empowerment for Black women and the Black community at large.

2. cade quotes

3. the story of women reopening the clinic

4. enthusiastic use- Guttmacher Institute

1. On the other hand, many Black men saw federally funded family planning clinics as an attack against their own.

2. Black nationalist movement stance that the more children produced the more political power

3. cade recollection of the man

1. Still others, including the notable W.E.B. Du Bois and George Schuyler encouraged the use of contraceptive not as empowerment for women but as a tool for Black families to ensure their economic future.

2. the article in Margaret sangers magazine

1. Current day effects and realities (not sure where this is going yet so I do not have a topic sentence.)

3. Conclusion

4. Bibliography

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Although today’s debate over family planning largely centers on women’s reporductive rights, Johnson promoted these programs to boost the economy.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4203450/
Bailey, M J.. "Fifty Years of Family Planning: New Evidence on the Long-Run Effects of Increasing Access to Contraception." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (2013)

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statistics on counties with federally funded clinics

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statistics on counties with federally funded clinics

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federally funded counties were more urban, had much larger populations, were more educated and affluent, and did not have more nonwhite residents.
Average percent of non white residents in all counties was 10.9%. the average nonwhite population in counties with federally funded clinics were 10.6% between 65 and 73.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348617/#FN10
Bailey, M J.. "Reexamining the Impact of Family Planning Programs on US Fertility: Evidence from the War on Poverty and the Early Years of Title X." American Economic Journal. Applied Economics 4 (2012): 97.

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"Back in the days of slavery, black folks couldn't grow kids fast enough for white folks to harvest. Now that we've got a little taste of power, white folks want to call a moratorium on having children."
quote from Ebony magazine
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/

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"You don't prepare yourself for the raising of super people by making yourself vulnerable- chance fertilization."
Cade T, The pill: genocide or liberation? Onyx Magazine, August 1969, reprinted in: Cade T, ed., The Black Woman: An Anthology, New York: Mentor, 1970, p. 162, location 2674

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Cade's recollection of a man at a meeting. "One tall, lean dude went into deep knee bends as he castigated the Sisters to throw away the pill and hop to the mattresses and breed revolutionaries tionaries and mess up the man's genocidal program."
Cade T, The pill: genocide or liberation? Onyx Magazine, August 1969, reprinted in: Cade T, ed., The Black Woman: An Anthology, New York: Mentor, 1970, location 2661
https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B00486U2NW

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Cade T, The pill: genocide or liberation? Onyx Magazine, August 1969, reprinted in: Cade T, ed., The Black Woman: An Anthology, New York: Mentor, 1970
https://read.amazon.com/?asin=B00486U2NW

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Article by W.E.B. Du Bois on birth control in Margaret Sanger's magazine

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Article by W.E.B. Du Bois on birth control in Margaret Sanger's magazine

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https://www.scribd.com/document/57252910/June-1932-Birth-Control-Review-WEB-Dubois-Founder-of-NAACP-Reveals-Eugenic-Beliefs

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W.E.B. DuBois publicly endorsed birth control
https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill

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acknowledge how the feminist movement is controlled by White women

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"White eugenicists promoted birth control as a way of preserving an oppressive social structure; blacks like DuBois promoted birth control as a way of toppling it."
https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill

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black women in disproportionate numbers enthusiastically used the few birth control clinics that were available to them.
https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill

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"Black women in disproportionate numbers enthusiastically used the few birth control clinics that were available to them."

https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill

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Margaret Sanger tainting birth control as a form of eugenics 

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Margaret Sanger tainting birth control as a form of eugenics 

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When Sanger joined the eugenics movement, "the call for birth control veered away from its radical, feminist origins to include programs to regulate the poor, immigrants and blacks."

https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill

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studies that found a common fear that access could be genocide

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studies that found a common fear that access could be genocide

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Two studies found a common fear among Blacks that family planning programs could be racial genocide.
Darity WA and Turner CB, Family planning, race consciousness, and the fear of race genocide, American Journal of Public Health, 1972, 62(11):1454-1459; and Turner CB and Darity WA, Fears of genocide among black Americans as related to age, sex, and religion, American Journal of Public Health, 1973, 63(12):1029-1034.

