# data[].attributes.body
Start your Padlet with your name & matrix ID

Discuss the following:
Planning system

System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146708951000014X

●      Problem identification and definition

A problem is anything within the business model which is not working or fulfilling it's stated purpose.  For instance, orders are delayed, product is not up to quality specifications, or billing is not sending correct information to buyers.

An opportunity is anything within the business which improves the business model.  It could be improved upon to produce a higher level of profit, reduction of expenses, higher employee moral, or even a strategic position for future expectations.

Objectives are the goals identified for this particular project.  In other words, our objective might be the fix the problem of delayed orders or the objective might be to strategically position the company as an internet presence for future customer needs.

All phases have milestones and deliverables.  Milestones are places along the project which can assist us in measuring progress much like mile markers on the highways.  Deliverables are tangible products which provide documentation of work completed.
http://zomper.com/dl/Docs/Learning/SDLC.htm

●      System’s objective specification

●      System planning strategy

●      Identification of project feasibility

●      Formal project proposal

●      Use of project management software in system planning

Accountant role in system planning

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PLANNING SYSTEM
Definition:

Problem Identification:
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
(https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx)

System's objective specification
Systems objectives are critical to ensuing analysis - whether conducted to support the Feasibility Study, requirements analysis, or development of testing plans. In terms of the Feasibility Study, the objectives form the framework for the formulation of the initial system requirements, are used to ascertain the acceptability of alternatives, and form the basis for generating costs and benefits during the ensuing Cost/Benefit Analysis.
(http://slideplayer.com/slide/4096709/)

System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.
(https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system) - Good example

Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product. (http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/)

(https://sites.google.com/site/systemanalysisdesign09/feasibility-study-report) - Good example with real case study

Formal project proposal

Use of project management software in system planning

The Major Benefits of Project Management Software are such as, collaborate on projects,

# data[].attributes.body
1. Planning System

System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the consensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualised system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2. Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

3. System Objective Specification

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability specification

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4. System planning strategy

A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.
(https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system)

5. Identification of project feasibility

An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6. Formal project proposal
A technical proposal, often called a "Statement of Work,” is a persuasive document. Its objectives are to
1. Identify what work is to be done
2. Explain why this work needs to be done
3. Persuade the reader that the proposers (you) are qualified for the work, have a plausible management plan and technical approach, and have the resources needed to complete the task within the stated time and cost constraints.

What makes a good proposal? One attribute is appearance. A strong proposal has an attractive, professional, inviting appearance. In addition, the information should easy to access. A second attribute is substance. A strong proposal has a well-organized plan of attack. A strong proposal also has technical details because technical depth is needed to sell your project.
http://writing.engr.psu.edu/workbooks/proposal_guidelines.pdf

7. Use of project management software in system planning

Businesses, large and small, unquestionably juggle numerous projects, plans, tasks and people. Having a solution that can help them keep organized while planning and running projects, in a way that is accurate, predictable, and profitable is promising.

The benefits of project management software are boundless. Not long ago project management software was symbolized by three things: a pencil, a sheet of paper and a methodology.

However time marches on and technology evolves. Essentially, Project management software programs are employed for project planning, time management resource allocation and for change management also. Project management software is among the most useful tools that can help companies in becoming as competitive as possible, and set them apart from their industry.
https://blog.forecast.it/blog/benefits-of-using-project-management-software

8. Accountant role in system planning

Accounting information system is greatly important since it is one of the most important resources providing the economic and social information required for making the right decisions in this era. In order to meet the needs of decision makers regarding the accounting information, it has to pay attention to the process of developing the accounting information systems in order to keep up with various latest developments occurred in business world, then contribute to meet the needs of the growing demand for such accounting information which various parties and entities require.

Therefore, the role of accountant has expanded due to the development of the accounting information of various business sectors, on the one hand, and the increase of the volume and the complexity of the information, on the other hand; the accountant shall play an active and effective role in the processes of designing the systems in order to achieve an effective internal system as well as the needs of accounting information users (Abu Khaddrah and Ashish, 2008). There is no doubt the success of developing the system requires the necessity of participation of accountants in establishing and developing that system. The effective method of applying the participation principle is represented by the ability of system to involve the accountants not only in one stage of the development of the system but all stages of system development, in particular that each stage has its own specificity which distinguishes it from other stages; the real participation requires that the accountant shall interact mentally and emotionally through an intellectual debate and consultation with the persons who are responsible for developing the accounting information system in a manner that encourages them to participate in bearing the responsibility and contributing to achieve the goals desire
https://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_4_Special_Issue_March_2014/31.pdf

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-Problem identification and definition
The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives

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1. What is system planning

done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer. There are many problems and pitfalls associated with system planning which should be kept in mind in system planning. Consideration of these helps to make the plans more realistic, more likely to be accepted, and less likely to bog down in the implementation stages. The development of an adequate science of planning should carry high priority among systems people, as such a science will help to provide effective analytical and communicative tools for system planning

2. Problem Identification and definition

Poblem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation (see sections 3 and 4 below).

When identifying problems, the following should be taken into account:

Problems prevent the goals and objectives identified in the previous step from being achieved. This should include the full range of objectives identified in the previous step – including objectives for different levels of planning and markets (see F1, section 3.1).

Problem identification should consider not only ‘problems’ or ‘challenges’, but also constraints on opportunities that are preventing the goals and objectives from being achieved.

Identification should be based on empirical observations, such as data and information obtained from surveys, demand modelling, interviews and studies from a wide range of sources.

Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components.

3. system objective

A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of  the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system
4. System Planning Proposal

A proposal is a plan for solving a problem. Engineers and scientists write proposals to do such things as research turbulent boundary layers, design turbine blades, and construct jet aircraft engines. The audience for a proposal usually includes both managers and engineers. These audiences view proposals in different ways. For instance, managers review proposals to see if the plan for solving the problem is cost effective. Engineers and scientists, on the other hand, review proposals to see if the plan is technically feasible.Proposals may be solicited or unsolicited. In a solicited proposal, a company or agency advertises that it desires the solution to a problem. In most cases, this company or agency sends out a request for proposals, often called an RFP, that presents a problem which needs addressing. For example, if the Department of Energy desires research on reducing nitrogen oxide emissions from diesel engines, then the Department announces its request, often in periodicals such as the Commerce Business Daily. A company then reads the announcement and proposes a plan for doing the research. In an unsolicited proposal, however, there is no request. Instead, an engineer on his or her own initiative recognizes a client's problem, writes a proposal that first makes the client aware of the problem, and then presents a plan for solving that problem. Unsolicited proposals often occur within a company. For example, an engineer or scientist may write a proposal to his or her division supervisor suggesting a new computer system to handle that division's work.

http://writing.engr.psu.edu/workbooks/proposals.html

5. use of project management software

Definition - What does Project Management Software mean?

Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.

Techopedia explains Project Management Software

Although project management software is used is a variety of ways, its main purpose is to facilitate the planning and tracking of project components, stakeholders and resources.

Project management software caters to the following primary functions:

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants.

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8 What is accounting Role in system planning
ACCOUNTANT ROLE IN SYSTEM PLANING
This article reflects about current and future role of Accounting Information Systems by analyzing the main responsibilities of accountants and financial professionals. While several of these responsibilities are already suitably supported by traditional technology answers, others represent challenges that do still not have appropriate responses and therefore deserve to be the focus of future research. This work foresees future technological answers to Accounting domain challenges, like external and compliance reporting. The identified technologies include web services, mobile devices, cloud computing, environmental scanning, business intelligence, enterprise application integration, business process management, computer assisted auditing tools and techniques and big data.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212017313002144

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bb15110379
1. planning system
Definition

System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer. There are many problems and pitfalls associated with system planning which should be kept in mind in system planning. Consideration of these helps to make the plans more realistic, more likely to be accepted, and less likely to bog down in the implementation stages. The development of an adequate science of planning should carry high priority among systems people, as such a science will help to provide effective analytical and communicative tools for system planning.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/005109869900089

problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation (see sections 3 and 4 below).

When identifying problems, the following should be taken into account:

Problems prevent the goals and objectives identified in the previous step from being achieved. This should include the full range of objectives identified in the previous step – including objectives for different levels of planning and markets (see F1, section 3.1).

Problem identification should consider not only ‘problems’ or ‘challenges’, but also constraints on opportunities that are preventing the goals and objectives from being achieved.

Identification should be based on empirical observations, such as data and information obtained from surveys, demand modelling, interviews and studies from a wide range of sources.

Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components.

https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3. system planning strategy
Strategic planning is an organizational management activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment. It is a disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves, what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future. Effective strategic planning articulates not only where an organization is going and the actions needed to make progress, but also how it will know if it is successful.
http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSC-Basics/Strategic-Planning-Basics

identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.  The process of analyzing project feasibility and options aims to explore all feasible alternatives and provide evidence that the proposed project choice can actually be implemented with the best option available among all feasible alternatives.

System objective specification
To explain how dependability requirements
may be identified by analyzing the risks faced
by critical systems
● To explain how safety requirements are
generated from the system risk analysis
● To explain the derivation of security
requirements
● To describe metrics used for reliability
specification

Formal project proposal
https://writing.engr.psu.edu/workbooks/proposal_guidelines.pdf

Use of project management software in system planning

Accountant role in system planning

Accounting information system is greatly important since it is one of the most important resources p

roviding the economic and social information required for making the right decisions in this era. In order to meet the needs of decision makers regarding the accounting information, it has to pay attention to the process of developing the accounting information systems in order to keep up with various latest developments occurred in business world, then contribute to meet the needs of the growing demand for such accounting information which various parties and entities require. Therefore, the role of accountant has expanded due to the development of the accounting information of various business sectors, on the one hand, and the increase of the volume and the complexity of the information, on the other hand; the accountant shall play an active and effective role in the processes of designing thesystems in order to achieve an effective internal system as well as the needs of accounting information users (Abu Khaddrah and Ashish, 2008). There is no doubt the success of developing the system requires the necessity of participation of accountants in establishing and developing that system. The effective method of applying the participation principle is represented by the ability of system to involve the accountants not only in one stage of the development of the system but all stages of system development , in particular that each stage has its own specificity which distinguishes it from other stages; the real participation requires that the accountant shall interact mentally and emotionally through an intellectual debate and consultation with the persons who are responsible for developing the accounting information system in a manner that encourages them to participate in bearing the responsibility and contributing to achieve the goals desired.

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BB15110425

PLANNING SYSTEM
Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2. Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives . These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3. System’s objective specification

4. System planning strategy
Strategic planning is an organizational management activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment. It is a disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves, what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future. Effective strategic planning articulates not only where an organization is going and the actions needed to make progress, but also how it will know if it is successful
http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSC-Basics/Strategic-Planning-Basics

5. Identification of project feasibility
example of
project feasibility
(7.0, 7.1,7.2,7.3,7.4,7.5,7.6)
https://sites.google.com/site/systemanalysisdesign09/feasibility-study-report

6. Formal project proposal

7. Use of project management software in system planning

Accountant role in system planning

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NURFATIN AFIFAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ (BB15110558)

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NURFATIN AFIFAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ (BB15110558)

# data[].attributes.body
Definition system planning
System planning is the examination and evaluation of an operation or task in order to identify and implement more efficient methods, usually through the use of computers. Systems planning can be broken down into three main areas: the production of a statement of objectives; determination of the methods of best achieving these objectives in a cost-effective and efficient way; and the preparation of a feasibility study
http://www.financepractitioner.com/dictionary/systems-planning

Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives . These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

System’s objective specification

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability specification

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

System planning strategy
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.
The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well)
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a core document the helps you sell a potential project to sponsors and stakeholders. A project proposal is unique to each project, of course, but the format is basically the same, if you follow a basic outline:

1. Summary

At the beginning of your proposal, or on a cover sheet, write a two- or three-sentence summary of the proposal. This summary helps the reader follow your argument in the proposal itself.

2. Organization Information

In two or three paragraphs, tell the funder about your organization and why it can be trusted to use funds effectively. Briefly summarize your organization’s history. State your mission, whom you serve and your track record of achievement. Clearly describe, or at least list, your programs. If your programs are many or complex, consider adding an organization chart or other attachments that explain them. Describe your budget size, where you are located and who runs the organization and does the work. Add other details that build the credibility of your group. If other groups in your region work on the same issues, explain how they are different and how you collaborate with them, if you do.

3. Problem/Need/Situation Description

This is where you convince the funder that the issue you want to tackle is important and show that your organization is an expert on the issue.

4. Work Plan/Specific Activities

Explain what your organization plans to do about the problem.

5. Outcomes/Impact of Activities

Tell the funder what impact your project will have — what will change about the situation as a result of your project

6. Other Funding

Here the funder wants to know if other organizations have committed funds to the project or been asked to do so.

7. Evaluation

How will you know whether you achieved the desired impacts? If you have done a good job of defining them, all you need to do here is describe the information you will gather to tell you how close you came.  Explain who will gather the evaluation information and how you will use it. Be sure your evaluation plan is achievable given your resources. If the evaluation will cost money, be sure to put that cost in the project budget.

8. Budget

How much will the project cost? Attach a one- or two-page budget showing expected expenses and income for the project.

9. Supplementary Materials

Funders may ask for a variety of materials along with the proposal itself. Almost all funders want at least the following:

• A copy of your IRS letter

.• A list of your board of directors and their affiliations

• A financial statement from your last complete fiscal year

• A budget for your current fiscal year.

• A budget for the next fiscal year

10. Putting It All Together

Now put the whole thing together: the cover sheet (if appropriate), the proposal itself, the budget and the supplementary materials.

Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is used as a variety of ways, its main purpose is to facilitate the planning and tracking of project components, stakeholders and resources. Project management software caters to the following primary functions:

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants.

Accountant role in system planning

AS DESIGNERS

Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.

AS IMPLEMENTERS

It is the role of accountants to ensure that AIS designed are actually implemented. It is not enough to just have procedures in place, implementation and enforcement is very important. The accountant while being involved in the implementation process of the AIS may discover an implementation problem that non accountants may find difficult communicating back to the systems designers.

AS AUDITORS

Accountants audit the already ‘acclaimed’ AIS to ensure that what is claimed to have been implemented is actually followed. Note that the role of auditors is not to fetch thieves in a system, but to ensure that rules claimed to be followed are backed up by documentation and where it is not possible for it to be documented, the auditors should observe the process take place.

AS USERS

Yes, accountants are users of AIS, this is logical as they are the first people to live by example for others to follow. Again, junior accounting staff members that are not privileged to be at the helms of affairs to participate in the designing stage of accounting information system only play the role of users of accounting information system.
http://www.accountantnextdoor.com/accountants%E2%80%99-role-in-the-accounting-information-system/

# data[].attributes.body
1. PLANNING SYSTEM:
The generation of assembly process plans of complex products is a challenging task. An assembly processing planning system reducing the human intervention and the computational effort is discussed. The method utilizes the information stored into the CAD model of the assembly for the extraction of the part precedence information which is then complemented with technological priorities.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221282711600367X

CONTINUE PLANNING SYSTEM:
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer. There are many problems and pitfalls associated with system planning which should be kept in mind in system planning. Consideration of these helps to make the plans more realistic, more likely to be accepted, and less likely to bog down in the implementation stages. The development of an adequate science of planning should carry high priority among systems people, as such a science will help to provide effective analytical and communicative tools for system planning.
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2239948

2. Problem identification

A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation. A problem:  expresses the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation;  is directly or indirectly related to a desired outcome or standard of behavior. Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem-solving process.

http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf

3. System's objective specifications
Defining requirements to establish specifications is the first step in the development of an embedded system. However, in many situations, not enough care is taken in establishing correct requirements up front. This causes problems when ambiguities in requirements surface later in the life cycle, and more time and money is spent in fixing these ambiguities. Therefore, it is necessary that requirements are established in a systematic way to ensure their accuracy and completeness, but this is not always an easy task. This difficulty in establishing good requirements often makes it more of an art than a science.
http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/des_s99/requirements_specs/

4. SYSTEM PLANNING STRATEGY
In today's world of increasing globalization, and rapid technological change, organisations are becoming more proactive in devising strategies to re-design their business processes and continuously improve the quality of their products and services in order to survive (Lederer and Gardiner, 1992). As such, organisations seek to assess opportunities for IS, and to define steps to develop, and implement IS to execute successful business strategies.

https://vivauniversity.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/strategic-information-systems-planning.pdf

5. IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT FEASIBILITY
The project feasibility study is also known as viability study or feasibility analysis. As the title suggests, the technique of the project feasibility study is used to determine the feasibility of a business problem or improvement opportunity.
https://blog.masterofproject.com/project-feasibility-study/

6. FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL
A project proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project to reviewers for evaluation.
https://www.docsity.com/en/proposal-for-project-final-project-accounting-and-finance-handout/165744/#

7. USE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholder
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8. ACCOUNTANT ROLE IN SYSTEM PLANING
This article reflects about current and future role of Accounting Information Systems by analyzing the main responsibilities of accountants and financial professionals. While several of these responsibilities are already suitably supported by traditional technology answers, others represent challenges that do still not have appropriate responses and therefore deserve to be the focus of future research. This work foresees future technological answers to Accounting domain challenges, like external and compliance reporting. The identified technologies include web services, mobile devices, cloud computing, environmental scanning, business intelligence, enterprise application integration, business process management, computer assisted auditing tools and techniques and big data.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212017313002144
Thank You.

