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Mary Louise Smith is an African-American civil rights activist. She is notable for having been arrested in October 1955 at the age of 18 in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to give up her seat on the segregated bus system.

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Martin Luther King Jr. The U.S. Supreme Court ultimately ordered Montgomery to integrate its bus system, and one of the leaders of the boycott, a young pastor named Martin Luther King Jr., emerged as a prominent leader of the American civil rights movement.

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E. D. Nixon On December 1, 1955, Nixon posted bail for Rosa Parks after she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white male passenger. That arrest initiated a series of events that led to the boycott.

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Rosa Parks Rosa Parks rode at the front of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus on the day the Supreme Court's ban on segregation of the city's buses took effect. A year earlier, she had been arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus.

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Claudette Colvin On March 2, 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year-old black teenager, did the same thing

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Court cases and legislation influenced by the Montgomery Bus Boycott and how it impacted American society

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Court cases and legislation influenced by the Montgomery Bus Boycott and how it impacted American society

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All four of the women had been previously
mistreated on the city buses because of
their race. The case took the name
Browder v. Gayle. Gray argued their 14th
Amendment right to equal protection of the
law was violated, the same argument
made in the Brown v. Board of Education
case.
On June 5, 1956, a three-judge U.S.
District Court ruled 2-1 that segregation on
public buses was unconstitutional. The
majority cited Brown v. Board of Education
as a legal precedent for desegregation and
concluded,

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TT4k3OJ1XDk

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14th amendment

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nonviolence, boycotts, rallies, carpooling, taking taxis, and walking the corrupt streets

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Timeline of the Montgomery Bus Boycott:

March 1954 - The Women's Political Council (WPC) meets with Montgomery mayor W. A. Gayle to outline their recommended changes for the Montgomery bus system.

March 2, 1955 - Claudette Colvin arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman.

March 1955 - Black leaders in Montgomery, including E. D. Nixon, Rosa Parks, and Martin Luther King Jr., meet with city officials to discuss bus seating requirements.

October 21, 1955 - Mary Louise Smith arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman.

December 1, 1955 - Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger.

December 2, 1955 - The WPC calls for a one-day bus boycott on December 5.

December 5, 1955 - Instead of the expected 60% turnout, an estimated 90%-100% of the black community in Montgomery choose to participate in the boycott. Black leaders meet to dicuss the possibility of extending the boycott. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) is created at this meeting, and Dr. King elected its president. The MIA votes to extend the boycott.

December 8, 1955 - The MIA issues a formal list of demands. The city refuses to comply.

December 13, 1955 - The MIA implements a carpool system to support citizens taking part in the boycott.

January 30, 1956 - Dr. King's home is bombed. In response, Dr. King calls for peaceful protest rather than violent action.

February 1, 1956 - E. D. Nixon's home is bombed.

February 21, 1956 - Over 80 boycott leaders are indicted by the city under Alabama's anti-conspiracy laws.

March 19, 1956 - Dr. King is indicted as a leader of the boycott and ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail.

June 5, 1956 - A federal district court rules that bus segregation is unconstitutional.

November 13, 1956 - The Supreme Court upholds the district court ruling, and strikes down laws requiring racial segregation on buses. The MIA resolves to end the boycott only when the order to desegregate is officially implemented.

December 20, 1956 - The Supreme Court's orders of injuction against segregation on city buses are delivered to the Montgomery City Hall.

December 21, 1956 - Montgomery's buses are officially desegregated. The MIA ends the boycott.

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March 19, 1956 - Dr. King is indicted as a leader of the boycott and ordered to pay $500 or serve 386 days in jail.

June 5, 1956 - A federal district court rules that bus segregation is unconstitutional.

November 13, 1956 - The Supreme Court upholds the district court ruling, and strikes down laws requiring racial segregation on buses. The MIA resolves to end the boycott only when the order to desegregate is officially implemented.

December 20, 1956 - The Supreme Court's orders of injuction against segregation on city buses are delivered to the Montgomery City Hall.

December 21, 1956 - Montgomery's buses are officially desegregated. The MIA ends the boycott.

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The Women's Political Council (WPC)
The WPC was the first group to officially call for a boycott of the bus system during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, beginning in December 1955. The group led efforts in the early 1950s to secure better treatment for Black bus passengers, and in December 1955 it initiated the thirteen-month bus boycott. They helped organize communications to get it started, as well as to support it, including giving people rides who were boycotting the buses.

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The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil-rights protest during which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating. The boycott took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale U.S. demonstration against segregation.