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he worked hard, saved his money, and bought unclaimed land.

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Because of the inter-agency process, the data is more consistent, continuous, and consolidated than it would be were its sourced from different sectors separately, or from special purpose studies.

Data from Rwanda's Land Administration Information System that was previously used to register land ownership is, for example, now being used to track changes in land use and to provide information for land use planning. These data sets can provide information for development by showing the government how land and other natural resources are contributing to the national economy.

Keeping account of Rwanda's natural capital can also provide useful information about changes in land use, the availability and productivity of land, and the nature of constraints placed on agricultural growth. And information on trends in land use provides insight into the potential effects on land of the use of water or growing food.

Worldwide, more than 50 countries have started using standards set for Natural Capital Accounting that were approved by the United Nations in 2012. The idea is that natural capital accounts paint a broader picture of economic development than other standard measures such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The World Bank leads the global Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) partnership that helps countries collect data on how much their natural resources contribute to their economies so that they can use that information to improve their sustainable development policies. Rwanda is one of the nine countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that WAVES supports directly.

The Natural Capital Accounts initiative has not only provided a more consolidated source of data for countries, but also built up their capacity to analyze trends in the use of land and other resources.

Among Rwanda's initial findings were a decline in woodlands and an increase in settlements and farmland between 1990 and 2010. Map results revealed that, while areas of dense forest declined by half and sparse forest cover had also decreased, areas under settlement had doubled in a period of 20 years. By 2014 and 2015, agriculture and forestry accounted for about 70 percent of all land use across Rwanda's provinces.

In Washington, Nishimwe said that since agriculture was key to Rwanda's economy, this information was relevant to the country's economic policies because the accessibility of land and how efficiently it was being used were potential limitations to agricultural growth.

Climate also plays a role, with Rwanda's steep terrain and tradition of rain-fed agriculture meaning that its agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable to changes in temperature and rainfall.

Eventually, as data sources and analytical approaches are embedded into its development planning, Rwanda expects to be able to improve land use allocation and coordination in the belief this may spur better service delivery and more productivity.
Natural capital accounting is the focus of WAVES' Annual Partnership Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda, this week.

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A Tool for Sustainable Land Use Management in Rwanda

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Because of the inter-agency process, the data is more consistent, continuous, and consolidated than it would be were its sourced from different sectors separately, or from special purpose studies. Data from Rwanda's Land Administration Information System that was previously used to register land ownership is, for example, now being used to track changes in land use and to provide information for land use planning.

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His education ended around the age of 15.

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What is education?

Education is the study of the process of receiving and giving systematic instruction. As a degree, it mixes a theoretical grounding in the history, anthropology, sociology and economics of education, psychology and human development, and applied courses on teaching methods.

Different degrees may specialise in areas such as early childhood education, health and physical education, primary teaching, secondary teaching or secondary teaching/vocational education. They can also allow you to specialise in teaching a specific subject matter.

An education degree will give you a set of key, transferable skills such as an ability to work and communicate with children, effective oral and written communication, information and communication technology savviness, research and analytical skills, problem-solving skills, teamwork ability, self-management, organisation and time management skills.

In addition, the course will help you design curricula, plan lessons, target the learning capability of students and create healthy and dynamic learning environments.

What might you find on an education degree?

The course will mix theoretical and applied courses.

In sociology, you will learn about how socio-economic and political factors can affect educational institutions and children's development around the world, and may also think about inclusive education.

In history, you will study the changes educational institutions have gone through in the past and the role they play in national development, as well as the idea of what it means to be educated.

In philosophy, you will ask fundamental questions such as what is knowledge, what it means to teach and to learn, what is character and how can you shape it, what is the purpose of education etc.

In the psychology of education you will focus on child development from early ages through to adolescence by examining language, attachment, thought and social interactions. You may also have a comparative module on international education.

In the applied part of the course, you will do modules on general pedagogy, inclusive approaches to provision for disability, multimedia production, informal learning methods, student-led learning, classroom dynamics, play and pedagogy, cultural and linguistic integration of immigrant students.

What should I study to do an education degree?

No specific subjects are required to study education at university. If your plan is to go into teaching, you will however need to do the subjects you intend to specialise in.

A background in the humanities such as literature, history, philosophy or politics, and social sciences such as anthropology, economics, sociology and psychology will prepare you well for the degree giving you a foundation in analytical and critical thinking, and writing and presentation skills.

What do people go on to do with an education degree?

An education degree is perfect if you enjoy the immediacy of working with young people and helping them develop their critical thinking and character.

Graduates often end as teachers in primary or secondary school, sometimes working as special educational needs teachers.

Still focusing on individual children's formation, others develop careers as youth workers, careers advisers, teaching assistants or speech therapists.

But studying education is also good if you are interested in macro-scale projects and systems. You can join other graduates in becoming a community education officer, an education administrator or a museum education officer. You can also work in adult education and training, curriculum design, education projects, education policy making and educational NGOs.

If you are interested in the creative industries, alumni have in the past joined television production, cartoon production, or have gone to become writers, artists, photographers, filmmakers etc.

Education is a safe option even if you decide to change direction and go into other industries where strong analytical and communication skills are valued such as the civil service, marketing, PR, advertising, consultancy.

According to a Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) study, just under 80 per cent of education undergraduate leavers in 2014-15 went on to work, and 15 per cent did further study.

More subject guides
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What can you do with an art degree?
Famous people who studied education

Notable alumni of education degrees are; Sesame Street creator Joan Ganz Cooney; Canadian politician and 25th Premier of Ontario Kathleen O'Day Wynne; Olympic silver medal winner Lacey Nymeyer; national director of education in the Philippines Minori Nagatomo; global head of human resources at Harcourt Education Michael E. Pilnick; President of Disney-ABC Television Group Anne Sweeney; educator Nínive Clements Calegari; photographer Edward Burtynsky; and UNESCO regional coordinator Moritz Bilagher.

However, there are many other noteworthy education alumni who are involved in grassroots projects, schools, community centres and universities who are as worthy of praise.

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What can you do with an education degree?