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Teaching hospitals let medical students perform unnecessary hysterectomies on poor black women as practice.
https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill

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During the 1960s and 1970s, thousands of poor black women were sterilized under federally funded programs. They were told they be deniedl of welfare benefits or medical care if they didn't "consent" to the procedure.
https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/psrh/2000/03/forum-black-women-and-pill

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In 1965 President Lyndon Johnson established federal funding of birth control for the poor.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/

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laws, court cases, and government policies

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laws, court cases, and government policies

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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/

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black power movement thought population growth was key to increasing black political power.
1967 Black Power Conference- attendees declared birth control to be the equivalent of black genocide.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/

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African American newspaper "Thrust" quote

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African American newspaper "Thrust" quote

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"Why couldn't blacks get basic health care like a free aspirin for a headache, but when you are a black woman old enough to look sexy you can get a truck load of birth control pills for free?"
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/

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History of White control over Black fertility  

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History of White control over Black fertility  

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During slavery- African American women were encouraged to have children to increase a plantation owner's wealth.

after civil war- It became desirable for whites to decrease the African American population

1960s- Many African Americans feared the government had created the clinics in an attempt to curb black population growth and political power.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/pill-black-genocide/

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Empowerment or black genocide? The fear that birth control clinics were established in predominately Black neighborhoods as an effort to curb Black population growth is well founded in the egregious history of White people exerting control over Black fertility in the United States through government policies and medical practices. However,  even though birth control was promoted by White eugenicists to maintain oppressive social structures, access to the pill became a form of empowerment for Black women.

Throughout the history of the United States, White people have exerted control over Black reproduction to maintain oppressive social structures. Although the introduction of widely accessible birth control to the Black community may have been intended as another tool of suppression, access to the pill ultimately empowered Black women to exercise more control over their lives.

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My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience: Afro-Modernist Critiques of Eugenics and Medical Segregation

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My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience: Afro-Modernist Critiques of Eugenics and Medical Segregation

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https://muse.jhu.edu/article/668648/pdf
Jess Waggoner. ""My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience": Afro-Modernist Critiques of Eugenics and Medical Segregation." Modernism/modernity 24, no. 3 (2017) https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed September 14, 2018).

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article that investigates how new sciences promoted scientific racism

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article that investigates how new sciences promoted scientific racism

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"The disproportionately high morbidity and mortality rates among blacks were seen as a consequence of inherent racial deficiencies that rendered any attempt to ameliorate their situation as futile. "

article investigates how certain academic disciplines such as anthropology, evolutionary biology, racially based pathology and genetics promoted scientific racism

the article talks about how hijacked public health policies trying to end "the ill health of blacks" promoted involuntary sterilization and abortion

http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.40271562&site=eds-live
Andrea, Patterson. "Germs and Jim Crow: The Impact of Microbiology on Public Health Policies in Progressive Era American South." Journal Of The History Of Biology no. 3 (2009): 529. JSTOR Journals, EBSCOhost (accessed September 13, 2018).

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case banning forced/coerced sterilizations of black women

https://www.splcenter.org/seeking-justice/case-docket/relf-v-weinberger

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healthcare
missisippi apendectomy

fertility
reproduction
birth rate
reproductive rights/justic

USA
United states
America

Black
African American

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Even if/though the intentions for providing birth control to Black women were wrong, the access provided empowerment.

Black men and women would have seen access to the pill differently.

The intentions for providing the pill varied.

Black people continued to be sterilized without consent well into the 20th century because doctors knew no one would hold them accountable.

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What were the motivations behind establishing Planned Parenthood clinics in poor and Black communities?

Did Black women and men see access to the pill differently in terms of whether it was/is empowerment or genocide?

What government laws and policies targeted Black fertility?

What practices in the medical establishment target(ed) Black fertility?

What personal/cultural convictions/morals allowed doctors to sterilize Black people without consent?