# data[].attributes.body
DEFINITION OF PLANNING SYSTEM
A planning system is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

# data[].attributes.body
(BB15110444)

PLANNING SYSTEM
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION
The first step in the problem solving and decision making process is to identify and define the problem. A problem can be regarded as a difference between the actual situation and the desired situation.
https://www.google.com/search?q=what+is+problem+identification+and+definition&oq=WHAT+IS+PROBLEM+IDENTIFICATION+&aqs=chrome.3.69i57j0l5.10498j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.
The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives . These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

●      System’s objective specification
A System Requirements Specification (SRS) (also known as a Software Requirements Specification) is a document or set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application.
https://www.google.com/search?q=objective+of+system+specification&spell=1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS-MvkkIraAhXMN48KHUp9DhEQBQglKAA&biw=1366&bih=662
The objectives of specification:
a) To explain how dependability requirements
may be identified by analyzing the risks faced
by critical systems
b) To explain how safety requirements are
generated from the system risk analysis
c) To explain the derivation of security
requirements
d) To describe metrics used for reliability
specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

●      System planning strategy
Strategic Information Systems Planning(SISP) is an important activity for helping organization to identify strategic applications and to align an organization's strategy with effective information systems to achieve organization's objectives.
Article about Strategic Information System Planning:
http://www.dingostew.com/download/eoinzy/college/Past%20Papers/IM/notes/Strategic_Information_Systems_Planning.pdf
Slide for Strategic Information Planning System:
https://www.slideshare.net/emolagi/strategic-information-system-planning

●      Identification of project feasibility
Five Steps to Determine Project Feasibility

Step 1: Research the Business Drivers

Step 2: Confirm the Alternative Solutions

Step 3: Determine the Feasibility

Step 4: Choose a Preferred Solution

Step 5: Reassess at a lower level

https://www.tacticalprojectmanagement.com/five-steps-to-determine-project-feasibility/

●      Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem. In order to be successful, the document should provide a logical presentation of a research idea. illustrate the significance of the idea.
Format for formal project proposal:
http://www.mbfoundation.org.ph/docs/Grants/Project%20Proposal%20Template.doc

●      Use of project management software in system planning
a) Planning
b) Manage tasks
c) Collaborate
d) Schedule priorities
e) Manage issues
https://financesonline.com/5-top-uses-project-management-software-benefit/

Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001).

The purpose of the study encompasses two aspects. First it addresses the role of the accountant during the implementation and maintenance phase. The second purpose of the study is to find the characteristics, traits, and skills of accountants that can help them in a successful implementation and maintenance of ERP.
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.body
Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146708951000014X

1)Problem identification and definition

The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives

https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

2)System's objective specification

To describe metrics used for reliability specification

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security requirements

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

3) System planning strategy

The purpose of strategic planning for information systems (spis) is to provide a systematic process for developing a long-range plan for information systems on the basis of the organization’s overall strategic plan. For an organization to perform spis properly, it must consider both the organizational and the technical aspects of planning. The organizational aspect emphasizes the necessity of an integrated information systems plan and its close link to the organization’s objectives. The technical aspect emphasizes the necessity of planning for information systems architecture (isa).

A framework is proposed for :                                       (1) showing how the planning efforts should be coordinated in the form of a specific sequence of events for planning, modeling, and designing,                            (2) identifying organizational entities that should initiate and coordinate planning, modeling, and designing,                                                      (3) identifying the required processes for promoting the interactions necessary between the organizational entities for effective spis directions and actions,       (4) distinguishing and then classifying the current spis methods that are useful for spis activities based on their characteristics as methodologies, techniques, and tools                              (5) identifying avenues for further research in terms of responding to the apparent lack that exists in the available methods.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421222.1988.11517805

4) Identification of project feasibility

In order to identify the issues related to the feasibility study, we first examine the definition of a feasibility study. A commonly accepted definition of a feasibility study/analysis is: A feasibility study/analysis aids in evaluating the suitability of a single or multiple proposed system solution(s) to an identified business problem according to a set of criteria.

Some important criteria factors to be included are: operational factors, the system's ability to meet the functional requirements, the overall impact on the organization, the tangible benefits, the effect on primary users and the technical factors (it that order).

The least important ones are legal and security concerns and the effect on clerical and data processing personnel. It must be emphasized that this prioritization is for evaluating the feasibility of the system proposals; each factor still has to be appropriately addressed during the development life cycle.

More studies should be made to corroborate and expand on the knowledge about feasibility studies.

Empirical data may be collected and experiments conducted in field settings to obtain in-depth information about the criteria and contents of the feasibility study.

Other issues include non-criteria related contents of the feasibility study and the proper time to perform the feasibility study and present it to management. It would be worthwhile to examine the contents of the feasibility study when it is conducted at different milestone points or when multiple feasibility studies are conducted. It will also be valuable to establish the role of the feasibility study in the context of relatively newer and emerging system development methodologies, e.g., prototyping and iterative methodologies.

https://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/P_Palvia_Feasibility_1988.pdf

5)Formal project proposal

Executive Summary

A proposal is a request for financial assistance to implement a project. The proposal outlines the plan of the implementing organisation about the project, giving extensive information about the intention, for implementing it, the ways to manage it and the results to be delivered from it .

Introduction

A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002).  In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007):

provide a logical presentation of a research idea

illustrate the significance of the idea

show the idea's relationship to past actions

articulate the activities for the proposed project

Getting Ready to Start a Project Proposal

-From vision to proposal
-Identify potential funding options
-Build a project proposal team
-Hold a kick-off meeting

Proposal Writing

“The requirements of content and format of proposals differ noticeably from one sponsoring agency to another. While some may provide their own application forms to be filled, and others may request on-line submission of proposals, others will accept a proposal in any format as long as it features the necessary information, and does not contradict their conditions” (AUB 2010).

Proposed Format for a Full Project Proposal

1. Title page

2. Project title

3. Abstract/Executive Summary

4. Context

5. Project justification

Problem statement

Priority need

The proposed approach          (type of intervention)

The implementing

organization

Project aims

Target group

6.project implementation
7.budget
8.monitoring and evaluation
9.reporting
10.management

More tips:

-plan ahead
-more realistic
-be specific

https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

6) Use of project management software in system planning

What does Project Management Software mean?

Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.

Project management software caters to the following primary functions:

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants

Benefits of Using Project

--Management Software

--Collaborate on Projects
--Delegate Tasks
--Stay on Schedule
--Track Projects
--Provide a Snapshot

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

7)Accountant role in system planning

HOW ARE ACCOUNTANTS INVOLVED WITH SDLC?

First, accountants are users. All systems that process financial transactions impact the accounting function in some way. Like all users, accountants must provide a clear picture of their problems and needs to the systems professional. For example, accountants must specify accounting techniques to be used; internal control requirements, such as audit trails; and special algorithms, such as depreciation models.
Second, accountants participate in systems development as members of the development team. Their involvement often extends beyond the development of strictly accounting information systems applications. Systems that do not process financial transactions may still draw on accounting data. The accountant may be consulted to provide advice or to determine if the proposed system constitutes an internal control risk.
Third, accountants are involved in systems development as auditors. Accounting information systems must be auditable. Some computer audit techniques require special features that must be designed into the system. The auditor/accountant has a stake in such systems and must be involved early in their design.

ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN SYSTEMS STRATEGY

Auditors routinely review the organization’s systems strategy. History has shown that careful systems planning is a cost-effective activity in reducing the risk of creating unneeded, unwanted, inefficient, and ineffective systems. Both internal and external auditors have vested interests in this outcome.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

The accountant plays an important role in the conceptual design of the system. He or she must recognize control implications of each alternative design and ensure that accounting conventions and legal requirements are understood. These issues need not be specified in detail at this point, but they should be recognized as items to be addressed during the construct phase of the system. Furthermore, the auditability of a system depends in part on its design characteristics. Some computer auditing techniques require systems to be designed with built-in audit features. Such features require resources and need to be considered at conceptual design.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN SYSTEMS SELECTION

The economic feasibility of proposed systems is of primary concern to accountants. Specifically, the accountant should ensure that:

• Only escapable costs are used in calculations of cost-savings benefits.

• Reasonable interest rates are used in measuring present values of cash flows.

• One-time and recurring costs are completely and accurately reported.

• Realistic useful lives are used in comparing competing projects.

• Intangible benefits are assigned reasonable financial values.

http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/

# data[].attributes.body
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146708951000014X

System’s objective specification

A weak link in previous attempts to apply multiobjective decision‐aiding tools to actual decision problems has been the initial specification of a usable set of objectives. One new approach to this difficult problem applies findings about group processes to the development of a suitable procedure for generating and structuring ideas. The procedure, in turn, is applied to determine a set of objectives for the selection of a portfolio of water projects. The procedure results in the definition of a set of objectives that is minimal, operational, complete, decomposable, nonredundant, and hierarchically structured.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/WR020i002p00189

System planning strategy
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation
Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/
Memorandum

Executive summary

Provide an overview of the main problem/Problem definition

How IS/overall systems design can be helpful in providing a solution

What does your company recommend - what would you do - how much would it cost, deliverables, milestones, time schedule

Preliminary feasibility

Summary of project team qualifications and experience

Project team - resumes

http://www.umsl.edu/~joshik/design/Main-systemsdesign-assn.htm

Formal project proposal

Memorandum

Executive summary

Provide an overview of the main problem/Problem definition

How IS/overall systems design can be helpful in providing a solution

What does your company recommend - what would you do - how much would it cost, deliverables, milestones, time schedule

Preliminary feasibility

Summary of project team qualifications and experience

Project team - resumes

http://www.umsl.edu/~joshik/design/Main-systemsdesign-assn.htm

Use of project management software in system planning
Software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders. Project management software caters to the following primary functions:

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

Accountant role in system planning

Accounting information system is greatly important since it is one of the most important resources providing the

economic and social information required for making the right decisions in this era. In order to meet the needs of

decision makers regarding t

he accounting information, it has to pay attention to the process of developing the

accounting information systems in order to keep up with various latest developments occurred in business world,

then contribute to meet the needs of the growing demand for

such accounting information which various parties

and entities require.

Therefore, the role of accountant has expanded due to the development of the accounting information

of various

business sectors, on the one hand, and the increase of the volume and

the complexity of the information, on the

other hand; the accountant shall play an active and effective role in the processes of designing the

systems in

order to achieve an effective internal system as well as the needs of accounting information users (

Abu Khaddrah

and Ashish, 2008). There is no doubt the success of developing the system requires the necessity of

participation

of accountants in establishing and developing that system. The effective method of applying the participation

principle is represented by the ability of system to involve the accountants not only in one stage of the

development of the system but all stages of system development , in particular that each stage has

its own

specificity which distinguishes it from other stages; t

he real participation requires that the accountant shall

interact mentally and emotionally through an intellectual debate and consultation with the persons

who are

responsible for developing the accounting information system in a manner that encourages t

hem to participate in

bearing the responsibility and contributing to achieve the goals desire
https://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_4_Special_Issue_March_2014/31.pdf

# data[].attributes.headline
NOOR SHAFIQAH BINTI A.M NASIR (BB16110684)

# data[].attributes.subject
NOOR SHAFIQAH BINTI A.M NASIR (BB16110684)

# data[].attributes.body
Discuss the following:
1. Planning system

System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning.

System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts.

The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system.

The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons.

Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2. Problem identification and definition

The first step in the problem solving and decision making process is to identify and define the problem.

A problem can be regarded as a difference between the actual situation and the desired situation. This means that in order to identify a problem the team must know where it is meant to be and have a clear understanding of where it currently is in relation to the perceived problem.

In order to clearly define the problem the following steps can be followed:

Agree with the team where the team should be

Describe and document the problem

https://sielearning.tafensw.edu.au/toolboxes/toolbox316/ip/ip_c08.html

3.  System’s objective specification

In establishing system requirements, the first step is to define a need. This need is based on a want or desire.

Usually, an individual or organization identifies a need for an item or function and then a new or modified system is developed to fulfill the requirement.

After a need is defined, feasibility studies should be conducted to evaluate various technical approaches that can be taken.

The system operational requirements should also be defined. This includes the definition of system operating characteristics, maintenance support concept for the system, and identification of specific design criteria.

In particular, the system operational requirements should include the following elements. [Blanchard90]

Mission definition - Identification of the primary operating mission of the system in addition to alternative and secondary missions.

Performance and physical parameters - Definition of the operating characteristics or functions of the system.

Use requirements - Anticipation of the use of the system.

Operational deployment or distribution - Identification of transportation and mobility requirements. Includes quantity of equipment, personnel, etc. and geographical location.

Operational life cycle - Anticipation of the time that the system will be in operational use.

Effectiveness factors - Numbers specified for system requirements. Includes cost-system effectiveness, mean time between maintenance(MTBM), failure rate, maintenance downtime, etc.

Environment - Definition of the environment in which the system is expected to operate.

http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/des_s99/requirements_specs/

4.  System planning strategy

The purpose of strategic planning for information systems (spis) is to provide a systematic process for developing a long-range plan for information systems on the basis of the organization’s overall strategic plan.

For an organization to perform spis properly, it must consider both the organizational and the technical aspects of planning.

The organizational aspect emphasizes the necessity of an integrated information systems plan and its close link to the organization’s objectives.

The technical aspect emphasizes the necessity of planning for information systems architecture (isa).

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07421222.1988.11517805

5.   Identification of project feasibility

The objectives of a feasibility study are to find out if an information system project can be done (is it possible? is it justified?) and to suggest possible alternative solutions.

A feasibility study should provide management with enough information to decide:
a. Whether the project can be done.
b. Whether the final product will benefit its intended users.
c. What are the alternatives among which a solution will be chosen (during subsequent phases)?
d. Is there a preferred alternative?

http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~jm/340S/PDF2/Feasibility.pdf

6.   Formal project proposal
a) A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002).  In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007):

provide a logical presentation of a research idea

illustrate the significance of the idea

show the idea's relationship to past actions

articulate the activities for the proposed project

b) Designing a project is a process consisting of two elements, which are equally important and thus essential to forming a solid project proposal:

project planning (formulation of project elements)

proposal writing (converting the plan into a project document)

c) The project proposal should be a detailed and directed manifestation of the project design. It is a means of presenting the project to the outside world in a format that is immediately recognised and accepted.
https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

7.  Use of project management software in system planning

a) It is often referred in the industry as the “real” project management software that allows you to map out the entire life of a project.
b) It can be a general but robust software or a specialized solution that targets an industry, for example, construction or software development.
c)This do-all software helps you to do the following:

define the critical path for the project and visualizes the tasks that are interdependent

outline the project schedule and set milestone deadlines

break down the completion of tasks and who is responsible for each task

allocate staff and resources to complete the tasks

When do you need this type of software?

If you have a full-blown project and this is your first time to use a project management solution, getting a complete platform helps you not to miss out on any essential function. It’s also a good way to understand the potential of each tool and how they integrate to each other. Linking calendar to a task list then attaching them to a time tracker gives you the big picture how project management can be automated or fast tracked.

When don’t you need this type of software?

If you’re in a specialized industry like construction or health care, you’re better off getting a specialist software that understands the details of your business. Similarly, the problem with a “complete” software is you get extra tools that you may not use. Even if the software is priced in modules, you are still paying extra for the middleware to make them integrate to each other whether you have the add-on now or later. If you only need a specific process, such as collaborating with employees in different locations or tracking a bug, it’s better to get a specific software.
https://financesonline.com/5-top-uses-project-management-software-benefit/

8. Accountant role in system planning

Accountants plays the following roles in AIS, the industry they are into does not matter. What matters is the accountants’ ability to deliver whenever they are being called upon. This section of study deals with the accountant’s relationship to the information system. Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors.

Accountants as Users : Yes, accountants are users of AIS, this is logical as they are the first people to live by example for others to follow. Again, junior accounting staff members that are not privileged to be at the helms of affairs to participate in the designing stage of accounting information system only play the role of users of accounting information system.

Accountants as System Designers :  Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.

Accountants as System Auditors :  Accountants audit the already ‘acclaimed’ AIS to ensure that what is claimed to have been implemented is actually followed. Note that the role of auditors is not to fetch thieves in a system, but to ensure that rules claimed to be followed are backed up by documentation and where it is not possible for it to be documented, the auditors should observe the process take place.