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Education is the study of the process of receiving and giving systematic instruction. As a degree, it mixes a theoretical grounding in the history, anthropology, sociology and economics of education, psychology and human development, and applied courses on teaching methods.

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Later he went to another school, either in Fredericksburg, Stafford County, or Westmoreland County.

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All around the world students begin their school day waking up at 7 am, but is this time too early? Recent data shows that a student´s health could be affected from these very early starting times.

Many schools are changing their times to later in the day because of certain studies. In a CNN article, Early School Start Times Unhealthy For Students, ¨They say that lack of sleep in adolescents causes poor academic performance and poses a serious public health concern.¨ This lack in sleep makes the students tired and focus less on their school work which leads to poor academic performance. For regular school students, they have to go to sleep very early to get the full amount of energy to be focused in their school work. This can be a challenge for students with all of their schoolwork having to be done and other extracurricular activities.

Serious psychological and physical health can arise from having early starting times? CNN published an article that it states some other health disadvantages,¨ The technical report released with the policy statement says that sleep-deprived teens tend to eat more carbohydrates and fats, with every hour of sleep that is lost increasing the odds of obesity by 80%. Adolescents that go to sleep at midnight or later are also more likely to suffer from depression and have suicidal thoughts.¨ The early school starting times not only will students be tired and not do their best in their school work but they will also be more likely to have life threatening disorders. These studies show that having school in an early time are not beneficial and should not be implemented today.

Starting school later in the day can result in benefits for the students. Later school times allow the students to do their best on their school work because of the energy they have. Schools that start later in the day have more rate of a better academic performance. Another benefit of having later school times is a decrease in tardy, absences, and dropouts. The article Master Of Arts In teaching reported ¨When students slept adequately, they were less sluggish in the morning and more enthusiastic about going to school.¨ Making the school times later the school would have less dropout rates and raise the attendance.

Having schools change their starting time will give the students advantages that can potentially raise their grades. Those schools would have better attendance and an average in grades compared to schools with earlier starting times. Every school should take into account their starting time and how it will affect the students and their work.

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Would Schools Be better If They Were Later In the Day?

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All around the world students begin their school day waking up at 7 am, but is this time too early? Recent data shows that a student´s health could be affected from these very early starting times. Many schools are changing their times to later in the day because of certain studies.

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They're mom had just enough money to raise them since his father her died george could not go to england to get good education

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All around the world students begin their school day waking up at 7 am, but is this time too early? Recent data shows that a student´s health could be affected from these very early starting times.

Many schools are changing their times to later in the day because of certain studies. In a CNN article, Early School Start Times Unhealthy For Students, ¨They say that lack of sleep in adolescents causes poor academic performance and poses a serious public health concern.¨ This lack in sleep makes the students tired and focus less on their school work which leads to poor academic performance. For regular school students, they have to go to sleep very early to get the full amount of energy to be focused in their school work. This can be a challenge for students with all of their schoolwork having to be done and other extracurricular activities.

Serious psychological and physical health can arise from having early starting times? CNN published an article that it states some other health disadvantages,¨ The technical report released with the policy statement says that sleep-deprived teens tend to eat more carbohydrates and fats, with every hour of sleep that is lost increasing the odds of obesity by 80%. Adolescents that go to sleep at midnight or later are also more likely to suffer from depression and have suicidal thoughts.¨ The early school starting times not only will students be tired and not do their best in their school work but they will also be more likely to have life threatening disorders. These studies show that having school in an early time are not beneficial and should not be implemented today.

Starting school later in the day can result in benefits for the students. Later school times allow the students to do their best on their school work because of the energy they have. Schools that start later in the day have more rate of a better academic performance. Another benefit of having later school times is a decrease in tardy, absences, and dropouts. The article Master Of Arts In teaching reported ¨When students slept adequately, they were less sluggish in the morning and more enthusiastic about going to school.¨ Making the school times later the school would have less dropout rates and raise the attendance.

Having schools change their starting time will give the students advantages that can potentially raise their grades. Those schools would have better attendance and an average in grades compared to schools with earlier starting times. Every school should take into account their starting time and how it will affect the students and their work.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Would Schools Be better If They Were Later In the Day?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All around the world students begin their school day waking up at 7 am, but is this time too early? Recent data shows that a student´s health could be affected from these very early starting times. Many schools are changing their times to later in the day because of certain studies.

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When George Washington was eleven years old, his father Augustine died

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Download royalty-free Little boy pointing at his brother drawing while they sitting with their father stock photo 133329808 from Depositphotos collection of millions of premium high-resolution stock photos, vector images and illustrations.

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Had 6 step brothers

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Step Brothers is a 2008 American comedy film directed by Adam McKay, produced by Jimmy Miller and Judd Apatow, and written by Will Ferrell and McKay from a story by Ferrell, McKay, and John C. Reilly. It follows Brennan (Ferrell) and Dale (Reilly), two grown men who are forced to live together as brothers after their single parents, with whom they still live, marry each other. Richard Jenkins, Mary Steenburgen, Adam Scott, and Kathryn Hahn also star.

The film was released by Sony Pictures Releasing on July 25, 2008, two years after Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby. Both films feature the same main actors, as well as the same producing and writing team. It grossed $128.1 million and received mixed reviews.

Brennan Huff and Dale Doback are 40 year old immature adults still living at home. Brennan lives with his divorced mother, Nancy, and Dale lives with his widowed father, Robert. Robert and Nancy meet, fall in love, and get married; forcing Brennan and Dale to live with each other as step brothers. Brennan and Dale despise each other for interfering with each other's lifestyles. Dale warns Brennan not to touch his drum set, which Brennan later does anyway and is confronted by Dale. The argument over the drum set erupts into a violent brawl between them. They are grounded with no television for a week following the incident and told they must find jobs within a month, or they will be evicted from the house.

When Brennan's younger and more successful brother Derek, a helicopter leasing agent, comes to visit with his family, he openly ridicules them for their lack of ambition, enticing Dale to punch him in the face. Brennan is awed that Dale stood up to Derek, while Derek's wife Alice finds Dale's courage attractive, and begins a sexual affair with him. Brennan and Dale discover their shared interests and develop a brotherly friendship. Robert schedules several job interviews for Brennan and Dale, in which they perform poorly. They are attacked and beaten up by school children on their way home and made to lick dog feces. Robert and Nancy reveal their plans, with help from Derek, to sell the house, retire and travel the world on Robert's sailboat. They also demand that Brennan and Dale attend therapy and find other living arrangements. Brennan becomes attracted to his therapist, Denise.

