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In 1953, scientist Stanley Miller performed an experiment that may explain what occurred on primitive Earth billions of years ago.He sent an electrical charge through a flask of a chemical solution of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water. This created organic compounds including amino acids.

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Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift - the idea that Earth's continents move. Despite publishing a large body of compelling fossil and rock evidence for his theory between 1912 and 1929, it was rejected by most other scientists.

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James Watson was a pioneer molecular biologist who is credited, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, with discovering the double helix structure of the DNA molecule.

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The British naturalist, biogeographer, author, humanitarian, Alfred Russell Wallace is best known for developing a theory of evolution through natural selection independently of Charles Darwin.

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Carl Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné, was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist, who formalised the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature.

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Lucretius, in full Titus Lucretius Carus, Latin poet and philosopher known for his single, long poem, De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things). The poem is the fullest extant statement of the physical theory of the Greek philosopher Epicurus.

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James Hutton originated the theory of uniformitarianism—a principle of geology—that explains the features of the Earth's crust by means of natural processes over geologic time.

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Charles Darwin developed Darwinism, which is a biological theory of evolution. It states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individuals ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.