As Implementers :  It is the role of accountants to ensure that AIS designed are actually implemented. It is not enough to just have procedures in place, implementation and enforcement is very important. The accountant while being involved in the implementation process of the AIS may discover an implementation problem that non accountants may find difficult communicating back to the systems designers.

As Owners :   As accountants gets more involved in the overall decision making in the business angle, a lot of accountants are now being classified as users of accounting information system. They use the AIS to  process and produce accounting information such as financial statement. Also, accountants rely on their knowledge of AIS to make quality fundamental analysis of financial information, this they do while acting as financial planner or investment accountants.

http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
Definition for Planning System
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

Problem identification and definition

Effective problem identification is clear, objective, and specific. Howell, Hosp, & Kurns (2008) outline a test to determine when a problem identification statement is effective: the stranger test. According to the stranger test, problem identification statements need to be clear (i.e., unambiguous), objective (i.e., leaving no room or limited room for inferences) and specific enough for a stranger (i.e., an individual that is only provided with the problem identification statement) to be able to observe the student of interest and identify when the problem is present or absent.

Effective problem identification is well-informed. As mentioned previously, a problem is a discrepancy between expected and observed performance. This problem may arise in regards to expected behaviors, expected academic performance, or expected skill set. Therefore, to identify a problem, it is important to have an understanding of typical or expected levels of performance for a specific learner. This expected level of performance serves as a criterion by which a skill, knowledge base, or behavior can be compared. In some instances, this may come in the form of benchmark norms, expert opinion, or the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts or Mathematics.

Effective problem identification can occur at the system, group, or individual level. Within a Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS), problem identification can occur at the individual, group, or system level. Part of effective problem identification is determining at which of these levels the problem exists. For example, if the problem is common for more than 20% of learners in a classroom, problem analysis should occur at the system level so that solutions are developed for all of these students. If the problem is common for 5% of learners or an identified group, problem analysis is best conducted at the group level. If the problem is rare or specific to a particular learner, problem analysis occurs at the individual level.

Effective problem identification uses an appropriate assessment tool. Problem identification requires the use of an appropriate measure or assessment tool to determine whether a problem (i.e., discrepancy) exists. For example, to determine whether a reading problem exists, an oral reading measure may be used to calculate a student’s reading rate and accuracy.

Effective problem identification is timely. Finally, although problems may arise at any time throughout the school year, one primary goal of screening is problem identification. Early and regularly-scheduled screening periods allow for early intervention. When problems are identified early there is more time to address and remediate the problem.
http://www.fastbridge.org/2018/01/problem-identification/

Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

Formal project proposal
A technical proposal, often called a "Statement of Work,” is a persuasive document. Its objectives are to
1. Identify what work is to be done
2. Explain why this work needs to be done
3. Persuade the reader that the proposers (you) are qualified for the work, have a plausible management plan and technical approach, and have the resources needed to complete the task within the stated time and cost constraints.

What makes a good proposal? One attribute is appearance. A strong proposal has an attractive, professional, inviting appearance. In addition, the information should easy to access. A second attribute is substance. A strong proposal has a well-organized plan of attack. A strong proposal also has technical details because technical depth is needed to sell your project.
http://writing.engr.psu.edu/workbooks/proposal_guidelines.pdf

Use of project management software in system planning
Collaborate on Projects
People are frequently designated individual tasks which are part of a bigger project a whole team is trying to complete. Project management software gives employees a method to collaborate on projects by discussing documents, timelines, outstanding work etc.

Internal & External Communication
Project Management software develops a funnel for communication concerning tasks & projects both internally, but also externally with clients and other stakeholders.

Budget Management
Budgets are among one of the most important items in controlling your projects. The way forward for any business depends on how well you can deliver within the budgets provided. Project management software helps the Project Manager to determine the work budget (planned versus actual) so the work can be aligned accordingly.

Monitoring
To attain long-term success for just about any business, monitoring the progress of the work is essential. Dedicated software plays an important role in monitoring the stages of project and can provide insights into whether things will complete on time or not.

Document Sharing
Document sharing, whether inside the tool or in a integrated 3rd party system, enable people to find more comprehensive documents, wireframes, specifications etc. which enable transparency and communication.

Communication with Clients and Suppliers
Companies should be able to talk about and collaborate with clients and suppliers from the same place. Companies using project management software should offer their clients the ability to log in and view only their relevant project data. This way clients can provide direct feedback, make edits and review progress in the same place.

Optimized Decision Making
Project management software system assists in making the right decisions as you have all the details in one designated place. Hence the decision process is enhanced and much more accurate.

Enhanced Customer Satisfaction

When you get a project done promptly and under budget, the client walks away with a smile on their face. And a satisfied customer is one you will see again. Smart project management software offers the tools which allow this customer/supplier relationship to carry on. By applying fundamental project management software strategies, you'll narrow your focus, achieve your goals and improve your deliverability and rate of success.

Accountant role in system planning
The Accountant’s Role in Systems Strategy
Auditors routinely review the organization’s systems strategy. History has shown that careful systems planning is a cost-effective activity in reducing the risk of creating unneeded, unwanted, inefficient, and ineffective systems. Both internal and external auditors have vested interests in this outcome.

The Accountant’s Role in Conceptual Design
The accountant plays an important role in the conceptual design of the system. He or she must recognize control implications of each alternative design and ensure that accounting conventions and legal requirements are understood. These issues need not be specified in detail at this point, but they should be recognized as items to be addressed during the construct phase of the system. Furthermore, the auditability of a system depends in part on its design characteristics. Some computer auditing techniques require systems to be designed with built-in audit features. Such features require resources and need to be considered at conceptual design.

The Accountant’s Role in Systems Selection
The economic feasibility of proposed systems is of primary concern to accountants. Specifically, the accountant should ensure that: Only escapable costs are used in calculations of cost-savings benefits. Reasonable interest rates are used in measuring present values of cash flows. One-time and recurring costs are completely and accurately reported. Realistic useful lives are used in comparing competing projects. Intangible benefits are assigned reasonable financial values. Errors, omissions, and misrepresentations in the accounting for such items can distort the analysis and result in a suboptimal decision.
https://nscpolteksby.ac.id/ebook/files/Ebook/Accounting/Accounting%20Information%20System-James%20A.Hall%206%20(2008)/16.%20Part%204%20Chapter%2013%20-%20Managing%20the%20Systems%20Development%20Life%20Cycle.pdf

System’s objective specification

1) To explain how dependability requirements

may be identified by analyzing the risks faced

by critical systems

2) To explain how safety requirements are

generated from the system risk analysis

3)To explain the derivation of security

requirements

4) To describe metrics used for reliability

specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

System planning strategy

1.  IS Strategic Planning

2.  IS Tactical Planning

3.  IS Operational Planning

4.  IS Planning Cycle

Further explanation regarding to these system planning strategy can be refer on this article as attached below, on page 16-19

# data[].attributes.headline
NADIATUL REHAN BINTI ABDULLADIN (BB15110440)

# data[].attributes.subject
NADIATUL REHAN BINTI ABDULLADIN (BB15110440)

# data[].attributes.body
P roblem identification

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation (see sections 3 and 4 below).

When identifying problems, the following should be taken into account:

Problems prevent the goals and objectives identified in the previous step from being achieved. This should include the full range of objectives identified in the previous step – including objectives for different levels of planning and markets (see F1, section 3.1).

Problem identification should consider not only ‘problems’ or ‘challenges’, but also constraints on opportunities that are preventing the goals and objectives from being achieved.

Identification should be based on empirical observations, such as data and information obtained from surveys, demand modelling, interviews and studies from a wide range of sources.

Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

# data[].attributes.headline
DAYANG NURSYAHIRAH BINTI LATIP (BB15110175)

# data[].attributes.subject
DAYANG NURSYAHIRAH BINTI LATIP (BB15110175)

# data[].attributes.body
1.System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089
2.   Problem identification and definition
Problem Identification.

Problem Identification

-The first step to successful problem resolution

Problem Identification

-A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between

the ideal and the actual situation.

A problem:

expresses the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation;

is directly or indirectly related

to a desired outcome or standard of behavior

.Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully

implementing the problem-

solving process.
http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf
3.  System’s objective specification
4.  System planning strategy

What is Strategic Planning?

Strategic planning is an organizational management activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment. It is a disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves, what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future. Effective strategic planning articulates not only where an organization is going and the actions needed to make progress, but also how it will know if it is successful.

What is a Strategic Plan?

A strategic plan is a document used to communicate with the organization the organizations goals, the actions needed to achieve those goals and all of the other critical elements developed during the planning exercise.
http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSC-Basics/Strategic-Planning-Basics
5.    Identification of project feasibility
6.  Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a document that provides information about the items that should be implemented and/or executed to achieve the desired project result. Since there are different kinds of projects that entities can be involved in, the content and format of project proposals also vary from one another.

Whatever kind of project proposal it is that you would like to make, you need to make sure that the items that you will include in the document are relevant, organized, and precisely stated.
https://www.examples.com/business/project-proposal.html
7.  Use of project management software in system planning

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
1) Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2)  Problem identification and definition

The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3) System’s objective specification

To develop information systems that satisfy an organization’s informational, operational, and management requirements. Note that this objective relates to the system being developed.

develop information systems in an efficient and effective manner.

http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/25323

4) System planning strategy
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):

https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

5) Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6) Formal project proposa l
Project Proposal (10-12 excluding resumes)
Memorandum

Executive summary

Provide an overview of the main problem/Problem definition

How IS/overall systems design can be helpful in providing a solution

What does your company recommend - what would you do - how much would it cost, deliverables, milestones, time schedule

Preliminary feasibility

Summary of project team qualifications and experience

Project team - resumes
http://www.umsl.edu/~joshik/design/Main-systemsdesign-assn.htm

7) Use of project management software in system planning

Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

8) Accountant role in system planning

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN SYSTEMS STRATEGY

Auditors routinely review the organization’s systems strategy. History has shown that careful systems planning is a cost-effective activity in reducing the risk of creating unneeded, unwanted, inefficient, and ineffective systems. Both internal and external auditors have vested interests in this outcome.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

The accountant plays an important role in the conceptual design of the system. He or she must recognize control implications of each alternative design and ensure that accounting conventions and legal requirements are understood. These issues need not be specified in detail at this point, but they should be recognized as items to be addressed during the construct phase of the system. Furthermore, the auditability of a system depends in part on its design characteristics. Some computer auditing techniques require systems to be designed with built-in audit features. Such features require resources and need to be considered at conceptual design.

THE ACCOUNTANT’S ROLE IN SYSTEMS SELECTION

The economic feasibility of proposed systems is of primary concern to accountants. Specifically, the accountant should ensure that:

http://www.engineering-bachelors-degree.com/business-information-management/uncategorized/managing-the-systems-development-life-cyclethe-accountants-role-in-managing-the-sdlc/

# data[].attributes.body
(BB15110242)

Definition system planning

System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION
A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation.
A problem:
 expresses the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation;
 is directly or indirectly related to a desired outcome or standard of behavior.
http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf

System’s objective specification

A System Requirements Specification (SRS) (also known as a Software Requirements Specification) is a document or set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application. It includes a variety of elements (see below) that attempts to define the intended functionality required by the customer to satisfy their different users.
In addition to specifying how the system should behave, the specification also defines at a high-level the main business processes that will be supported, what simplifying assumptions have been made and what key performance parameters will need to be met by the system.
https://www.inflectra.com/ideas/topic/requirements-definition.aspx

System planning strategy
Strategic planning is increasingly being adopted by many organizations around the globe to help in facing challenges in highly competitive and rapidly changing business environment. However, these corporate strategies need to be accompanied by strategies for key supporting functions. Companies in the manufacturing and construction business are heavily dependent on their machinery and equipment in securing a competitive advantage. Maintenance, in its wide sense, is the function that is mostly concerned with that aspect of the business. Therefore, it is essential to have a long‐term plan for maintenance that takes into consideration the vision, mission and objectives of the organization and the anticipated changes in technology.
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/13552511111134583

Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated.
The process of analyzing project alternatives and feasibility comes in the following steps:

1. Option Identification

2. Feasibility Analysis

3. Option Selection

The first and third steps are the components of the alternative analysis stage. The third step refers to the stage of evaluating feasibility of the selected option(s) to determine their economic sense and technical sustainability within the project environment.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

Formal project proposal
A Project Proposal is a document which you present to potential sponsors or clients to receive funding or get your project approved.Project Proposals contain key information about your project. They are essential for your sponsors since they’ll use them to evaluate your project and determine whether or not they’ll allocate funds for it. A Project Proposal is generally drafted during one of the early phases of your project (before detailed plans are made and resources are allocated).Therefore, often time and budget estimates are rough, at best. Project proposals do not follow the ‘one size fits all’ principle. This can be attributed to the fact that there are many different types of proposals, all serving a unique purpose in their own right. Proposals can be internal (within your organization) or external (written from one independent organization to another). They can be solicited or unsolicited. They differ in form since some are for businesses, while others are for university or NGO projects.
Project Proposal (10-12 excluding resumes)

- Memorandum

- Executive summary

- Provide an overview of the main problem/Problem definition

- How IS/overall systems design can be helpful in providing a solution
-What does your company recommend - what would you do - how much would it cost, deliverables, milestones, time schedule

- Preliminary feasibility

- Summary of project team qualifications and experience

- Project team - resumes
https://project-proposal.casual.pm/

Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate.

Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.

Stay on Schedule

Project management software lets project managers add a start and expected completion date to projects and tasks they include in the system. This information alerts employees to upcoming deadlines, allowing them to manage their time appropriately to complete tasks before or on the listed due date.

Track Projects

Keep track of the progress of projects with project management software. The software will let you know what's been completed, as well as by whom, and what still needs to be done. Employees can provide updates as to what they're working on and share their updates with the project manager and team members. The software eliminates the need for status update meetings and emails.

Provide a Snapshot

When training new staff members and introducing them to projects your company works on, project management software offers a snapshot of the project you can share to get new staff up-to-speed. The snapshot allows you to show employees the project from start to finish, give them background information and let them know how the project will move forward.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001)

https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.body
BB15161025

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION
A problem can be regarded as a difference between the actual situation and the desired situation. This means that in order to identify a problem the team must know where it is meant to be and have a clear understanding of where it currently is in relation to the perceived problem.
Problems can be identified, both now and in the future, as evidence that objectives are not being achieved. However, objectives are often rather abstract, and it may be easier for members of the public to understand a strategy based on clearly identified problems. This problem-oriented approach to strategy formulation is an alternative to starting with objectives, but does still need to be checked against the full list of objectives.

SYSTEM OBJECTIVE SPECIFICATION
A System Requirements Specification (SRS) (also known as a Software Requirements Specification) is a document or set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application. It includes a variety of elements that attempts to define the intended functionality required by the customer to satisfy their different users.  In addition to specifying how the system should behave, the specification also defines at a high-level the main business processes that will be supported, what simplifying assumptions have been made and what key performance parameters will need to be met by the system.
https://www.inflectra.com/ideas/topic/requirements-definition.aspx

SYSTEM PLANNING STRATEGY

Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT FEASIBILITY
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the consensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION
Problem-definition is the most important stage in the marketing research process. Poor problem definition can expose research to a range of undesirable consequences, including incorrect research designs, inappropriate or needlessly expensive data collection, assembly of incorrect or irrelevant data, and choice of the wrong population to sample. Notwithstanding its importance, problem-definition is elusive in many marketing research studies. Why is it difficult to arrive at a clear problem definition statement in marketing research studies? To answer this question, it is useful to identify two key participants in a typical research study: the decision maker and the marketing research analyst. The decision maker has a problem and the resources and inclination to study it. The decision maker is presumed to make decisions that are based, at least partially, on the results of the marketing research effort. The analyst conducts or manages the marketing research effort. The decision maker and the analyst may, of course, be the same person, but usually these roles are assumed by different individuals. The analyst may be an external marketing research supplier or consultant.
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/EUM0000000002547

SYSTEM'S OBJECTIVE SPECIFICATION

● To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems
● To explain how
safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis
● To explain the
derivation of security requirements
● To describe
metrics used for reliability specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

SYSTEM PLANNING STRATEGY
Strategic planning is increasingly being adopted by many organizations around the globe to help in facing challenges in highly competitive and rapidly changing business environment. However, these corporate strategies need to be accompanied by strategies for key supporting functions. Companies in the manufacturing and construction business are heavily dependent on their machinery and equipment in securing a competitive advantage. Maintenance, in its wide sense, is the function that is mostly concerned with that aspect of the business. Therefore, it is essential to have a long‐term plan for maintenance that takes into consideration the vision, mission and objectives of the organization and the anticipated changes in technology.
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/13552511111134583

IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT FEASIBILITY
Feasibility and Option Analysis in a project is a systematic assessment and evaluation of all possible alternative approaches available for achieving the project objectives to figure out which of the options appear to be most effective and providing the best solution for the project. Such an analysis is often implemented in the form of a process that begins once the project objectives are defined and continues throughout the initiation stage until the best alternative(s) for the project is found and selected.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL
A Project Proposal is a document which you present to potential sponsors or clients to receive funding or get your project approved.Project Proposals contain key information about your project. They are essential for your sponsors since they’ll use them to evaluate your project and determine whether or not they’ll allocate funds for it. A Project Proposal is generally drafted during one of the early phases of your project (before detailed plans are made and resources are allocated).Therefore, often time and budget estimates are rough, at best. Project proposals do not follow the ‘one size fits all’ principle. This can be attributed to the fact that there are many different types of proposals, all serving a unique purpose in their own right. Proposals can be internal (within your organization) or external (written from one independent organization to another). They can be solicited or unsolicited. They differ in form since some are for businesses, while others are for university or NGO projects.
Project Proposal (10-12 excluding resumes)

- Memorandum

- Executive summary

- Provide an overview of the main problem/Problem definition

- How IS/overall systems design can be helpful in providing a solution
-What does your company recommend - what would you do - how much would it cost, deliverables, milestones, time schedule

- Preliminary feasibility

- Summary of project team qualifications and experience

- Project team - resumes
https://project-proposal.casual.pm/

USE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate.