Dale and Brennan start an entertainment company, "Prestige Worldwide". They present their first music video, which they filmed on Robert's boat, at Derek's birthday party. The presentation backfires when the video shows the boat crashing, shattering Robert and Nancy's sailing dreams. Robert is furious and conjures up an argument and insults Brennan, prompting Brennan to berate Robert as Nancy attempts to calm him down. On Christmas, Robert and Nancy announce they are getting divorced, upsetting Brennan and Dale. Blaming each other for the divorce, Brennan and Dale decide to go their separate ways. Brennan works for Derek's helicopter leasing firm and Dale works for a catering company.

Weeks later, Brennan and Dale are living independently as functioning adults and are doing well at their new jobs. Wanting to reunite the family, Brennan volunteers to oversee a prestigious event, the Catalina Wine Mixer, for Derek's company and invites Robert and Nancy. They hire the catering company that employs Dale. The party is a success until the lead singer of the hired cover band loses his temper and is ejected. With the stage empty, Derek fires Brennan, blaming him for the debacle, and Robert ultimately encourages Brennan and Dale to be their eccentric child-at-heart selves again. Brennan and Dale take the stage and perform " Por Ti Volaré". Derek is so moved by the performance that he and Brennan make amends. Dale ends his relationship with Alice, to her dismay.

Six months later, Robert and Nancy are back together living in their old house, while Brennan and Dale have turned "Prestige Worldwide" into a successful entertainment company that hosts karaoke events. Robert has his boat turned into a tree house in the backyard and Denise confesses her attraction for Brennan.

During the ending credits, Dale and Brennan confront the school children who beat them up previously, and exact their revenge.

Step Brothers was released in the United States on July 25, 2008.

The film was released for home video on December 2, 2008 in a single-disc rated edition, a single-disc unrated edition and a 2-disc unrated edition. The film generated sales of an estimated 3.87 million units in DVD and Blu-ray, totaling $63.7 million. For the home video release, Will Ferrell, John C. Reilly, and Adam McKay recorded a commentary track mostly in song, accompanied by Jon Brion; the track covers "the movie-making process [and] their characters' offscreen lives" in remarks that range "from the inspired to the irritatingly prolonged, but when Ferrell and Reilly really get into a good groove, they're actually funnier than the main feature". Step Brothers was released on 4K Blu-Ray on October 2 2018.

Step Brothers opened in 3,094 theaters and grossed $30.9 million. It grossed $100,468,793 domestically and $27,638,849 internationally for a total of $128,107,642.

Step Brothers received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 204 reviews, with an average rating of 5.58/10. The site's critical consensus reads, " Step Brothers indulges in a cheerfully relentless immaturity that will quickly turn off viewers unamused by Ferrell and Reilly -- and delight those who find their antics hilarious." At the website Metacritic, which utilizes a normalized rating system, the film has a score of 51 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Roger Ebert gave the film 1-1/2 out of 4 stars and stated, "When did comedies get so mean? Step Brothers has a premise that might have produced a good time at the movies, but when I left, I felt a little unclean".

In the movie, Dale and Brennan make a video investment pitch to both Robert and Derek about investing in Prestige Worldwide. To do so, they shot a music video for a song titled "Boats 'N' Hoes"; since the release of the film, "Boats 'N' Hoes" has contributed to the success of the movie with over a million hits on YouTube and merchandise that references the song.

Politically, there was a political action committee (PAC) known as the "Boats 'N' Hoes PAC". It was registered by Shaun Nowacki with the Texas Ethics Commission in 2014. Nowacki's firm was hired by multiple Republicans in Texas such as current Texas Governor Greg Abbott, Dan Patrick, who was running for Lieutenant Governor, and Donna Campbell, who was campaigning for State Senator. The purpose of the PAC was never shared and was criticized by Lisa Paul who served as the Texas Democratic Party Deputy Communications Director who said, "Texas Republicans say they want to reach out to women, to be more inclusive, but actions like this reinforce a pattern of disrespect... Their contempt towards women is simply unforgivable."

The Catalina Wine Mixer mentioned in the film was not a real event that existed before or during the creation of the film. The event has since been created and hosted on Catalina Island on Descanso Beach.

McKay announced on Twitter in 2011 that production of a Step Brothers rap album featuring Ferrell and Reilly had begun, but later said that the rap album fell apart and will not be released.

Ferrell and Reilly have talked about a sequel. Reilly had the idea. McKay was also interviewed about the possible sequel:

We're kicking around the idea of Step Brothers 2. We feel like there's way more fat to be mined there. While it isn't quite the legend that is, it has built kind of a nice following. We think it could be a pretty fun one.

He added that Ferrell and Reilly's characters would be mature and have jobs. "One of them's married and has a kid. They're still kind of goofballs but they've taken three or four steps. Then we have an idea for something happens that knocks him back to square one, and one of the brothers, John C. Reilly sort of instigates it, like 'we can't take this anymore.' And things go really bad, their lives kind of fall apart. They have to pull it back together is sort of the basic structure." McKay has also said that ideas that were not used in the first film may be used in the sequel.

McKay spoke to in February 2014 and appeared to rule out a sequel to Anchorman 2 or Step Brothers saying, "No, that's the last sequel we're gonna do. There's nothing more fun to me than new characters and a new world. And now we're releasing this alt version, we're totally satisfied. No Anchorman 3."

However, in an interview with Collider posted on October 21, 2014, McKay indicated the door was still open for a Step Brothers sequel at some point, while making clear it wasn't a short term development priority, stating:

We have a whole story [for Step Brothers 2], an outline that we're happy with. We were ready to go, and you know the story of [how] we got the call on Anchorman 2. We're not gonna do it now 'cause we just did a sequel, I don't wanna get into the sequel business too much. It was kind of a novelty to do one of them and it was certainly very interesting and I had never done anything like it. So I want to go make some original movies-or you know, The Big Short is an adaptation but do some different stuff. But who knows? 2-3 years, 3-4 years. I mean the funny thing with Step Brothers is if those guys are in their 50s it still works, so we could easily return to that, but for now no sequels.