Collaborate on Projects:

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.
Delegate Tasks:

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.
Stay on Schedule:

Project management software lets project managers add a start and expected completion date to projects and tasks they include in the system. This information alerts employees to upcoming deadlines, allowing them to manage their time appropriately to complete tasks before or on the listed due date.
Track Projects:

Keep track of the progress of projects with project management software. The software will let you know what's been completed, as well as by whom, and what still needs to be done. Employees can provide updates as to what they're working on and share their updates with the project manager and team members. The software eliminates the need for status update meetings and emails.
Provide a Snapshot:

When training new staff members and introducing them to projects your company works on, project management software offers a snapshot of the project you can share to get new staff up-to-speed. The snapshot allows you to show employees the project from start to finish, give them background information and let them know how the project will move forward.
Commuicate with Clients and Vendors:

Project management software enables businesses to share and collaborate with clients and vendors in addition to employees. Companies using project management software can provide their clients with usernames and passwords giving them access to project files. Clients can give feedback, make edits and review progress. CNN Money asserts that, because businesses need to be connected to vendors and clients, project management technology is essential.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html
ACCOUNTANT ROLE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001).

https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
DEFINITION:

System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer. There are many problems and pitfalls associated with system planning which should be kept in mind in system planning. Consideration of these helps to make the plans more realistic, more likely to be accepted, and less likely to bog down in the implementation stages. The development of an adequate science of planning should carry high priority among systems people, as such a science will help to provide effective analytical and communicative tools for system planning.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

1. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION

A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation.  Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem-solving process.  When an individual faces a problem, the natural tendency is to propose possible solutions. Consequently, the thought and discussion focuses on the merits and problems of the proposed solution(s), rather than an in-depth discussion of the possible causes of the problem itself.
http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf
.2. SYSTEM PLANNING STRATEGY
To explain how dependability requirements

may be identified by analyzing the risks faced

by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are

generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security

requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability

Specification

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

3. System planning strategy
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):

https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

4. Identification of project feasibility

An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.

http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

5) Formal
project proposa l

Project Proposal (10-12 excluding resumes)
Memorandum

Executive summary

Provide an overview of the main problem/Problem definition

How IS/overall systems design can be helpful in providing a solution

What does your company recommend - what would you do - how much would it cost, deliverables, milestones, time schedule

Preliminary feasibility

Summary of project team qualifications and experience

Project team - resumes

http://www.umsl.edu/~joshik/design/Main-systemsdesign-assn.htm

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
Information Systems planning is the process of determining and analyzing information requirements and integrating those requirements with overall organizational objectives. McFarlan (1971), McLean and Soden (1977), Ward, et al. (1990), and others have identified not only the need but the necessity for an effective IS plan. An IS plan provides an opportunity for an organization to exploit rapidly advancing information technology. An IS plan must take into account both the short and the long term views in order to properly allocate resources as well as support the information needs of an organization (Emery, (1987).
https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/27096/informationsyste00stef.pdf;sequence=1

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

SYSTEM'S OBJECTIVE SPECIFICATION
To develop information systems that satisfy an organization’s informational, operational, and management requirements. Note that this objective relates to the system being developed. To develop information systems in an efficient and effective manner.
http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/25323

SYSTEM PLANNING STRATEGY
During the strategic IS planning stage, it is crucial to link IS strategy with overall organizational planning. To achieve this the organization must: • Assess organizational objectives and strategies. • Set IS mission. • Assess environment. • Set IS policies, objectives, and strategies. (Bowman, et al., 1983) This process should yield an accurate understanding of the strategic purpose and direction of the organization; a new or revised IS charter or mission; an assessment of the state of the IS function; and a statement of policies, objectives, and strategies for the IS planning effort. (Bowman, et al. (1983)
https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/27096/informationsyste00stef.pdf;sequence=1

IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT FEASIBILITY
Feasibility is the measure of how beneficial / practical an information system will be to an organization.  A feasibility study looks at the viability of an idea with an emphasis on identifying potential problems and attempts to answer one main question: Will the idea work and should you proceed with it?

When assessing feasibility of a project following criteria can be identified.

1.      Operational Feasibility
-    A measure of how well a solution meets the identified system requirements to solve the problem

2.      Technical Feasibility
-  A measure of the practicality of a technical solution & the availability of technical resourses and expertise

3.      Economic Feasibility
-  A measure of the cost-effectiveness of a project

4.      Schedule Feasibility
-   A measure of how reasonable the project timetable is.

5.      Legal Feasibility
-    A measure of how well a solution can be implemented within existing legal and contractual obligations.

6.      Cultural Feasibility
- A measure of how well the solution will be accepted in a given organizational climate
https://sites.google.com/site/systemanalysisdesign09/feasibility-study-report#_Toc274856919

FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL
A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002).  In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007):

provide a logical presentation of a research idea

illustrate the significance of the idea

show the idea's relationship to past actions

articulate the activities for the proposed project

Designing a project is a process consisting of two elements, which are equally important and thus essential to forming a solid project proposal:

project planning (formulation of project elements)

proposal writing (converting the plan into a project document)

The project proposal should be a detailed and directed manifestation of the project design. It is a means of presenting the project to the outside world in a format that is immediately recognized and accepted.

USE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
Project management software has the capacity to help plan, organize, and manage resource tools and develop resource estimates. Depending on the sophistication of the software, it can manage estimation and planning, scheduling, cost control and budget management, resource allocation, collaboration software, communication, decision-making, quality management and documentation or administration systems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management_software

ACCOUNTANT ROLE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001)
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392&preflayout=flat

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089
2..A problem can be regarded as a difference between the actual situation and the desired situation. This means that in order to identify a problem the team must know where it is meant to be and have a clear understanding of where it currently is in relation to the perceived problem.In order to clearly define the problem the following steps can be followed
:Agree with the team where the team should be Describe and document the problem
https://sielearning.tafensw.edu.au/toolboxes/toolbox316/ip/ip_c08.html
3.

3. System objective specification

To develop information systems that satisfy an organization’s informational, operational, and management requirements. Note that this objective relates to the system being developed  and to develop information systems in an efficient and effective manner.

http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/25323

4..System planning strategy

Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):

https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

5. Identification of projects feasibility

An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.

Feasibility and Option Analysis in a project is a systematic assessment and evaluation of all possible alternative approaches available for achieving the project objectives to figure out which of the options appear to be most effective and providing the best solution for the project. Such an analysis is often implemented in the form of a process that begins once the project objectives are defined and continues throughout the  initiation stage until the best alternative(s) for the project is found and selected.

http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template

6. Formal project proposal

A Project Proposal is a document which you present to potential sponsors or clients to receive funding or get your project approved.

Project Proposals contain key information about your project. They are essential for your sponsors since they’ll use them to evaluate your project and determine whether or not they’ll allocate funds for it.

A Project Proposal is generally drafted during one of the early phases of your project (before detailed plans are made and resources are allocated). Therefore, often time and budget estimates are rough, at best.

Project proposals do not follow the ‘one size fits all’ principle. This can be attributed to the fact that there are many different types of proposals, all serving a unique purpose in their own right. Proposals can be internal (within your organization) or external (written from one independent organization to another). They can be solicited or unsolicited. They differ in form since some are for businesses, while others are

https://project-proposal.casual.pm

7. Use of project management software in system planning

Project management includes the tools and techniques required to deliver your projects successfully. Projects are comprised of stakeholders, their vision/goal, the resources required to achieve that goal, and management processes and tools to make sure you get there.

Project management is key to this success. Project management includes the technology, methodology, and resources that enable project completion. Over time, technology and methodology have gotten incredibly sophisticated.

https://www.mavenlink.com/resources/what-is-project-management-software

8. Accountant role in system planning

Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes. An appreciation of the accountant’s responsibility for system design requires a historic perspective that predates the computer as a business information tool. Traditionally, accountants have been responsible for key aspects of the information system, including assessing the information needs of users, defining the content and format of output reports, specifying sources of data, selecting the appropriate accounting rules, and determining the controls necessary to preserve the integrity and efficiency of the information system.

http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
1) Planning System
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2) Problem identification and definition
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives . These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3) System’s objective specification

Transaction Processing Systems: Their objective is to process transactions in order to update records and generate reports, ie., to perform score-keeping functions.

Decision Support Systems: Their objective is to support the managerial decisions. Usually, these systems are based on a model of the decision-making domain, and utilize techniques from management science, finance or other functional areas of business in order to build such models. These systems are also used often for attention-directing purposes, ie., for directing the attention of managers to a problematic aspect of operations.

Expert Systems: These systems incorporate expertise in order to aid managers in diagnosing problems or in problem-solving.

https://www.albany.edu/acc/courses/acc681.fall00/681book/node18.html

4) System planning strategy

Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

5) Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
The process of analyzing project feasibility and options aims to explore all feasible alternatives and provide evidence that the proposed project choice can actually be implemented with the best option available among all feasible alternatives.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6) Formal project proposal
Technical proposal, often called a "Statement of Work,” is a persuasive document. Its objectives are to 1. Identify what work is to be done 2. Explain why this work needs to be done 3. Persuade the reader that the proposers (you) are qualified for the work, have a plausible management plan and technical approach, and have the resources needed to complete the task within the stated time and cost constraints. What makes a good proposal? One attribute is appearance. A strong proposal has an attractive, professional, inviting appearance. In addition, the information should easy to access. A second attribute is substance. A strong proposal has a well-organized plan of attack. A strong proposal also has technical details because technical depth is needed to sell your project. Remember: A proposal is a persuasive document.
http://writing.engr.psu.edu/workbooks/proposal_guidelines.pdf

7) Use of project management software in system planning
Software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders. Project management software caters to the following primary functions:

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8) Accountant role in system planning
Accountants in AIS summarize the results of a firm’s transactions and issue reports to help managers make informed decisions. The role of accountant has expanded due to the development of the accounting information of various business sectors, on the one hand, and the increase of the volume and the complexity of the information, on the other hand; the accountant shall play an active and effective role in the processes of designing the systems in order to achieve an effective internal system as well as the needs of accounting information users. There is no doubt the success of developing the system requires the necessity of participation of accountants in establishing and developing that system. The effective method of applying the participation principle is represented by the ability of system to involve the accountants not only in one stage of the development of the system but all stages of system development , in particular that each stage has its own specificity which distinguishes it from other stages; the real participation requires that the accountant shall interact mentally and emotionally through an intellectual debate and consultation with the persons who are responsible for developing the accounting information system in a manner that encourages them to participate in bearing the responsibility and contributing to achieve the goals desired.
http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

# data[].attributes.headline
NOOR FARHANOM BINTI NAZARUDIN BB15110467

# data[].attributes.subject
NOOR FARHANOM BINTI NAZARUDIN BB15110467

# data[].attributes.body
1) Planning system
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146708951000014X

2) Problem identification and definition
A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation.  Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem-solving process.  When an individual faces a problem, the natural tendency is to propose possible solutions. Consequently, the thought and discussion focuses on the merits and problems of the proposed solution(s), rather than an in-depth discussion of the possible causes of the problem itself.
http://www.mwftr.com/SD1415/B1221_Widdel_Problem%20Identification_EXAMPLE.pdf

3) Systems objective specification
In many contexts, the specification and requirements processes are intermixed – often called requirements specification. In the context of objective, it is to:

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability specification

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4) System planning strategy
The relative emphasis on adaptation or inte gration in a firm's strategic planning system can be discerned by analyzing six key elements in its design (Lorange, 1980). Three of these are part of the strategy formulation cycle: direction of goal setting, linkage between action plans and budgets, and whether the corporate planner is a strategist or a catalyst in the planning process.  The three other elements are part of the strategy implementation cycle: frequency with which stra tegic plans are monitored, the key performance parameters that are controlled, and the criteria used for incentive compensation. Depending on how these six elements are configured within a system, there are four basic ways (Table 1) in which creativity and control can be balanced in multi-business (Chakravarthy and Lorange, 1984).
https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2486038.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A21daa3b139976ef20794e42073ccd997

5) Identification of project feasibility
Feasibility Study can be considered as preliminary investigation that helps the management to take decision about whether study of system should be feasible for development or not.

It identifies the possibility of improving an existing system, developing a new system, and produce refined estimates for further development of system.

It is used to obtain the outline of the problem and decide whether feasible or appropriate solution exists or not.

The main objective of a feasibility study is to acquire problem scope instead of solving the problem.

The output of a feasibility study is a formal system proposal act as decision document which includes the complete nature and scope of the proposed system.https://www.tutorialspoint.com/system_analysis_and_design/system_analysis_and_design_planning.htm

6) Formal project proposal
There are three major components to the standard research proposal. They are the text, the budget, and the supporting documents, referred to as the appendices, attachments or exhibits. This section outlines each piece of the proposal, and concludes with a discussion of certain variations in format required if one is seeking support for other kinds of academic programs. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the cover sheet, and some provide special forms to summarize basic administrative and fiscal data for the project. Generally, the principal investigator, his or her department head, and an official representing the College sign the cover sheet. This are some thing that need to be included in proposal:

Project Title

Project Summary

Total Cost of Project

Funds Requested from Sponsor

Name, Position, Address, Phone number, E-mail, and FAX number of principal investigator

Signature block for Principal Investigator

Signature block for Sponsored Projects Administrative Official

Address, Phone Number, E-mail, and FAX number of Office of Sponsored Projects

http://www.dartmouth.edu/~osp/resources/manual/pre-award/format.html

7) Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate. Its also useful in a various way such as:

Collaborate on Projects

Delegate Tasks

Stay on Schedule

Track Projects

Provide a Snapshot

Commuicate with Clients and Vendors

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

8) Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001).
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089
2. Problem identification and  definition

The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3. System’s objective specification

To develop information systems that satisfy an organization’s informational, operational, and management requirements. Note that this objective relates to the system being developed.

develop information systems in an efficient and effective manner.

http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/25323

4. System planning strategy

Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

5. Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6. Formal project proposal

7. Use of project management software in system planning

8. Accountant role in system planning

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINATION
Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

# data[].attributes.body
(BB15110086)

Planning system
There is no level within the business organisation that can consider itself as having no need for planning its future. Indeed planning should be an integrated activity throughout the company. Top management is responsible for setting objectives which should be communicated down
through the organisation and which act as the basis for functional and departmental planning purposes. This in practice, however, is not the general case. Many companies do not set objectives, many perhaps assuming that they are implicit in their top managements' actions and as such need no further expansion or communication. Many others prefer the status quo to obtain.
In this way they assume that the future will take care of itself and no action or reaction is required of them. But this clearly is not the case. The business operates in an environment
comprising a number of institutions (e.g. social, legal, political, and economic) all of which interact with each other.
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1108/eb014274

Problem identification and definition
A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation. A problem: expresses the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation;  is directly or indirectly related to a desired outcome or standard of behaviour. Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem-solving process.
http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

System’s objective specification

•A method to improve the impact of verification activities for advanced maritime vessels.

•The method specifies verification scope, objectives and acceptance criteria.

•Captures scenarios with more complex causal relations than what is currently considered.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951832017303162

System planning strategy

The first step is to make up a list of all the possible outcomes that can occur: the outputs (the solution space). These represent the goals that the expert and the knowledge-based system reach when searching for an answer. They should all be defined with subtle differences clearly identified.

The second step is to identify the various sources of information that the expert uses to deduce the outcomes: the inputs (the problem space).

Once the outputs and the inputs are defined, the data structures and their functional roles are defined.

Finally and most importantly, the third step is to determine the relationships between the inputs and the outputs: the middle (the reasoning process). This may require some intermediate states that may have to be defined. The relationships and intermediate states represent the core of the expert's knowledge.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016792369900024X

Identification of project feasibility

Step 1: Research the Business Drivers
For instance, the business driver might be that an IT system is outdated and is causing customer complaints, or that two businesses need to merge because of an acquisition. Regardless of the business driver, you need to get to the bottom of it so you fully understand the reasons why the project has been kicked off.

Step 2: Confirm the Alternative Solutions
If it’s an IT system that is outdated, then your alternative solutions might include redeveloping the existing system, replacing it or merging it with another system.
Step 3: Determine the Feasibility

Here are some examples of ways you can assess feasibility:

Research: Perform online research to see if other companies have implemented the same solutions and how they got on.

Prototyping: Identify the part of the solution that has the highest risk, and then build a sample of it to see if it’s possible to create.

Time-boxing: Complete some of the tasks in your project plan and measure how long it took vs. planned. If you delivered it on time, then you know that your planning is quite accurate.

Step 4: Choose a Preferred Solution
With the feasibility of each alternative solution known, the next step is to select a preferred solution to be delivered by your project. Choose the solution that; is most feasible to implement, has the lowest risk, and you have the highest confidence of delivering.

Step 5: Reassess at a lower level
List all of the tasks that are needed to complete the solution. Then run those tasks by your team to see how long they think it will take to complete them. Add all of the tasks and time frames to a project plan to see if you can do it all within the project deadline.

https://www.tacticalprojectmanagement.com/five-steps-to-determine-project-feasibility/

Formal project proposal

The definition of design incorporates seven elements: agent, object, environment, goals, primitives, requirements and constraints. this is  a formal definition for the concept design and propose a conceptual model linking concepts related to design projects. The design project conceptual model is based on the view that projects are temporal trajectories of work systems that include human agents who work to design systems for stakeholders, and use resources and tools to accomplish this task.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-92966-6_6

Use of project management software in system planning

Organisations that outsource many of their software projects may benefit greatly from a knowledge management program for software acquisition. Such uses of project management software that may help the organisation are: plan all aspects of the acquisition, manage software requirements, track project team and contractor team performance, manage the project's cost and schedule baselines, evaluate the products and services, manage risks, and successfully transition the software to its host organization.
https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/03055720710825627

Accountant role in system planning
The economic feasibility of proposed systems is of primary concern to accountants. Specifically, the accountant should ensure that: Only es-capable costs are used in calculations of cost-savings benefits. Reasonable interest rates are used in measuring present values of cash flows. One-time and recurring costs are completely and accurately reported. Realistic useful lives are used in comparing competing projects. Intangible benefits are assigned reasonable financial values. Errors, omissions, and misrepresentations in the accounting for such items can distort the analysis and result in a sub-optimal decision.
https://nscpolteksby.ac.id/ebook/files/Ebook/Accounting/Accounting%20Information%20SystemJames%20A.Hall%206%20(2008)/16.%20Part%204%20Chapter%2013%20%20Managing%20the%20Systems%20Development%20Life%20Cycle.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2239948

Problem identification and definition

A problem occurs when there is a difference between what "should be" and what "is"; between the ideal and the actual situation. A problem: expresses the difference between the hoped for and the actual situation;  is directly or indirectly related to a desired outcome or standard of behavior. Identifying a very clearly defined and specific problem is the first critical step to successfully implementing the problem-solving process

System objectives specification

● To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems
● To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis
● To explain the derivation of security requirements
● To describe metrics used for reliability specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

Systems planning strategy

important activity for helping organization to identify strategic applications and to align an organization’s strategy with effective information systems to achieve organization’s objectives. Today, improved strategic information systems planning is the most critical issue facing information systems. Strategic information systems planning plays a major role that makes huge contributions to businesses and other organizations. In this paper, an overview of Strategic Information Systems Planning including its importance, stages, and success are presented
http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2014/WCECS2014_pp168-170.pdf

Identification of project feasibility

A feasible project is one where the project could generate adequate amount of cash flow and profits, withstand the risks it will encounter, remain viable in the long-term and meet the goals of the business. The venture can be a start-up of the new business, a purchase of the existing business, and expansion of the current business.
https://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/F08papers/Katimuneetorn_Feasibility_Study.html

Project Proposal

The Project Proposal is usually the first document developed to introduce a project.

It expands the initial concept or idea to broadly define the scope of the proposed project (objectives, outcomes and outputs), and provide an estimate of the resourcing, time and costs associated with progressing the initiative.

Guidelines for Project Proposals
http://writing.engr.psu.edu/workbooks/proposal_guidelines.pdf

Use of project management software in system planning

Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers, stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system.

project management software that allows you to map out the entire life of a project. - It can be a general but robust software or a specialized solution that targets an industry, for example, construction or software development. This do-all software helps you to do the following:

define the critical path for the project and visualizes the tasks that are interdependent

outline the project schedule and set milestone deadlines

break down the completion of tasks and who is responsible for each task

allocate staff and resources to complete the tasks

Accountant's role in system planning

Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors.
Accountants as Users

this is logical as they are the first people to live by example for others to follow

The accountant’s participation in systems development should be active rather than passive. The principal cause of design errors that result in system failure is the absence of user involvement.

Accountants as System Designers .

They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system

Because of the uniqueness of each system and the susceptibility of systems to serious error and even fraud, the accountant’s involvement in systems design should be pervasive. We shall see that the active participation of accountants is critical to the system’s success.

Accountants as System Auditor

to ensure that what is claimed to have been implemented is actually followed.

the role of auditors is not to fetch thieves in a system, but to ensure that rules claimed to be followed are backed up by documentation and where it is not possible for it to be documented, the auditors should observe the process take place.

http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
1.SYSTEM PLANNING
System planning is the examination and evaluation of an operation or task in order to identify and implement more efficient methods, usually through the use of computers. Systems planning can be broken down into three main areas: the production of a statement of objectives; determination of the methods of best achieving these objectives in a cost-effective and efficient way; and the preparation of a feasibility study.

http://www.financepractitioner.com/dictionary/systems-planning

2.PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION

Problem identification

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives.

These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3. SYSTEM OBJECTIVES SPECIFICATION

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability specification

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4. SYSTEM PLANNING STRATEGY

A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managerial style and philosophy.

An effective planning system requires "situational design" its must take into situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5. IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT FEASIBILITY

An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.

http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6.FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

A technical proposal, often called a "Statement of Work,” is a persuasive document. Its objectives are to
1. Identify what work is to be done
2.  Explain why this work needs to be done
3.  Persuade the reader that the proposers (you) are qualified for the work, have a plausible management plan and technical approach, and have the resources needed to complete the task within the stated time and cost constraints.

7, USE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN SYSTEM PLANNING

Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate.

- Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

-Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.

- Stay on Schedule

Project management software lets project managers add a start and expected completion date to projects and tasks they include in the system. This information alerts employees to upcoming deadlines, allowing them to manage their time appropriately to complete tasks before or on the listed due date.

8. ACCOUNTANT ROLE IN SYSTEM PLANNING

ACCOUNTANTS AND AIS

Accountants plays the following roles in AIS, the industry they are into does not matter. What matters is the accountant ability to deliver whenever they are being called upon. Here they are:

AS DESIGNERS

Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.

http://www.accountantnextdoor.com/accountants’-role-in-the-accounting-information-system/

# data[].attributes.body
1. Definition of system planning
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2. Problem identification and definition
The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3. System’s objective specification
To explain how dependability requirements

may be identified by analyzing the risks faced

by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are

generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security

requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability

specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4. System planning strategy
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

5. Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6. Formal project proposal

A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002).  In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007):

provide a logical presentation of a research idea

illustrate the significance of the idea

show the idea's relationship to past actions

articulate the activities for the proposed project

Designing a project is a process consisting of two elements, which are equally important and thus essential to forming a solid project proposal:

project planning (formulation of project elements)

proposal writing (converting the plan into a project document)

The project proposal should be a detailed and directed manifestation of the project design. It is a means of presenting the project to the outside world in a format that is immediately recognised and accepted.
https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

7. Use of project management software in system planning

Businesses, large and small, unquestionably juggle numerous projects, plans, tasks and people. Having a solution that can help them keep organized while planning and running projects, in a way that is accurate, predictable, and profitable is promising.

The benefits of project management software are boundless. Not long ago project management software was symbolized by three things: a pencil, a sheet of paper and a methodology.

However time marches on and technology evolves. Essentially, Project management software programs are employed for project planning, time management resource allocation and for change management also. Project management software is among the most useful tools that can help companies in becoming as competitive as possible, and set them apart from their industry.
https://blog.forecast.it/blog/benefits-of-using-project-management-software

8. Accountant role in system planning

Accounting information system is greatly important since it is one of the most important resources providing the

economic and social information required for making the right decisions in this era. In order to meet the needs of

decision makers regarding t

he accounting information, it has to pay attention to the process of developing the

accounting information systems in order to keep up with various latest developments occurred in business world,

then contribute to meet the needs of the growing demand for

such accounting information which various parties

and entities require.

Therefore, the role of accountant has expanded due to the development of the accounting information

of various

business sectors, on the one hand, and the increase of the volume and

the complexity of the information, on the

other hand; the accountant shall play an active and effective role in the processes of designing the

systems in

order to achieve an effective internal system as well as the needs of accounting information users (

Abu Khaddrah

and Ashish, 2008). There is no doubt the success of developing the system requires the necessity of

participation

of accountants in establishing and developing that system. The effective method of applying the participation

principle is represented by the ability of system to involve the accountants not only in one stage of the

development of the system but all stages of system development , in particular that each stage has

its own

specificity which distinguishes it from other stages; t

he real participation requires that the accountant shall

interact mentally and emotionally through an intellectual debate and consultation with the persons

who are

responsible for developing the accounting information system in a manner that encourages t

hem to participate in

bearing the responsibility and contributing to achieve the goals desire
https://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_4_Special_Issue_March_2014/31.pdf

# data[].attributes.headline
PUSPHA DEWI A/P BALA KRISHNAN(BB15110613

# data[].attributes.subject
PUSPHA DEWI A/P BALA KRISHNAN(BB15110613

# data[].attributes.body
1. Planning system
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2. Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3. System’s objective specification
A System Requirements Specification (SRS) (also known as a Software Requirements Specification) is a document or set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application. It includes a variety of elements (see below) that attempts to define the intended functionality required by the customer to satisfy their different users.
In addition to specifying how the system should behave, the specification also defines at a high-level the main business processes that will be supported, what simplifying assumptions have been made and what key performance parameters will need to be met by the system.
https://www.inflectra.com/ideas/topic/requirements-definition.aspx

4. System planning strategy
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments. The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process.

https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

5. Identification of project feasibility

Feasibility and Option Analysis in a project is a systematic assessment and evaluation of all possible alternative approaches available for achieving the project objectives to figure out which of the options appear to be most effective and providing the best solution for the project. Such an analysis is often implemented in the form of a process that begins once the project objectives are defined and continues throughout the initiation stage until the best alternative(s) for the project is found and selected.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6. Formal project proposal

The Project Proposal is usually the first document developed to introduce a project.  It expands the initial concept or idea to broadly define the scope of the proposed project (objectives, outcomes and outputs), and provide an estimate of the resourcing, time and costs associated with progressing the initiative. The Project Proposal is generally only required for small to medium projects.  Larger, more complex projects may require a more formal, structured approach to initiation, often requiring a separate body of work (phase) to investigate and develop the business case, and also often involving a Project Business Plan for its initiation phase

7. Use of project management software in system planning

Project management software programs are employed for project planning, time management resource allocation and for change management also. Project management software is among the most useful tools that can help companies in becoming as competitive as possible, and set them apart from their industry.

Essential Project Management Functions

Project Planning - Be able to easily plan projects while taking previous track record into account

Tracking project evolution when it comes to completion, time and costs - Warn the right people when things are veering off track

Scheduling and Time Management - Be able to easily register time on work items and take people's work schedule into account

Resource allocation - Making sure that people are working on the right things

Project budgets incl. costs of people - Keeping real-time check of not only time but also allotted budget

Communication and Collaboration - Easily post comments and concerns, communicate with external stakeholders, all while keeping a full historic record for all actions

Documentation & Files - Easily document requirements, specs, directly or via files

Easy to use - The software should be an enabler and not get in the way of actual work

No need for a specific method - Support the company's preferred method of breaking down any project, making schedules, allocating people and managing budgets

https://blog.forecast.it/blog/benefits-of-using-project-management-software

Accountant role in system planning

The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001).

https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

# data[].attributes.headline
EIRNAH NUR AMIRA BINTI AMIR (BB15110192)

# data[].attributes.subject
EIRNAH NUR AMIRA BINTI AMIR (BB15110192)

# data[].attributes.body
1.  System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2.  Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3.  A System Requirements Specification (SRS) (also known as a Software Requirements Specification) is a document or set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application. It includes a variety of elements that attempts to define the intended functionality required by the customer to satisfy their different users.  In addition to specifying how the system should behave, the specification also defines at a high-level the main business processes that will be supported, what simplifying assumptions have been made and what key performance parameters will need to be met by the system.
https://www.inflectra.com/ideas/topic/requirements-definition.aspx

4.  A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.
https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5.  A feasibility study is a preliminary study undertaken to determine a project's viability. Most system development project should be developed within budget and time constraints defined. This means that assessing the project feasibility is a required activity in all information system development. There are SIX main feasibility that need to be considered :
1.  Operational Feasibility

The purpose of assessing operational feasibility is to gain an understanding of the degree to which the proposed system will solve the problems. It concerns with how the organizational changes will affect the working lives of those affected by the system. Meaning that a proposed system will be used effectively after it has been developed. If users have difficulty with a new system, it will not produce the expected benefits to its organization operational.

2. Technical Feasibility

The purpose of assessing technical feasibility is to gain an understanding of the organization’s ability to construct and implement the proposed system. This feasibility assesses the details of how we will deliver a product or service for example; materials, labor, transportation, where your business will be located, technology needed, and others.

3. Economic Feasibility

The purpose of assessing economic feasibility is to identify the financial benefits and costs related with the development project. It’s also referring to cost-benefit analysis. In any project, it’s important to identify the benefits and cost related a project.

4.  Schedule Feasibility

The purpose of assessing the schedule feasibility is to gain an understanding of the likelihood that all potential time frames and completion date schedules can be met and that meeting these dates will be sufficient for dealing with the needs of the organization (Hoffer et. al., 2005). This involves questions such as how much time is available to build the new system, when we can build it, type and amount of resources required, and any others related.

5.  Cultural feasibility

This is related to operational feasibility. Cultural feasibility deals with how the end users feel about the proposed system. In this stage, the project development is evaluated for their impact on the local and general culture.

6. Legal Feasibility

Legal feasibility determines whether the proposed system conflicts with legal requirements. Possible considerations that need to be considered are about the copyright, labor laws, and disclosing the information. When an organization has either internal or external legal counsel, such reviews are typically standard. However, a project may face legal issues after completion if this factor is not considered at this stage.
http://news5.mediu.edu.my/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/lesson-2-system-planning.docx

6.

I.   Project Cover sheet – include contact information, project director, project period,
indigenous population that your organization represents or works with, and project
summary

II.  Organizational history, mission, vision and structure – include a few brief
paragraphs explaining how your organization was established, its mission, vision and
structure, as well as its record of working on indigenous issues

III. Background and analysis of the problem to be addressed – provide an
an analysis of the field, what are the existing gaps and challenges, and what
exactly is the problem to be addressed? Which indigenous peoples are affected by
this problem and how can the proposed project/program help address the issue?

IV. Proposed goal, objectives, target population and implementation plan – What is
the overall goal of the program/project, and what are the objectives?  How will the
project be implemented?

V.   Annual project budget - provide a line item budget in US$ with short narrative
explanations for each line item, which can be footnoted to the budget.  A
sample budget is attached on the following page.

VI.  Attachments:
Overall organizational budget (operating budget)

List of other potential sources of support (if any)

By-laws of association/organization, where appropriate

http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/template_for_proposals_en.doc

https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

7.  Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate.

Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.

Stay on Schedule

Project management software lets project managers add a start and expected completion date to projects and tasks they include in the system. This information alerts employees to upcoming deadlines, allowing them to manage their time appropriately to complete tasks before or on the listed due date.

Track Projects

Keep track of the progress of projects with project management software. The software will let you know what's been completed, as well as by whom, and what still needs to be done. Employees can provide updates as to what they're working on and share their updates with the project manager and team members. The software eliminates the need for status update meetings and emails.

Provide a Snapshot

When training new staff members and introducing them to projects your company works on, project management software offers a snapshot of the project you can share to get new staff up-to-speed. The snapshot allows you to show employees the project from start to finish, give them background information and let them know how the project will move forward.