In February 2017, Ferrell said in an interview with Rolling Stone that there are currently no plans for a sequel to Step Brothers.

In November 2020, Reilly said in an interview on of a sequel:

Like a lot of artists, all three of us felt like 'Unless we were really sure we could make a better version or improve on what it is, let's leave it alone.' Sequels are hard to pull off.

1. ^ "Now with extra farts! 25 1/2 gimmicky DVD commentary tracks". The A.V. Club. November 1, 2010. But to make it more of a challenge, Ferrell and company sing most of the commentary, accompanied by Jon Brion, who vamps while the boys free-associate about the movie-making process, their characters' off-screen lives, and the exorbitant price they had to pay for a pair of fake testicles. Because it's all spontaneous, the commentary ranges from the inspired to the irritatingly prolonged, but when Ferrell and Reilly really get into a good groove, they're actually funnier than the main feature.

2. ^ Zakarin, Jordan (2011-06-17). "'Step Brothers' Sequel: John C. Reilly Talks Potential Sequel, Talks 'Hunger Games' Mixup". Huffington Post.

3. ^ "Adam McKay Accepts the Death Of 'Anchorman 2' And Pitches 'Step Brothers' Sequel". Screen Junkies. March 21, 2011. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011.

4. ^ Germain Lussier (February 27, 2014). "'Anchorman 3′ Won't Happen Says Adam McKay". Slashfilm.com.

5. ^ Chitwood, Adam (October 20, 2014). "Adam McKay Says UPTOWN SATURDAY NIGHT Isn't Happening; THE BIG SHORT Is Next But STEP BROTHERS 2 Could Happen in a Few Years".

6. ^ Greene, Andy (February 21, 2017). "Will Ferrell on 'Step Brothers' Sequel: 'You Have to Resist the Temptation'". Rolling Stone.

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Step Brothers is a 2008 American comedy film directed by Adam McKay, produced by Jimmy Miller and Judd Apatow, and written by Will Ferrell and McKay from a story by Ferrell, McKay, and John C. Reilly.

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In 1738, they moved again to Ferry Farm were George spend much of his youth

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In 1738, George Washington's father, Augustine, acquired the plantation from the Strother estate. Augustine Washington held political office, owned several thriving plantations, and was a managing partner of Accokeek Iron Furnace located six miles north of Ferry Farm on a tributary of the Potomac River.

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In June 1775, Congress commissioned chose George Washington to take command of the Continental Army besieging the British in Boston

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2/4 advancements in war, Poison gas was heavily used on both sides.

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On December 18, 1799 a funeral was held at Mount Vernon.

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Tuskegee, AL- The body of Dr. George Washington Carver, famous negro scientist who was born in slavery, lies in state in the institute chapel here, as cadets of the Tuskegee Institute's ROTC stand at attention. Dr. Carver's death brought expressions of sympathy from President Roosevelt and many other governmental, business and professional leaders.

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At night Washington's Army crossed the Delaware and attacked garrison at Trenton, forcing it to surrender

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Published Oct 1, 2012 at 11:06 am (Updated Oct 1, 2012)

Photos

DINGMANS FERRY, PA - A splendid array of autumn colors will be available to participants during Kittatinny Canoes' Fall Foliage tours on scheduled Sunday's, in the month of October. Nature's technicolor palette is first displayed on surrounding mountains and shorelines and is then mirrored on the crystal clear Delaware River surface. Participants will meet at 9:00 a.m. at a designated Kittatinny River base and then be transported upstream to begin this autumn adventure. A river guide will accompany the group to ensure participants see all there is to see.

The river valley is abundant with wildlife such as great blue herons, ospreys, ducks, geese, beavers and bald eagles. Bring a lunch, plenty of beverages, and have a change of clothing in your car. Cameras and binoculars should be carried in waterproof containers. Kittatinny's two campgrounds, River Beach Campsites in Milford, PA, and Kittatinny Campgrounds in Barryville, NY, will remain open through October. The games at Kittatinny Paintball will continue until the weather no longer permits, reservations are required.

FOR INFORMATION, RESERVATIONS OR A FREE BROCHURE:

CALL 1-800-FLOAT-KC OR VISIT OUR WEBSITE WWW.KITTATINNY.COM

KITTATINNY CANOES & CAMPGROUNDS

MAILING ADDRESS: RIVER BEACH LOCATION BARRYVILLE LOCATION

102 Kittatinny Court 378 Routes 6 & 209 3854 Route 97

Dingmans Ferry, PA 18328 Milford, PA 18337 Barryville, NY 12719

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MUST READ NEWS

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Fall Foliage Delaware River Tours | The Pike County Courier

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Published Oct 1, 2012 at 11:06 am (Updated Oct 1, 2012) DINGMANS FERRY, PA - A splendid array of autumn colors will be available to participants during Kittatinny Canoes' Fall Foliage tours on scheduled Sunday's, in the month of October.

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George washington was chosen to preside over the constitutional convention.

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1.) First, you will be divided into groups of two. Once divided into groups you will be assigned one of the 13 states: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia.

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George Washington's second term was in 1793-1797

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Who Was George Washington?

George Washington was a Virginia plantation owner who served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolutionary War, and later became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797.

Early Life and Family

Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was the eldest of Augustine and Mary's six children, all of whom survived into adulthood.

The family lived on Pope's Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia. They were moderately prosperous members of Virginia's "middling class."

Washington could trace his family's presence in North America to his great-grandfather, John Washington, who migrated from England to Virginia. The family held some distinction in England and was granted land by Henry VIII.

But much of the family's wealth in England was lost under the Puritan government of Oliver Cromwell. In 1657 Washington's grandfather, Lawrence Washington, migrated to Virginia. Little information is available about the family in North America until Washington's father, Augustine, was born in 1694.

Augustine Washington was an ambitious man who acquired land and enslaved people, built mills, and grew tobacco. For a time, he had an interest in opening iron mines. He married his first wife, Jane Butler, and they had three children. Jane died in 1729 and Augustine married Mary Ball in 1731.

Mount Vernon

In 1735, Augustine moved the family up the Potomac River to another Washington family home, Little Hunting Creek Plantation - later renamed Mount Vernon.

They moved again in 1738 to Ferry Farm on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Washington spent much of his youth.

Childhood and Education

Little is known about Washington's childhood, which fostered many of the fables later biographers manufactured to fill in the gap. Among these are the stories that Washington threw a silver dollar across the Potomac and after chopping down his father's prize cherry tree, he openly confessed to the crime.

It is known that from age seven to 15, Washington was home-schooled and studied with the local church sexton and later a schoolmaster in practical math, geography, Latin and the English classics.

But much of the knowledge he would use the rest of his life was through his acquaintance with woodsmen and the plantation foreman. By his early teens, he had mastered growing tobacco, stock raising and surveying.

Washington's father died when he was 11 and he became the ward of his half-brother, Lawrence, who gave him a good upbringing. Lawrence had inherited the family's Little Hunting Creek Plantation and married Anne Fairfax, the daughter of Colonel William Fairfax, patriarch of the well-to-do Fairfax family. Under her tutelage, Washington was schooled in the finer aspects of colonial culture.

In 1748, when he was 16, Washington traveled with a surveying party plotting land in Virginia's western territory. The following year, aided by Lord Fairfax, Washington received an appointment as the official surveyor of Culpeper County.

For two years he was very busy surveying the land in Culpeper, Frederick and Augusta counties. The experience made him resourceful and toughened his body and mind. It also piqued his interest in western land holdings, an interest that endured throughout his life with speculative land purchases and a belief that the future of the nation lay in colonizing the West.

In July 1752, Washington's brother, Lawrence, died of tuberculosis, making him the heir apparent of the Washington lands. Lawrence's only child, Sarah, died two months later and Washington became the head of one of Virginia's most prominent estates, Mount Vernon. He was 20 years old.

Throughout his life, he would hold farming as one of the most honorable professions and he was most proud of Mount Vernon. Washington would gradually increase his landholdings there to about 8,000 acres

Pre-Revolutionary Military Career

In the early 1750s, France and Britain were at peace. However, the French military had begun occupying much of the Ohio Valley, protecting the King's land interests, particularly fur trappers and French settlers. But the borderlands of this area were unclear and prone to dispute between the two countries.

Washington showed early signs of natural leadership and shortly after Lawrence's death, Virginia's Lieutenant Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed Washington adjutant with a rank of major in the Virginia militia.

French and Indian War

On October 31, 1753, Dinwiddie sent Washington to Fort LeBoeuf, at what is now Waterford, Pennsylvania, to warn the French to remove themselves from land claimed by Britain. The French politely refused and Washington made a hasty ride back to Williamsburg, Virginia's colonial capital.

Dinwiddie sent Washington back with troops and they set up a post at Great Meadows. Washington's small force attacked a French post at Fort Duquesne, killing the commander, Coulon de Jumonville, and nine others and taking the rest prisoners. The French and Indian War had begun.

The French counterattacked and drove Washington and his men back to his post at Great Meadows (later named "Fort Necessity.") After a full day siege, Washington surrendered and was soon released and returned to Williamsburg, promising not to build another fort on the Ohio River.

Though a little embarrassed at being captured, he was grateful to receive the thanks from the House of Burgesses and see his name mentioned in the London gazettes.

Washington was given the honorary rank of colonel and joined British General Edward Braddock's army in Virginia in 1755. The British had devised a plan for a three-prong assault on French forces attacking Fort Duquesne, Fort Niagara and Crown Point.

During the encounter, the French and their Indian allies ambushed Braddock, who was mortally wounded. Washington escaped injury with four bullet holes in his cloak and two horses shot out from under him. Though he fought bravely, he could do little to turn back the rout and led the defeated army back to safety.

Commander of Virginia Troops

In August 1755, Washington was made commander of all Virginia troops at age 23. He was sent to the frontier to patrol and protect nearly 400 miles of border with some 700 ill-disciplined colonial troops and a Virginia colonial legislature unwilling to support him.

It was a frustrating assignment. His health failed in the closing months of 1757 and he was sent home with dysentery.

In 1758, Washington returned to duty on another expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. A friendly-fire incident took place, killing 14 and wounding 26 of Washington's men. However, the British were able to score a major victory, capturing Fort Duquesne and control of the Ohio Valley.

Washington retired from his Virginia regiment in December 1758. His experience during the war was generally frustrating, with key decisions made slowly, poor support from the colonial legislature and poorly trained recruits.

Washington applied for a commission with the British army but was turned down. In 1758, he resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon disillusioned. The same year, he entered politics and was elected to Virginia's House of Burgesses.

Martha Washington

A month after leaving the army, Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis, a widow, who was only a few months older than he. Martha brought to the marriage a considerable fortune: an 18,000-acre estate, from which Washington personally acquired 6,000 acres.

With this and land he was granted for his military service, Washington became one of the more wealthy landowners in Virginia. The marriage also brought Martha's two young children, John (Jacky) and Martha (Patsy), ages six and four, respectively.

Washington lavished great affection on both of them, and was heartbroken when Patsy died just before the Revolution. Jacky died during the Revolution, and Washington adopted two of his children.

Enslaved People

During his retirement from the Virginia militia until the start of the Revolution, Washington devoted himself to the care and development of his land holdings, attending the rotation of crops, managing livestock and keeping up with the latest scientific advances.

By the 1790s, Washington kept over 300 enslaved people at Mount Vernon. He was said to dislike the institution of slavery, but accepted the fact that it was legal.

Washington, in his will, made his displeasure with slavery known, as he ordered that all his enslaved people be granted their freedom upon the death of his wife Martha. (This act of generosity, however, applied to fewer than half of Mount Vernon's enslaved people: Those enslaved people owned by the Custis family were given to Martha's grandchildren after her death.)