Commuicate with Clients and Vendors

Project management software enables businesses to share and collaborate with clients and vendors in addition to employees. Companies using project management software can provide their clients with usernames and passwords giving them access to project files. Clients can give feedback, make edits and review progress. CNN Money asserts that, because businesses need to be connected to vendors and clients, project management technology is essential.

8. Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors.
1. Accountants as Users accountants are users of AIS, this is logical as they are the first people to live by example for others to follow. Again, junior accounting staff members that are not privileged to be at the helms of affairs to participate in the designing stage of accounting information system only play the role of users of accounting information system. In most organizations, the accounting function is the single largest user of IT. All systems that process financial transactions impact the accounting function in some way. As end users, accountants must provide a clear picture of their needs to the professionals who design their systems. For example, the accountant must specify accounting rules and techniques to be used, internal control requirements, and special algorithms such as depreciation models. The accountant’s participation in systems development should be active rather than passive. The principal cause of design errors that result in system failure is the absence of user involvement.
2. Accountants as System Designers
Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes. An appreciation of the accountant’s responsibility for system design requires a historic perspective that predates the computer as a business information tool. Traditionally, accountants have been responsible for key aspects of the information system, including assessing the information needs of users, defining the content and format of output reports, specifying sources of data, selecting the appropriate accounting rules, and determining the controls necessary to preserve the integrity and efficiency of the information system.

# data[].attributes.headline
PUSPHA DEWI A/P BALA KRISHNAN(BB15110613)

# data[].attributes.subject
PUSPHA DEWI A/P BALA KRISHNAN(BB15110613)

# data[].attributes.body
PLANNING SYSTEM
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the consensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualised system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
There are many problems and pitfalls associated with system planning which should be kept in mind in system planning. Consideration of these helps to make the plans more realistic, more likely to be accepted, and less likely to bog down in the implementation stages. Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

SYSTEM'S OBJECTIVE SPECIFICATION
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity. While providing in this article some guidelines for designing strategic planning systems, we caution the reader to recognise that, for the reasons just stated, such generalizations can be treacherous. We do not aspire to prescribe a planning system for your organization; you must do the tailoring. But some useful generalizations are possible, particularly in distinguishing between large companies and small ones and between highly diversified companies and less diversified ones. Size and diversity of operations generally go hand-in-hand, although exceptions to that rule are common.

SYSTEM PLANNING STRATEGY
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERPinvestments. The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well.

IDENTIFICATION OF  PROJECT FEASIBILITY
A feasibility study is a preliminary study undertaken to determine a project's viability. Most system development project should be developed within budget and time constraints defined. This means that assessing the project feasibility is a required activity in all information system development. There are SIX main feasibility that need to be considered :
1) Operational Feasibility
The purpose of assessing operational feasibility is to gain an understanding of the degree to which the proposed system will solve the problems. It concerns with how the organizational changes will affect the working lives of those affected by the system.
2) Technical Feasibility
Technical feasibility is to gain an understanding of the organization’s ability to construct and implement the proposed system. This feasibility assesses the details of how we will deliver a product or service for example; materials, labor, transportation, where your business will be located, technology needed, and others.
3) Economic Feasibility
The purpose of assessing economic feasibility is to identify the financial benefits and costs related with the development project. It’s also referring to cost-benefit analysis.
4) Schedule Feasibility
Schedule feasibility is to gain an understanding of the likelihood that all potential time frames and completion date schedules can be met and that meeting these dates will be sufficient for dealing with the needs of the organization.
5) Cultural feasibility
Cultural feasibility deals with how the end users feel about the proposed system. In this stage, the project development is evaluated for their impact on the local and general culture.
6) Legal Feasibility
Legal feasibility determines whether the proposed system conflicts with legal requirements. Possible considerations that need to be considered are about the copyright, labor laws, and disclosing the information.

FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL
If the project is worthy to continue, we can now plan the project in more detail. This activities involved estimate the cost of money needed to run the project development. The team also plans a project schedule to make sure that they do the task in time and finish the project within the time given. Gantt Chart and Pert Diagram is an example of techniques that can be used to represent the project schedule with the direction of tasks, and time needed to complete the task and others.

USE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
Definition
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management.
Function

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants.

ACCOUNTANT ROLE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
1) Accountants as Users
In most organizations, the accounting function is the single largest user of IT. All systems that process financial transactions impact the accounting function in some way. As end users, accountants must provide a clear picture of their needs to the professionals who design their systems.
2) Accountants as System Designers
Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.
3) Accountants as System Auditors
Accountants audit the already ‘acclaimed’ AIS to ensure that what is claimed to have been implemented is actually followed. Note that the role of auditors is not to fetch thieves in a system, but to ensure that rules claimed to be followed are backed up by documentation and where it is not possible for it to be documented, the auditors should observe the process take place.

# data[].attributes.headline
NURMUZAINAH FAJRINA BINTI ABDUL JAN (BB15161025)

# data[].attributes.subject
NURMUZAINAH FAJRINA BINTI ABDUL JAN (BB15161025)

# data[].attributes.body
Definition system planning
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

●      Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here. The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives . These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

●      System’s objective specification

A weak link in previous attempts to apply multiobjective decision‐aiding tools to actual decision problems has been the initial specification of a usable set of objectives. One new approach to this difficult problem applies findings about group processes to the development of a suitable procedure for generating and structuring ideas. The procedure, in turn, is applied to determine a set of objectives for the selection of a portfolio of water projects. The procedure results in the definition of a set of objectives that is minimal, operational, complete, decomposable, nonredundant, and hierarchically structured.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/WR020i002p00189

●      System planning strategy

Strategic planning is an organizational management activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment. It is a disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves, what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future. Effective strategic planning articulates not only where an organization is going and the actions needed to make progress, but also how it will know if it is successful.

●   Identification of project feasibility

An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

●      Use of project management software in system planning

Moderate and large firms with unique information needs often develop information systems in-house. That is to say that IT professionals within the firm design and program the systems. A greater number of smaller companies and large firms with relatively standardized information needs opt to purchase information systems from software vendors. Both approaches represent significant financial and operational risks.  The five phases of this model are outlined is  Systems Strategy ,  Project Initiation , In-House Development , Commercial Packages and  Maintenance and Support  .

https://nscpolteksby.ac.id/ebook/files/Ebook/Accounting/Accounting%20Information%20System-James%20A.Hall%206%20(2008)/16.%20Part%204%20Chapter%2013%20-%20Managing%20the%20Systems%20Development%20Life%20Cycle.pdf

Accountant role in system planning

The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors. Accounting information system (AIS) is that subsystem of overall management information system that provides information to an organization in the right format, size, time frame, and within a budget. Accountants have many roles to play as far as accounting information system is concerned. In this article, you will learn the various roles that accountants play as regards accounting information system.

http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

# data[].attributes.body
1. Definition Planning system:

System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146708951000014X
2. Problem identification and definition
The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives  https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx
3. system planning strategy
Strategic planning is an organizational management activity that is used to set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization's direction in response to a changing environment. It is a disciplined effort that produces fundamental decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves, what it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future. Effective strategic planning articulates not only where an organization is going and the actions needed to make progress, but also how it will know if it is successful.
http://www.balancedscorecard.org/BSC-Basics/Strategic-Planning-Basics

4.Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

5.Formal project proposal

Executive Summary

A proposal is a request for financial assistance to implement a project. The proposal outlines the plan of the implementing organisation about the project, giving extensive information about the intention, for implementing it, the ways to manage it and the results to be delivered from it .

Introduction
A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002).  In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007):

provide a logical presentation of a research idea

illustrate the significance of the idea

show the idea's relationship to past actions

articulate the activities for the proposed project

Getting Ready to Start a Project Proposal
From vision to proposal
Identify potential funding options
Build a project proposal team
Hold a kick-off meeting

Getting Ready to Start a Project Proposal

From vision to proposal:

Identify potential funding options

Build a project proposal team

Hold a kick-off meeting

Proposal Writing
“The requirements of content and format of proposals differ noticeably from one sponsoring agency to another. While some may provide their own application forms to be filled, and others may request on-line submission of proposals, others will accept a proposal in any format as long as it features the necessary information, and does not contradict their conditions” (AUB 2010).

Proposed Format for a Full Project Proposal
Title page
Project title
Abstract/Executive Summary
Context
Project justification
Problem statement
Priority need
The proposed approach (type
of intervention)
The implementing
organization
Project aims
Target group
project implementation
budget
monitoring and evaluation
reporting
management

More tips:
plan ahead
more realistic
be specific

6. Use of project management software in system planning

Wh

Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.

Project management software caters to the following primary functions:

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants

Benefits of Using Project Management Software

Collaborate on Projects
Delegate Tasks
Stay on Schedule
Track Projects
Provide a Snapshot

7. Accountant role in system planning
1. Accountants as Users Accountants are users of AIS, this is logical as they are the first people to live by example for others to follow. Again, junior accounting staff members that are not privileged to be at the helms of affairs to participate in the designing stage of accounting information system only play the role of users of accounting information system. In most organizations, the accounting function is the single largest user of IT. All systems that process financial transactions impact the accounting function in some way. As end users, accountants must provide a clear picture of their needs to the professionals who design their systems. For example, the accountant must specify accounting rules and techniques to be used, internal control requirements, and special algorithms such as depreciation models. The accountant’s participation in systems development should be active rather than passive. The principal cause of design errors that result in system failure is the absence of user involvement.
2. Accountants as System Designers
Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes. An appreciation of the accountant’s responsibility for system design requires a historic perspective that predates the computer as a business information tool. Traditionally, accountants have been responsible for key aspects of the information system, including assessing the information needs of users, defining the content and format of output reports, specifying sources of data, selecting the appropriate accounting rules, and determining the controls necessary to preserve the integrity and efficiency of the information system.
3. Accountant as Audit
Accountants audit the already ‘acclaimed’ AIS to ensure that what is claimed to have been implemented is actually followed. Note that the role of auditors is not to fetch thieves in a system, but to ensure that rules claimed to be followed are backed up by documentation and where it is not possible for it to be documented, the auditors should observe the process take place.

# data[].attributes.body
DEFINITION OF PLANNING SYSTEM
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation (see sections 3 and 4 below).

When identifying problems, the following should be taken into account:

Problems prevent the goals and objectives identified in the previous step from being achieved. This should include the full range of objectives identified in the previous step – including objectives for different levels of planning and markets (see F1, section 3.1).

Problem identification should consider not only ‘problems’ or ‘challenges’, but also constraints on opportunities that are preventing the goals and objectives from being achieved.

Identification should be based on empirical observations, such as data and information obtained from surveys, demand modelling, interviews and studies from a wide range of sources.

Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

SYSTEM'S OBJECTIVE SPECIFICATION
- To explain how dependability requirements
may be identified by analyzing the risks faced
by critical systems
- l To explain how safety requirements are
generated from the system risk analysis
- l To explain the derivation of security
requirements
- l To describe metrics used for reliability
specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

STRATEGIC PLANNING
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISPprocess (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas.

PROJECT FEASIBILITY

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

Feasibility is the measure of how beneficial or practical the development of an information system will be to an organization.

Feasibility analysis is the process by which feasibility is measured. Feasibility should be measured throughout the life cycle. The scope and complexity of an apparently feasible project can change after the initial problems and opportunities are fully analyzed or after the system has been charged.

The first feasibility analysis is conducted during the scope definition phase. At this early stage of the project, feasibility is rarely more than a measure of the urgency of the problem and the first cut estimate of development cost.

After estimating the benefits of solving the problems and opportunities, analyst estimate the costs of developing the expected system.

Feasibility analysis usually considers a number of alternative solution to develop an information system, one of which is chosen as the most satisfactory solution. Feasibility analysis commences once the project goal is set.

Feasibility analysis involves three key considerations. These are :

Economic Feasibility

Technical Feasibility

Behavioural Feasibility

Economic Feasibility : As the name suggest, it deals with the term of money. It is the most frequent method for evaluating the effectiveness of candidate system. Cost Benefit Analysis is done to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from the. candidate system and compare them with cost.

Technical Feasibility : The possibility that organization has or can procure the necessary resources. This is demonstrated if the needed hardware and software are available in the market place or can be developed by the time of implementation.

Behavioural Feasibility : People are inherently resistant to change, and computers have been known to facilitate change. So, it is understandable that introduction of candidate system requires special effort to educate, sell and train the staff on new ways.

A feasibility analysis is conducted to select the Best System that meet performance requirements. This entails the identification description, an evaluation of candidate system, and the selection of best system for the job.

A systems required performance is defined by a statement of constraints, the identification of the specific system objective and a description of outputs. The analyst is then ready to evaluate the feasibility of candidate system to produce these outputs.

Feasibility is the determination of whether or not a project is worth taking up. The process followed in making this decision is called a feasibility study. This type of study determines if a project can and should be taken. Once it has been determined that a project is feasible the analyst can go ahead and prepare the project specification which finalizes project requirements.

Feasibility Study ;s carried out to select the best system that meets performance requirements.

Feasibility. It is a measure of how beneficial the development of an information system would be to an organisation.

Feasibility Analysis

It is a process by which we measure feasibility. It is an on going evaluation of feasibility in the life cycle.

Feasibility Focuses on :

1. What are the user’s demonstrable needs, how does a candidate system meet them ?

2. What resources are available for given system. Is the problem worth solving ?

3. What the likely impact of the systeM on the organisation.? How well does it fit within theorganisation’s ?

Each of these questions must be answered carefully. They revolve around investigation and evaluation of the problem, identification and description of system, specification of performance and the cost of each system, and final selection of the best system

The objective of feasibility study is not to Solve the problem but to acquire a sense of its scope. During the study, the problem definition in crystallized and aspects of the problem to be included in the system are determined. Consequently, costs and benefits are estimated at this stage.

Categories or Considerations of Feasibility Study  .

1. Technical Feasibility : Technical feasibility is the measure of how much practicable the solutions are and whether the technology is already available to the firm and to what extent it can support the proposed system. It also looks at whether it can be The analyst must find out whether current technical resources which are available in the organisation are capable of handling the user’s requirements.

2. Economic Feasibility : It is the most frequent used method for evaluating the effectiveness of system. It is a measure of whether a solution was .pay for itself or how profitable a solution will be.

http://www.systemanalysisanddesigns.com/feasibility-analysis/

FORMAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002).  In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007):

provide a logical presentation of a research idea

illustrate the significance of the idea

show the idea's relationship to past actions

articulate the activities for the proposed project

Designing a project is a process consisting of two elements, which are equally important and thus essential to forming a solid project proposal:

project planning (formulation of project elements)

proposal writing (converting the plan into a project document)

The project proposal should be a detailed and directed manifestation of the project design. It is a means of presenting the project to the outside world in a format that is immediately recognised and accepted.
Example: https://project-proposal.casual.pm/

USE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
Project management software provides small to large businesses, who undoubtedly juggle a number of tasks, with a solution that helps keep them organized. There are a wide variety of project management software packages available, including web-based applications accessible from any location. Each software boasts its own set of features, but they all share common benefits businesses can appreciate.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

ACCOUNTANT ROLE IN SYSTEM PLANNING
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Among those skills are knowledge sharing, the understanding of information systems design, systems development, and applications. One of the systems issues that accountants face is the implementation and maintenance of ERP (Enterprise resources planning) systems in the organization. ERP systems allow companies to integrate at all levels and to utilize important ERP application such as supply-chain management, accounting application, human resource and customer relationship management (Boubekri, 2001).

The purpose of the study encompasses two aspects. First it addresses the role of the accountant during the implementation and maintenance phase. The second purpose of the study is to find the characteristics, traits, and skills of accountants that can help them in a successful implementation and maintenance of ERP.

A survey was used to collect the data. It was sent to accounting or finance professionals of the Institute of Management Accountants with ERP experience. Two hundred nineteen responses were obtained. Regression analysis and Pearson correlation are used to find the relationship between the role of accountants and successful implementation of ERP systems. One-sample t test is used to find the difference between the phases during which accountants contribute. Regression analysis also examines the relationship between accountants who possess certain skills in addition to their financial expertise and their participation in ERP teams because of these skills. Paired-sample-t-test helps establish the difference between smaller companies that used more complex ERP combinations versus simpler combinations during both phases. Results confirm that there is a positive significant relationship between the contribution of accountants and the successful implementation of ERP. Also respondents spend most of their time during the implementation phase. Although knowledge sharing, business context, and technical skills show a positive relationship to the acceptance of accountants to ERP teams, only technical skills at the implementation phase passed the regression analysis test at the desired confidence level. The accountants' contribution working for smaller companies using a complex ERP configuration is highest during the post-implementation phase.
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1168392

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Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES)

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Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems (JAMES)

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broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation (see sections 3 and 4 below).