Washington loved the landed gentry's life of horseback riding, fox hunts, fishing and cotillions. He worked six days a week, often taking off his coat and performing manual labor with his workers. He was an innovative and responsible landowner, breeding cattle and horses and tending to his fruit orchards.

Teeth

Much has been made of the fact that Washington used false teeth or dentures for most of his adult life. Indeed, Washington's correspondence to friends and family makes frequent references to aching teeth, inflamed gums and various dental woes.

Washington had one tooth pulled when he was just 24 years old, and by the time of his inauguration in 1789 he had just one natural tooth left. But his false teeth weren't made of wood, as some legends suggest.

Instead, Washington's false teeth were fashioned from human teeth - including teeth from enslaved people and his own pulled teeth - ivory, animal teeth and assorted metals.

Washington's dental problems, according to some historians, probably impacted the shape of his face and may have contributed to his quiet, somber demeanor: During the Constitutional Convention, Washington addressed the gathered dignitaries only once.

American Revolution

Though the British Proclamation Act of 1763 - prohibiting settlement beyond the Alleghenies - irritated Washington and he opposed the Stamp Act of 1765, he did not take a leading role in the growing colonial resistance against the British until the widespread protest of the Townshend Acts in 1767.

His letters of this period indicate he was totally opposed to the colonies declaring independence. However, by 1767, he wasn't opposed to resisting what he believed were fundamental violations by the Crown of the rights of Englishmen.

In 1769, Washington introduced a resolution to the House of Burgesses calling for Virginia to boycott British goods until the Acts were repealed.

After the passage of the Coercive Acts in 1774, Washington chaired a meeting in which the Fairfax Resolves were adopted, calling for the convening of the Continental Congress and the use of armed resistance as a last resort. He was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in March 1775.

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

After the battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the political dispute between Great Britain and her North American colonies escalated into an armed conflict. In May, Washington traveled to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia dressed in a military uniform, indicating that he was prepared for war.

On June 15th, he was appointed Major General and Commander-in-Chief of the colonial forces against Great Britain. As was his custom, he did not seek out the office of commander, but he faced no serious competition.

Washington was the best choice for a number of reasons: he had the prestige, military experience and charisma for the job and he had been advising Congress for months.

Another factor was political: The Revolution had started in New England and at the time, they were the only colonies that had directly felt the brunt of British tyranny. Virginia was the largest British colony and New England needed Southern colonial support.

Political considerations and force of personality aside, Washington was not necessarily qualified to wage war on the world's most powerful nation. Washington's training and experience were primarily in frontier warfare involving small numbers of soldiers. He wasn't trained in the open-field style of battle practiced by the commanding British generals.

He also had no practical experience maneuvering large formations of infantry, commanding cavalry or artillery, or maintaining the flow of supplies for thousands of men in the field. But he was courageous and determined and smart enough to keep one step ahead of the enemy.

Washington and his small army did taste victory early in March 1776 by placing artillery above Boston, on Dorchester Heights, forcing the British to withdraw. Washington then moved his troops into New York City. But in June, a new British commander, Sir William Howe, arrived in the Colonies with the largest expeditionary force Britain had ever deployed to date.

Crossing the Delaware

In August 1776, the British army launched an attack and quickly took New York City in the largest battle of the war. Washington's army was routed and suffered the surrender of 2,800 men.

He ordered the remains of his army to retreat into Pennsylvania across the Delaware River. Confident the war would be over in a few months, General Howe wintered his troops at Trenton and Princeton, leaving Washington free to attack at the time and place of his choosing.

On Christmas night, 1776, Washington and his men returned across the Delaware River and attacked unsuspecting Hessian mercenaries at Trenton, forcing their surrender. A few days later, evading a force that had been sent to destroy his army, Washington attacked the British again, this time at Princeton, dealing them a humiliating loss.

Victories and Losses

General Howe's strategy was to capture colonial cities and stop the rebellion at key economic and political centers. He never abandoned the belief that once the Americans were deprived of their major cities, the rebellion would wither.

In the summer of 1777, he mounted an offensive against Philadelphia. Washington moved in his army to defend the city but was defeated at the Battle of Brandywine. Philadelphia fell two weeks later.

In the late summer of 1777, the British army sent a major force, under the command of John Burgoyne, south from Quebec to Saratoga, New York, to split the rebellion between New England and the southern colonies. But the strategy backfired, as Burgoyne became trapped by the American armies led by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Saratoga.

Without support from Howe, who couldn't reach him in time, Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire 6,200 man army. The victory was a major turning point in the war as it encouraged France to openly ally itself with the American cause for independence.

Through all of this, Washington discovered an important lesson: The political nature of war was just as important as the military one. Washington began to understand that military victories were as important as keeping the resistance alive.

Americans began to believe that they could meet their objective of independence without defeating the British army. Meanwhile, British General Howe clung to the strategy of capturing colonial cities in hopes of smothering the rebellion.

Howe didn't realize that capturing cities like Philadelphia and New York would not unseat colonial power. The Congress would just pack up and meet elsewhere.

Valley Forge

The darkest time for Washington and the Continental Army was during the winter of 1777 at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. The 11,000-man force went into winter quarters and over the next six months suffered thousands of deaths, mostly from disease. But the army emerged from the winter still intact and in relatively good order.

Realizing their strategy of capturing colonial cities had failed, the British command replaced General Howe with Sir Henry Clinton. The British army evacuated Philadelphia to return to New York City. Washington and his men delivered several quick blows to the moving army, attacking the British flank near Monmouth Courthouse. Though a tactical standoff, the encounter proved Washington's army capable of open field battle.

For the remainder of the war, Washington was content to keep the British confined to New York, although he never totally abandoned the idea of retaking the city. The alliance with France had brought a large French army and a navy fleet.

Washington and his French counterparts decided to let Clinton be and attack British General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. Facing the combined French and Colonial armies and the French fleet of 29 warships at his back, Cornwallis held out as long as he could, but on October 19, 1781, he surrendered his forces.

Revolutionary War Victory

Washington had no way of knowing the Yorktown victory would bring the war to a close.

The British still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City, Charleston and Savannah, plus a large fleet of warships in the Colonies. By 1782, the French army and navy had departed, the Continental treasury was depleted, and most of his soldiers hadn't been paid for several years.

A near-mutiny was avoided when Washington convinced Congress to grant a five-year bonus for soldiers in March 1783. By November of that year, the British had evacuated New York City and other cities and the war was essentially over.

The Americans had won their independence. Washington formally bade his troops farewell and on December 23, 1783, he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the army and returned to Mount Vernon.

For four years, Washington attempted to fulfill his dream of resuming life as a gentleman farmer and to give his much-neglected Mount Vernon plantation the care and attention it deserved.

The war had been costly to the Washington family with lands neglected, no exports of goods, and the depreciation of paper money. But Washington was able to repair his fortunes with a generous land grant from Congress for his military service and become profitable once again.

Constitutional Convention

In 1787, Washington was again called to the duty of his country. Since independence, the young republic had been struggling under the Articles of Confederation, a structure of government that centered power with the states.

But the states were not unified. They fought among themselves over boundaries and navigation rights and refused to contribute to paying off the nation's war debt. In some instances, state legislatures imposed tyrannical tax policies on their own citizens.

Washington was intensely dismayed at the state of affairs, but only slowly came to the realization that something should be done about it. Perhaps he wasn't sure the time was right so soon after the Revolution to be making major adjustments to the democratic experiment. Or perhaps because he hoped he would not be called upon to serve, he remained noncommittal.

But when Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts, Washington knew something needed to be done to improve the nation's government. In 1786, Congress approved a convention to be held in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation.

At the Constitutional Convention, Washington was unanimously chosen as president. Washington, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton had come to the conclusion that it wasn't amendments that were needed, but a new constitution that would give the national government more authority.

In the end, the Convention produced a plan for government that not only would address the country's current problems, but would endure through time. After the convention adjourned, Washington's reputation and support for the new government were indispensable to the ratification of the new U.S. Constitution.

The opposition was strident, if not organized, with many of America's leading political figures - including Patrick Henry and Sam Adams - condemning the proposed government as a grab for power. Even in Washington's native Virginia, the Constitution was ratified by only one vote.

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George Washington: Presidency

Still hoping to retire to his beloved Mount Vernon, Washington was once again called upon to serve this country.

During the presidential election of 1789, he received a vote from every elector to the Electoral College, the only president in American history to be elected by unanimous approval. He took the oath of office at Federal Hall in New York City, the capital of the United States at the time.

As the first president, Washington was astutely aware that his presidency would set a precedent for all that would follow. He carefully attended to the responsibilities and duties of his office, remaining vigilant to not emulate any European royal court. To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President," instead of more imposing names that were suggested.

At first he declined the $25,000 salary Congress offered the office of the presidency, for he was already wealthy and wanted to protect his image as a selfless public servant. However, Congress persuaded him to accept the compensation to avoid giving the impression that only wealthy men could serve as president.

Washington proved to be an able administrator. He surrounded himself with some of the most capable people in the country, appointing Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. He delegated authority wisely and consulted regularly with his cabinet listening to their advice before making a decision.

Washington established broad-ranging presidential authority, but always with the highest integrity, exercising power with restraint and honesty. In doing so, he set a standard rarely met by his successors, but one that established an ideal by which all are judged.
READ MORE: How George Washington's Personal and Physical Characteristics Helped Him Win the Presidency
Accomplishments

During his first term, Washington adopted a series of measures proposed by Treasury Secretary Hamilton to reduce the nation's debt and place its finances on sound footing.

His administration also established several peace treaties with Native American tribes and approved a bill establishing the nation's capital in a permanent district along the Potomac River.

Whiskey Rebellion

Then, in 1791, Washington signed a bill authorizing Congress to place a tax on distilled spirits, which stirred protests in rural areas of Pennsylvania.

Quickly, the protests turned into a full-scale defiance of federal law known as the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792, summoning local militias from several states to put down the rebellion.

Washington personally took command, marching the troops into the areas of rebellion and demonstrating that the federal government would use force, when necessary, to enforce the law. This was also the only time a sitting U.S. president has led troops into battle.

Jay Treaty

In foreign affairs, Washington took a cautious approach, realizing that the weak young nation could not succumb to Europe's political intrigues. In 1793, France and Great Britain were once again at war.

At the urging of Hamilton, Washington disregarded the U.S. alliance with France and pursued a course of neutrality. In 1794, he sent John Jay to Britain to negotiate a treaty (known as the "Jay Treaty") to secure a peace with Britain and clear up some issues held over from the Revolutionary War.

The action infuriated Jefferson, who supported the French and felt that the U.S. needed to honor its treaty obligations. Washington was able to mobilize public support for the treaty, which proved decisive in securing ratification in the Senate.

Though controversial, the treaty proved beneficial to the United States by removing British forts along the western frontier, establishing a clear boundary between Canada and the United States, and most importantly, delaying a war with Britain and providing over a decade of prosperous trade and development the fledgling country so desperately needed.

Political Parties

All through his two terms as president, Washington was dismayed at the growing partisanship within the government and the nation. The power bestowed on the federal government by the Constitution made for important decisions, and people joined together to influence those decisions. The formation of political parties at first were influenced more by personality than by issues.

As Treasury secretary, Hamilton pushed for a strong national government and an economy built in industry. Secretary of State Jefferson desired to keep government small and center power more at the local level, where citizens' freedom could be better protected. He envisioned an economy based on farming.

Those who followed Hamilton's vision took the name Federalists and people who opposed those ideas and tended to lean toward Jefferson's view began calling themselves Democratic-Republicans. Washington despised political partisanship, believing that ideological differences should never become institutionalized. He strongly felt that political leaders should be free to debate important issues without being bound by party loyalty.

However, Washington could do little to slow the development of political parties. The ideals promoted by Hamilton and Jefferson produced a two-party system that proved remarkably durable. These opposing viewpoints represented a continuation of the debate over the proper role of government, a debate that began with the conception of the Constitution and continues today.

Washington's administration was not without its critics who questioned what they saw as extravagant conventions in the office of the president. During his two terms, Washington rented the best houses available and was driven in a coach drawn by four horses, with outriders and lackeys in rich uniforms.