When identifying problems, the following should be taken into account:

Problems prevent the goals and objectives identified in the previous step from being achieved. This should include the full range of objectives identified in the previous step – including objectives for different levels of planning and markets (see F1, section 3.1).
Problem identification should consider not only ‘problems’ or ‘challenges’, but also constraints on opportunities that are preventing the goals and objectives from being achieved.
Identification should be based on empirical observations, such as data and information obtained from surveys, demand modelling, interviews and studies from a wide range of sources.

Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components. 
 
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

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A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

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A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

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Feasibility Study Report - Information System for Western & Conventional Medical Systems (Group 09)

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levels of planning and markets (see F1, section 3.1).
Problem identification should consider not only ‘problems’ or ‘challenges’, but also constraints on opportunities that are preventing the goals and objectives from being achieved.
Identification should be based on empirical observations, such as data and information obtained from surveys, demand modelling, interviews and studies from a wide range of sources.

Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components. 
 
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

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The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

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SITI AISYAH FATIHA BINTI MOHAMAD KAMIR (BB15110681)

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SITI AISYAH FATIHA BINTI MOHAMAD KAMIR (BB15110681)

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1. Planning system
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

2. Problem identification and definition

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.

Problem statements are tested and refined through more detailed analysis undertaken as part of problem assessment and prioritisation

The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.
Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3. System objective specification
● To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems
● To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis
● To explain the derivation of security requirements
● To describe metrics used for reliability specification
http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4. System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.

While providing in this article some guidelines for designing strategic planning systems, we caution the reader to recognize that, for the reasons just stated, such generalizations can be treacherous. We do not aspire to prescribe a planning system for your organization; you must do the tailoring.

But some useful generalizations are possible, particularly in distinguishing between large companies and small ones and between highly diversified companies and less diversified ones. Size and diversity of operations generally go hand-in-hand, although exceptions to that rule are common. Several of the large airlines, for example, are in one business, and a number of mini-conglomerates with sales of less than $100 million have divisions in disparate industries. For convenience here, we shall talk about companies as “small” or “large,” defining those labels in terms of the typical characteristics.
https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system

5. Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.

The process of analyzing project feasibility and options aims to explore all feasible alternatives and provide evidence that the proposed project choice can actually be implemented with the best option available among all feasible alternatives.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6. Formal project proposal
A proposal is a request for financial assistance to implement a project. The proposal outlines the plan of the implementing organisation about the project, giving extensive information about the intention, for implementing it, the ways to manage it and the results to be delivered from it (FUNDS FOR NGOS 2010).The following guidelines are designed to help you prepare your full proposal. How well you plan the action is critical to the success of the project.
Advantages :
-A proposal is an essential marketing document that helps cultivate an initial professional relationship between an organisation and a donor over a project to be implemented

-A proposal facilitates appropriate words for the conception of an idea

-The proposal has a framework that establishes ideas formally for a clear understanding of the project for the donor

-Successful proposals mean financial aid for the organisation to grow for the replication of project and ideas
Disadvantages :
-Planning problems: Although a good idea exists, yet when we try to plan it out extensively, we face many unexpected challenges

-There are often tight deadlines, and proposals may be rejected
https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

7. Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management. It allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting, quality management and documentation and also may be used as an administration system. Project management software is also used for collaboration and communication between project stakeholders.
Project management software caters to the following primary functions:

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants.

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

8. Accounting role is system planning
Accountants plays the following roles in AIS, the industry they are into does not matter. What matters is the accountants’ ability to deliver whenever they are being called upon. This section of study deals with the accountant’s relationship to the information system. Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors.
1. Accountants as Users
Yes, accountants are users of AIS, this is logical as they are the first people to live by example for others to follow. Again, junior accounting staff members that are not privileged to be at the helms of affairs to participate in the designing stage of accounting information system only play the role of users of accounting information system. In most organizations, the accounting function is the single largest user of IT. All systems that process financial transactions impact the accounting function in some way. As end users, accountants must provide a clear picture of their needs to the professionals who design their systems. For example, the accountant must specify accounting rules and techniques to be used, internal control requirements, and special algorithms such as depreciation models. The accountant’s participation in systems development should be active rather than passive. The principal cause of design errors that result in system failure is the absence of user involvement.
2. Accountants as System Designers
Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.
3. Accountants as System Auditors
Auditing is a form of independent attestation performed by an expert - the auditor - who expresses an opinion about the fairness of a company’s financial statements. Public confidence in the reliability of internally produced financial statements rests directly on their being validated by an independent expert auditor. This service is often referred to as the attest function. Both internal and external auditors conduct audits. External auditing is often called independent auditing because certified public accounting (CPA) firms that are independent of the client organization’s management perform them. External auditors represent the interests of third-party stakeholders in the organization, such as stockholders, creditors, and government agencies.
http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

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Use of project management software in system plann

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Planning System
Definition : System planning done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus.
Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089

Problem Identification and Definition
A problem can be regarded as a difference between the actual situation and the desired situation. This means that in order to identify a problem the team must know where it currently is in relation to the perceived problem.

System Objective Specification
A System Requirements Specification (SRS) (also known as a Software Requirements Specifications) is a document or set of documentation that describes the features and behavior of a system or software application.

https://www.inflectra.com/ideas/topic/requirements-definition.aspx

System Planning Strategy
Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm's information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage.
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible,effective within estimated costs, and profitable.
https://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

Formal project proposal
A request for financial assistance to implement a project.The proposal outlines implementing organisation about the project,giving extensive information about thr intention,for implementing it, the ways to manage it and the results to be delivered from it.

Advantages: -an essential marketing document that helps cultivate an initial professional relationship between an organisation and a donor over a project to be implemented
- has a framework that establishes ideas formally for a clear understanding of the project for the donor.

Disadvantages:
- Planning problems
-tight deadlines
-proposals may be rejected
https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

Use of project management software in system planning
Software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management it allows project managers (PMs), stakeholders and users to control costs and manage budgeting ,quality management and administration system.
-project planning
-Task management
-Document sharing and collaboration.
- calendar and contact sharing
- bug and error management
-time tracking
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13132/project-management-software

Accounting Role is system planning
1. Accountants as Users
2.

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es. It is also called the “do-nothing” scenario.

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PLANNING SYSTEM
Definition
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the consensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109869900089
2. Problem identification and  definition

The aim of this stage of the Framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the Framework should address the problems identified here.

The process of problem identification involves the development of clear, straightforward problem statements that can be linked directly with the specific goals and objectives already identified in Step 1. These statements should clarify how the problem might prevent the achievement of these goals and objectives.
https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

3. System’s objective specification

To develop information systems that satisfy an organization’s informational, operational, and management requirements. Note that this objective relates to the system being developed.

develop information systems in an efficient and effective manner.

http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/25323

4. System planning strategy

Strategic information systems planning, or SISP, is based on two core arguments. The first is that, at a minimum, a firm’s information systems investments should be aligned with the overall business strategy, and in some cases may even become an emerging source of competitive advantage. While no one disagrees with this, operations management researchers are just starting to study how this alignment takes place and what the measurable benefits are. An issue under examination is how a manufacturer’s business strategy, characterized as either “market focused” or “operations focused,” affects its ability to garner efficiency versus customer service benefits from its ERP investments.

The second core argument behind SISP is that companies can best achieve IS-based alignment or competitive advantage by following a proactive, formal and comprehensive process that includes the development of broad organizational information requirements. This is in contrast to a “reactive” strategy, in which the IS group sits back and responds to other areas of the business only when a need arises. Such a process is especially relevant to ERP investments, given their costs and long-term impact. Seegars, Grover and Teng (1) have identified six dimensions that define an excellent SISP process (notice that many of these would apply to the strategic planning process in other areas as well):
https://scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/strategic-information-systems-planning-sisp-an-is-strategy-for-erp-implementation

5. Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6. Formal project proposal

Memorandum

Executive summary

Provide an overview of the main problem/Problem definition

How IS/overall systems design can be helpful in providing a solution

What does your company recommend - what would you do - how much would it cost, deliverables, milestones, time schedule

Preliminary feasibility

Summary of project team qualifications and experience

Project team - resumes
http://www.umsl.edu/~joshik/design/Main-systemsdesign-assn.htm

7. Use of project management software in system planning

Collaborate on Projects

Employees are often assigned individual tasks that are a part of a larger project an entire team is working to complete. Project management software gives employees a way to collaborate on projects by sharing documents, timelines and status updates.

Delegate Tasks

As a business owner, you likely weigh the knowledge, skills and abilities of employees before delegating tasks to them. Use project management software to easily delegate tasks to the appropriate employees. By assigning roles in the system, each employee has access to necessary information and knows who they should contact if they have questions or concerns, or need information about a particular topic.
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-using-project-management-software-2196.html

8. Accountant role in system planning

Accounting information system is greatly important since it is one of the most important resources providing the

economic and social information required for making the right decisions in this era. In order to meet the needs of

decision makers regarding t

he accounting information, it has to pay attention to the process of developing the

accounting information systems in order to keep up with various latest developments occurred in business world,

then contribute to meet the needs of the growing demand for

such accounting information which various parties

and entities require.

Therefore, the role of accountant has expanded due to the development of the accounting information

of various

business sectors, on the one hand, and the increase of the volume and

the complexity of the information, on the

other hand; the accountant shall play an active and effective role in the processes of designing the

systems in

order to achieve an effective internal system as well as the needs of accounting information users (

Abu Khaddrah

and Ashish, 2008). There is no doubt the success of developing the system requires the necessity of

participation

of accountants in establishing and developing that system. The effective method of applying the participation

principle is represented by the ability of system to involve the accountants not only in one stage of the

development of the system but all stages of system development , in particular that each stage has

its own

specificity which distinguishes it from other stages; t

he real participation requires that the accountant shall

interact mentally and emotionally through an intellectual debate and consultation with the persons

who are

responsible for developing the accounting information system in a manner that encourages t

hem to participate in

bearing the responsibility and contributing to achieve the goals desire
https://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_4_Special_Issue_March_2014/31.pdf

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A project proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project to reviewers for evaluation.
https://www.docsity.com/en/proposal-for-project-final-project-accounting-and-finance-handout/165744/#

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Introduction

A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002). In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007):

provide a logical presentation of a research idea

illustrate the significance of the idea

show the idea's relationship to past actions

articulate the activities for the proposed project

Designing a project is a process consisting of two elements, which are equally important and thus essential to forming a solid project proposal:

project planning (formulation of project elements)

proposal writing (converting the plan into a project document)

The project proposal should be a detailed and directed manifestation of the project design. It is a means of presenting the project to the outside world in a format that is immediately recognised and accepted.

Getting Ready to Start a Project Proposal

From vision to proposal: The first step is to decide what the problem is and develop a rough idea (vision) of how this could be solved. This vision is then to be transformed into an idea for a specific project proposal. A logical framework may help you to structure this idea in a systematic way, and clearly define the aim, purpose, outputs, activities, means, costs and the methodologies for monitoring and evaluation, and will thus from the basis for the preparation of the narrative of the proposal. Remember that your idea may have to fit certain requirements if you are answering to a call for proposals, and that it must also fit local policies and frameworks.

Identify potential funding options: It is necessary to find out in advance what sources of funding are available, through governments, international cooperation agencies, some international NGOs or private foundations.

Build a project proposal team (adapted from PHILIP et al. 2008): a leader will be needed to manage the proposal development in an efficient way, and therefore it is advisable to assign the lead role to one specific person. This person is then responsible for the coordination of the overall proposal development, for communication with potential funders and for making sure that all different pieces of input are brought together in a consistent and coherent text. Experts with more detailed technical knowledge might be part of the team, or simply contribute to an initial brainstorming session. Furthermore, the budget should be compiled in close cooperation with staff from the financial department. Input from stakeholders or other specialists with different backgrounds helps bring in the necessary expertise to the project.

Hold a kick-off meeting: It is helpful to discuss and develop the proposal in a small team and share drafts with experts of all relevant disciplines not just from within the administration, but also from outside it. Input from stakeholders or other specialists with different backgrounds helps bring in the necessary expertise, but also a larger variety of ideas on how to solve a particular issue and achieve the previously agreed objectives.

Proposal Writing

"The requirements of content and format of proposals differ noticeably from one sponsoring agency to another. While some may provide their own application forms to be filled, and others may request on-line submission of proposals, others will accept a proposal in any format as long as it features the necessary information, and does not contradict their conditions" (AUB 2010).

Proposed Format for a Full Project Proposal

(Adapted from NEBIU 2002)

A full proposal should have the following parts:

Title page: A title page should appear on proposals longer than three to four pages. The title page should indicate the project title, the name of the lead organisation (and potential partners, if any), the place and date of project preparation and the name of the donor agency to whom the proposal is addressed.

Project title: The project title should be short, concise, and preferably refer to a certain key project result or the leading project activity. Project titles that are too long or too general fail to give the reader an effective snapshot of what is inside.

Abstract/Executive Summary: Many readers lack the time needed to read the whole project proposal. It is therefore useful to insert a short project summary, an abstract or executive summary. The abstract should include: the problem statement, the project's objectives, implementing organisations; key project activities; and potentially the total project budget. Theoretically, the abstract should be compiled after the relevant items already exist in their long form. For a small project the abstract may not be longer than 10 lines. Bigger projects often provide abstracts as long as two pages.

Context: This part of the project describes the social, economic, political and cultural background from which the project is initiated. It should contain relevant data from research carried out in the project planning phase or collected from other sources.

Project justification: A rationale should be provided for the project. Due to its importance, this section is sometimes divided into four or more sub-sections:

Problem statement: The problem statement provides a description of the specific problem(s) the project is trying to solve, in order to "make a case" for the project. Furthermore, the project proposal should point out why a certain issue is a problem for the community or society as a whole, i.e. what negative implications affect the target group. There should also be an explanation of the needs of the target group that appear as a direct consequence of the described problem.

Priority needs: The needs of the target group that have arisen as a direct negative impact of the problem should be prioritised. An explanation as to how this decision was reached must also be included.

The proposed approach (type of intervention): The project proposal should describe the strategy chosen for solving the problem and precisely how it will lead to improvement.

The implementing organisation: This section should describe the capabilities of your organisation by referring to its capacity and previous project record. Describe why exactly your organisation is the most appropriate to run the project, its connexion to the local community, the constituency behind the organisation and what kind of expertise the organisation can provide. If other partners are involved in implementation provide some information on their capacity as well.

Project aims: This information should be obtained from the Logframe Matrix, including the project goal (a general aim that should explain what the core problem is and why the project is important, i.e. what the long-term benefits to the target group are), project purpose (that should address the core problem in terms of the benefits to be received by the project beneficiaries or target group as a direct result of the project) and the outputs (i.e. results describe the services or products to be delivered to the intended beneficiaries).

Target group: define the target group and show how it will benefit from the project. The project should provide a detailed description of the size and characteristics of the target groups, and especially of direct project beneficiaries.

Project implementation: The implementation plan should describe activities and resource allocation in as much detail as possible. It is exceptionally important to provide a good overview of who is going to implement the project's activities, as well as when and where. The implementation plan may be divided into two key elements: the activity plan and the resource plan. The activity plan should include specific information and explanations of each of the planned project activities. The duration of the project should be clearly stated, with considerable detail on the beginning and the end of the project. In general, two main formats are used to express the activity plan: a simple table (a simple table with columns for activities, sub-activities, tasks, timing and responsibility in a clear and readily understandable format) and the Gantt chart (a universal format for presenting activities in certain times frames, shows the dependence and sequence for each activity, see project management for more info. The resource plan should provide information on the means necessary to undertake the project. Cost categories are established at this stage in order to aggregate and summarise the cost information for budgeting.

Budget: An itemised summary of an organisation's expected income and expenses over a specified period of time.

Monitoring and evaluation: The basis for monitoring is set when the indicators for results are set. The project proposal should indicate: how and when the project management team will conduct activities to monitor the project's progress; which methods will be used to monitor and evaluate; and who will do the evaluation.

Reporting: The schedule of project progress and financial report could be set in the project proposal. Often these obligations are determined by the standard requirements of the donor agency. The project report may be compiled in different versions, with regard to the audience they are targeting.

Management and personnel: A brief description should be given of the project personnel, the individual roles each one has assumed, and the communication mechanisms that exist between them. All the additional information (such as CVs) should be attached to the annexes.

More Tips to Write a Successful Proposal

(Adapted from AMERICAN RED CROSS 2006)

Plan ahead. Allow plenty of time for those involved to meet, discuss, and review progress in the grant writing process. Also, allow enough time to get the required signatures and to get the proposal to the funder.

Make it a team effort. Assign specific roles and responsibilities to people in terms of developing the proposal.

Be realistic in what you are proposing. What can reasonably be accomplished in the scope time and resources of this grant?

Be a learning organisation. Learn from your own and others experiences with the same donor! Read the reviews of other proposals that have been submitted to the same donor if is possible.

Be factual and specific. Don't talk in generalities or in emotional terms. Be sure to substantiate all statements in your proposal, otherwise don't make them.

Limit technical and organisational jargon. Use language anyone will understand - no abbreviations, initials, or jargon. Don't assume the reader will understand your acronyms or abbreviations, and also make sure to include an acronyms page.

Call the donor if you have questions. Realise that many others will be calling as well and don't wait until the last minute.

Consider collaborating with other organisations. At a minimum, find out what other proposals are being submitted to the same donor at the same time.

Clarify partner's roles and responsibilities. When collaborating with partners, be sure you have determined who will be responsible for what. After the project is funded, it is not the time to discover there were differing opinions.

Choose a format that is clear and easy to read. Readers are overloaded with proposals and appreciate legible, attractive proposals. Make sure tables are legible and easy to figure out.

Keep within page limits. Stick to the specified number of pages. Extra pages or attachments may either be removed before the proposal is read, or may disqualify your entire proposal from the reading process.

Be aware of donor priorities. Carefully match your project with an appropriate funding source. The primary difference between successful grant writing and inefficient proposal submission is the amount of time invested in the strategic identification of appropriate funders.

Use action words when writing your proposal, such as achieve, engage, begin, compare, evaluate, exhibit, offer, lead, involve, organise, prepare, research, restore, reveal, support, demonstrate, define, implement, instruct, produce, validate, verify, test, recognise, use, etc.

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A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002).

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Dayang Nursyahirah binti Latip (BB15110175)

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Dayang Nursyahirah binti Latip (BB15110175)

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Dayang Nursyahirah binti Latip (BB15110175)

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Dayang Nursyahirah binti Latip (BB15110175)

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Planning system

Problem identification and definition

The aim of this stage of the framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the framework should address the problems identified here.

Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components.

Source: https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx

System’s objective specification

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability specification

Source: http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

System planning strategy
A strategy driven planning system is provided that includes a plan defining a scheduled operation of a user environment. An environment defines behavior and constraints of the user environment. A plurality of strategies each defining a plan domain, problem selection criteria, plan optimality criteria, and termination criteria. A planning engine is coupled to the plan, the plurality of constraints and the plurality of strategies. The planning engine is operable to identify a plurality of problems by comparing the plan to the behavior and constraints defined by the environment and are operable to adjust the plan according to a selected strategy. A user interface is coupled to the planning engine. The user interface is operable to allow a user to interact with the planning engine in order to adjust the plan and the environment and to select and initiate execution of a selected strategy.

Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5845258A/en

Identification of project feasibility

A feasibility study assesses the operational, technical and economic merits of the proposed project. There are three types of feasibility:

·         Technical feasibility

Technical feasibility assesses whether the current technical resources are sufficient for the new system. If they are not available, can they be upgraded to provide the level of technology necessary for the new systems?

·         Economic feasibility

Economic feasibility determines whether the time and money are available to develop the system includes the purchase of new equipment, hardware, and software.

·         Operational feasibility

Operational feasibility determines if the human resources are available to operate the system once it has been installed. Users that do not want a new system may prevent it from becoming operationally feasible

Source: http://tiiciiitm.com/profanurag/feasibility.pdf

Formal project proposal

·         From vision to proposal: The first step is to decide what the problem is and develop a rough idea (vision) of how this could be solved. This vision is then to be transformed into an idea for a specific project proposal. A logical framework may help you to structure this idea in a systematic way, and clearly define the aim, purpose, outputs, activities, means, costs and the methodologies for monitoring and evaluation, and will thus from the basis for the preparation of the narrative of the proposal. Remember that your idea may have to fit certain requirements if you are answering to a call for proposals, and that it must also fit local policies and frameworks.

·         Identify potential funding options: It is necessary to find out in advance what sources of funding are available, through governments, international cooperation agencies, some international NGOs or private foundations.

·         Build a project proposal team (adapted from PHILIP et al. 2008): a leader will be needed to manage the proposal development in an efficient way, and therefore it is advisable to assign the lead role to one specific person. This person is then responsible for the coordination of the overall proposal development, for communication with potential funders and for making sure that all different pieces of input are brought together in a consistent and coherent text. Experts with more detailed technical knowledge might be part of the team, or simply contribute to an initial brainstorming session. Furthermore, the budget should be compiled in close cooperation with staff from the financial department. Input from stakeholders or other specialists with different backgrounds helps bring in the necessary expertise to the project.

·         Hold a kick-off meeting: It is helpful to discuss and develop the proposal in a small team and share drafts with experts of all relevant disciplines not just from within the administration, but also from outside it. Input from stakeholders or other specialists with different backgrounds helps bring in the necessary expertise, but also a larger variety of ideas on how to solve a particular issue and achieve the previously agreed objectives.

Source: https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing

Use of project management software in system planning

Accountant role in system planning

Accountants plays the following roles in AIS, the industry they are into does not matter. What matters is the accountants’ ability to deliver whenever they are being called upon. This section of study deals with the accountant’s relationship to the information system. Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors.

1. Accountants as Users

Yes, accountants are users of AIS, this is logical as they are the first people to live by example for others to follow. Again, junior accounting staff members that are not privileged to be at the helms of affairs to participate in the designing stage of accounting information system only play the role of users of accounting information system.

In most organizations, the accounting function is the single largest user of IT. All systems that process financial transactions impact the accounting function in some way. As end users, accountants must provide a clear picture of their needs to the professionals who design their systems. For example, the accountant must specify accounting rules and techniques to be used, internal control requirements, and special algorithms such as depreciation models. The accountant’s participation in systems development should be active rather than passive. The principal cause of design errors that result in system failure is the absence of user involvement.

2. Accountants as System Designers

Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.

An appreciation of the accountant’s responsibility for system design requires a historic perspective that predates the computer as a business information tool. Traditionally, accountants have been responsible for key aspects of the information system, including assessing the information needs of users, defining the content and format of output reports, specifying sources of data, selecting the appropriate accounting rules, and determining the controls necessary to preserve the integrity and efficiency of the information system.

These traditional systems were physical, observable, and unambiguous. The procedures for processing information were manual, and the medium for transmitting and storing data was paper. With the arrival of the computer, computer programs replaced manual procedures, and paper records were stored digitally. The role accountants would play in this new era became the subject of much controversy.

Lacking computer skills, accountants were generally uncertain about their status and unwilling to explore this emerging technology.

Many accountants relinquished their traditional responsibilities to the new generation of computer professionals who were emerging in their organizations. Computer programmers, often with no accounting or business training, assumed full responsibility for the design of accounting information systems. As a result, many systems violated accounting principles and lacked necessary controls. Large system failures and computer frauds marked this period in accounting history. By the mid-1970s, in response to these problems, the accounting profession began to reassess the accountant’s professional and legal responsibilities for computer-based systems.

Source: http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf

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The aim of this stage of the framework is to identify and describe the problems that are preventing the goals and objectives defined in the previous step from being achieved.

Problem identification provides the platform for investigating a broad range of interventions and generating options. Initiatives developed in subsequent steps of the framework should address the problems identified here.


 Problem identification should result in problem statements that describe the nature of the problem facing the transport system and its components. 
  
 Source: https://atap.gov.au/framework/problem-identification-assessment/2-stage-1-identification.aspx
 


 System’s objective specification

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems
To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis
To explain the derivation of security requirements
To describe metrics used for reliability specification
Source: http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf
 

System planning strategy
A strategy driven planning system is provided that includes a plan defining a scheduled operation of a user environment. An environment defines behavior and constraints of the user environment. A plurality of strategies each defining a plan domain, problem selection criteria, plan optimality criteria, and termination criteria. A planning engine is coupled to the plan, the plurality of constraints and the plurality of strategies. The planning engine is operable to identify a plurality of problems by comparing the plan to the behavior and constraints defined by the environment and are operable to adjust the plan according to a selected strategy. A user interface is coupled to the planning engine. The user interface is operable to allow a user to interact with the planning engine in order to adjust the plan and the environment and to select and initiate execution of a selected strategy.

Source: https://patents.google.com/patent/US5845258A/en 


Identification of project feasibility

A feasibility study assesses the operational, technical and economic merits of the proposed project. There are three types of feasibility:

·         Technical feasibility

Technical feasibility assesses whether the current technical resources are sufficient for the new system. If they are not available, can they be upgraded to provide the level of technology necessary for the new systems? 

·         Economic feasibility

Economic feasibility determines whether the time and money are available to develop the system includes the purchase of new equipment, hardware, and software.

·         Operational feasibility

Operational feasibility determines if the human resources are available to operate the system once it has been installed. Users that do not want a new system may prevent it from becoming operationally feasible

Source: http://tiiciiitm.com/profanurag/feasibility.pdf 

Formal project proposal

·         From vision to proposal: The first step is to decide what the problem is and develop a rough idea (vision) of how this could be solved. This vision is then to be transformed into an idea for a specific project proposal. A logical framework may help you to structure this idea in a systematic way, and clearly define the aim, purpose, outputs, activities, means, costs and the methodologies for monitoring and evaluation, and will thus from the basis for the preparation of the narrative of the proposal. Remember that your idea may have to fit certain requirements if you are answering to a call for proposals, and that it must also fit local policies and frameworks.

·         Identify potential funding options: It is necessary to find out in advance what sources of funding are available, through governments, international cooperation agencies, some international NGOs or private foundations.

·         Build a project proposal team (adapted from PHILIP et al. 2008): a leader will be needed to manage the proposal development in an efficient way, and therefore it is advisable to assign the lead role to one specific person. This person is then responsible for the coordination of the overall proposal development, for communication with potential funders and for making sure that all different pieces of input are brought together in a consistent and coherent text. Experts with more detailed technical knowledge might be part of the team, or simply contribute to an initial brainstorming session. Furthermore, the budget should be compiled in close cooperation with staff from the financial department. Input from stakeholders or other specialists with different backgrounds helps bring in the necessary expertise to the project.

·         Hold a kick-off meeting: It is helpful to discuss and develop the proposal in a small team and share drafts with experts of all relevant disciplines not just from within the administration, but also from outside it. Input from stakeholders or other specialists with different backgrounds helps bring in the necessary expertise, but also a larger variety of ideas on how to solve a particular issue and achieve the previously agreed objectives.

Source: https://www.sswm.info/planning-and-programming/implementation/project-design/project-proposal-writing  

Use of project management software in system planning

Accountant role in system planning
 
Accountants plays the following roles in AIS, the industry they are into does not matter. What matters is the accountants’ ability to deliver whenever they are being called upon. This section of study deals with the accountant’s relationship to the information system. Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors.

1. Accountants as Users

Yes, accountants are users of AIS, this is logical as they are the first people to live by example for others to follow. Again, junior accounting staff members that are not privileged to be at the helms of affairs to participate in the designing stage of accounting information system only play the role of users of accounting information system.

In most organizations, the accounting function is the single largest user of IT. All systems that process financial transactions impact the accounting function in some way. As end users, accountants must provide a clear picture of their needs to the professionals who design their systems. For example, the accountant must specify accounting rules and techniques to be used, internal control requirements, and special algorithms such as depreciation models. The accountant’s participation in systems development should be active rather than passive. The principal cause of design errors that result in system failure is the absence of user involvement.

 

2. Accountants as System Designers

Accountants are major catalysts in the design of accounting information system. They are the most suitable and most equipped information measurement professionals to design the information system. It is generally believed that insiders in every area of life make better developmental instrument. This function of designing AIS includes the design of managerial accounting information system to aid management in decision making processes.

An appreciation of the accountant’s responsibility for system design requires a historic perspective that predates the computer as a business information tool. Traditionally, accountants have been responsible for key aspects of the information system, including assessing the information needs of users, defining the content and format of output reports, specifying sources of data, selecting the appropriate accounting rules, and determining the controls necessary to preserve the integrity and efficiency of the information system.

These traditional systems were physical, observable, and unambiguous. The procedures for processing information were manual, and the medium for transmitting and storing data was paper. With the arrival of the computer, computer programs replaced manual procedures, and paper records were stored digitally. The role accountants would play in this new era became the subject of much controversy.

Lacking computer skills, accountants were generally uncertain about their status and unwilling to explore this emerging technology.

Many accountants relinquished their traditional responsibilities to the new generation of computer professionals who were emerging in their organizations. Computer programmers, often with no accounting or business training, assumed full responsibility for the design of accounting information systems. As a result, many systems violated accounting principles and lacked necessary controls. Large system failures and computer frauds marked this period in accounting history. By the mid-1970s, in response to these problems, the accounting profession began to reassess the accountant’s professional and legal responsibilities for computer-based systems.

Source: http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf 

 

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1. System Planning
System planning is done by people who have faith in the future and a vision of the future adequate to form the basis for planning. System planning has two major outputs which embody its contributions. These are proposals and design concepts. The proposal is addressed to the decision-maker. One of its main ingredients consists of a statement of the objectives of the system. The objectives may be set by the system planner, or they may be articulated by him as an expression of his understanding of the concensus of other responsible persons. Design concepts evolving from system planning are based on the visualized system, and are addressed primarily to the system engineer.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146708951000014X

2) Problem identification and definition
A problem is anything within the business model which is not working or fulfilling it's stated purpose.  For instance, orders are delayed, product is not up to quality specifications, or billing is not sending correct information to buyers.

An opportunity is anything within the business which improves the business model.  It could be improved upon to produce a higher level of profit, reduction of expenses, higher employee moral, or even a strategic position for future expectations.

Objectives are the goals identified for this particular project.  In other words, our objective might be the fix the problem of delayed orders or the objective might be to strategically position the company as an internet presence for future customer needs.

All phases have milestones and deliverables.  Milestones are places along the project which can assist us in measuring progress much like mile markers on the highways.  Deliverables are tangible products which provide documentation of work completed.
http://zomper.com/dl/Docs/Learning/SDLC.htm

3. System Objective Specification

To explain how dependability requirements may be identified by analyzing the risks faced by critical systems

To explain how safety requirements are generated from the system risk analysis

To explain the derivation of security requirements

To describe metrics used for reliability specification

http://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/cmsc435-s09/pdf/slides6.pdf

4. System planning strategy
A strategic planning system is nothing more than a structured (that is, designed) process that organizes and coordinates the activities of the managers who do the planning. No universal, off-the-shelf planning system exists for the simple and obvious reason that companies differ in size, diversity of operations, the way they are organized, and managers’ style and philosophy. An effective planning system requires “situational design”; it must take into account the particular company’s situation, especially along the dimensions of size and diversity.
(https://hbr.org/1976/09/how-to-design-a-strategic-planning-system)

5. Identification of project feasibility
An analysis of project feasibility and options serves as a great way to identify and explore the most cost-effective alternative approaches or options that make a project technically feasible, effective within estimated costs, and profitable. This kind of project analysis is carried out at the initial stages when the project is defined and evaluated. Feasibility and option analysis ensures that selected options maintain the project objectives and contribute to successful delivery of the project product.
http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-feasibility-and-option-analysis-template/

6) Formal project proposal
A project proposal is a detailed description of a series of activities aimed at solving a certain problem (NEBIU 2002).  In order to be successful, the document should (REPOA 2007):

provide a logical presentation of a research idea

illustrate the significance of the idea

show the idea's relationship to past actions

articulate the activities for the proposed project

Designing a project is a process consisting of two elements, which are equally important and thus essential to forming a solid project proposal:

project planning (formulation of project elements)

proposal writing (converting the plan into a project document)

The project proposal should be a detailed and directed manifestation of the project design. It is a means of presenting the project to the outside world in a format that is immediately recognised and accepted.
Example: https://project-proposal.casual.pm/

7) Use of project management software in system planning
Project management software is software used for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation and change management.
Function

Project planning: To define a project schedule, a project manager (PM) may use the software to map project tasks and visually describe task interactions.

Task management: Allows for the creation and assignment of tasks, deadlines and status reports.

Document sharing and collaboration: Productivity is increased via a central document repository accessed by project stakeholders.

Calendar and contact sharing: Project timelines include scheduled meetings, activity dates and contacts that should automatically update across all PM and stakeholder calendars.

Bug and error management: Project management software facilitates bug and error reporting, viewing, notifying and updating for stakeholders.

Time tracking: Software must have the ability to track time for all tasks maintain records for third-party consultants.

8) Accountant role in system planning
The role of the accountant in a business environment has been evolving over the years. Besides traditional accounting knowledge, accountants need to possess other skills that are vital to their survival in an effective organization. Accountants are primarily involved in three ways: as system users, designers, and auditors. Accounting information system (AIS) is that subsystem of overall management information system that provides information to an organization in the right format, size, time frame, and within a budget. Accountants have many roles to play as far as accounting information system is concerned. In this article, you will learn the various roles that accountants play as regards accounting information system.
http://bepls.com/beplsoctober2015/19.pdf