After being overwhelmed by callers, he announced that except for the scheduled weekly reception open to all, he would only see people by appointment. Washington entertained lavishly, but in private dinners and receptions at invitation only. He was, by some, accused of conducting himself like a king.

However, ever mindful his presidency would set the precedent for those to follow, he was careful to avoid the trappings of a monarchy. At public ceremonies, he did not appear in a military uniform or the monarchical robes. Instead, he dressed in a black velvet suit with gold buckles and powdered hair, as was the common custom. His reserved manner was more due to inherent reticence than any excessive sense of dignity.

Retirement

Desiring to return to Mount Vernon and his farming, and feeling the decline of his physical powers with age, Washington refused to yield to the pressures to serve a third term, even though he would probably not have faced any opposition.

By doing this, he was again mindful of the precedent of being the "first president," and chose to establish a peaceful transition of government.

Farewell Address

In the last months of his presidency, Washington felt he needed to give his country one last measure of himself. With the help of Hamilton, he composed his Farewell Address to the American people, which urged his fellow citizens to cherish the Union and avoid partisanship and permanent foreign alliances.

In March 1797, he turned over the government to John Adams and returned to Mount Vernon, determined to live his last years as a simple gentleman farmer. His last official act was to pardon the participants in the Whiskey Rebellion.

Upon returning to Mount Vernon in the spring of 1797, Washington felt a reflective sense of relief and accomplishment. He had left the government in capable hands, at peace, its debts well-managed, and set on a course of prosperity.

He devoted much of his time to tending the farm's operations and management. Although he was perceived to be wealthy, his land holdings were only marginally profitable.

Death

On a cold December day in 1799, Washington spent much of it inspecting the farm on horseback in a driving snowstorm. When he returned home, he hastily ate his supper in his wet clothes and then went to bed.

The next morning, on December 13, he awoke with a severe sore throat and became increasingly hoarse. He retired early, but awoke around 3 a.m. and told Martha that he felt very sick. The illness progressed until he died late in the evening of December 14, 1799.

The news of Washington's death at age 67 spread throughout the country, plunging the nation into a deep mourning. Many towns and cities held mock funerals and presented hundreds of eulogies to honor their fallen hero. When the news of this death reached Europe, the British fleet paid tribute to his memory, and Napoleon ordered ten days of mourning.

Legacy

Washington could have been a king. Instead, he chose to be a citizen. He set many precedents for the national government and the presidency: The two-term limit in office, only broken once by Franklin D. Roosevelt, was later ensconced in the Constitution's 22nd Amendment.

He crystallized the power of the presidency as a part of the government's three branches of government, able to exercise authority when necessary, but also accept the checks and balances of power inherent in the system.

He was not only considered a military and revolutionary hero, but a man of great personal integrity, with a deep sense of duty, honor and patriotism. For over 200 years, Washington has been acclaimed as indispensable to the success of the Revolution and the birth of the nation.

But his most important legacy may be that he insisted he was dispensable, asserting that the cause of liberty was larger than any single individual.
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George Washington was a Virginia plantation owner who served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolutionary War, and later became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.

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His first term was during 1789-1793

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Who Was George Washington?

George Washington was a Virginia plantation owner who served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolutionary War, and later became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797.

Early Life and Family

Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was the eldest of Augustine and Mary's six children, all of whom survived into adulthood.

The family lived on Pope's Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia. They were moderately prosperous members of Virginia's "middling class."

Washington could trace his family's presence in North America to his great-grandfather, John Washington, who migrated from England to Virginia. The family held some distinction in England and was granted land by Henry VIII.

But much of the family's wealth in England was lost under the Puritan government of Oliver Cromwell. In 1657 Washington's grandfather, Lawrence Washington, migrated to Virginia. Little information is available about the family in North America until Washington's father, Augustine, was born in 1694.

Augustine Washington was an ambitious man who acquired land and enslaved people, built mills, and grew tobacco. For a time, he had an interest in opening iron mines. He married his first wife, Jane Butler, and they had three children. Jane died in 1729 and Augustine married Mary Ball in 1731.

Mount Vernon

In 1735, Augustine moved the family up the Potomac River to another Washington family home, Little Hunting Creek Plantation - later renamed Mount Vernon.

They moved again in 1738 to Ferry Farm on the Rappahannock River, opposite Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Washington spent much of his youth.

Childhood and Education

Little is known about Washington's childhood, which fostered many of the fables later biographers manufactured to fill in the gap. Among these are the stories that Washington threw a silver dollar across the Potomac and after chopping down his father's prize cherry tree, he openly confessed to the crime.

It is known that from age seven to 15, Washington was home-schooled and studied with the local church sexton and later a schoolmaster in practical math, geography, Latin and the English classics.

But much of the knowledge he would use the rest of his life was through his acquaintance with woodsmen and the plantation foreman. By his early teens, he had mastered growing tobacco, stock raising and surveying.

Washington's father died when he was 11 and he became the ward of his half-brother, Lawrence, who gave him a good upbringing. Lawrence had inherited the family's Little Hunting Creek Plantation and married Anne Fairfax, the daughter of Colonel William Fairfax, patriarch of the well-to-do Fairfax family. Under her tutelage, Washington was schooled in the finer aspects of colonial culture.

In 1748, when he was 16, Washington traveled with a surveying party plotting land in Virginia's western territory. The following year, aided by Lord Fairfax, Washington received an appointment as the official surveyor of Culpeper County.

For two years he was very busy surveying the land in Culpeper, Frederick and Augusta counties. The experience made him resourceful and toughened his body and mind. It also piqued his interest in western land holdings, an interest that endured throughout his life with speculative land purchases and a belief that the future of the nation lay in colonizing the West.

In July 1752, Washington's brother, Lawrence, died of tuberculosis, making him the heir apparent of the Washington lands. Lawrence's only child, Sarah, died two months later and Washington became the head of one of Virginia's most prominent estates, Mount Vernon. He was 20 years old.

Throughout his life, he would hold farming as one of the most honorable professions and he was most proud of Mount Vernon. Washington would gradually increase his landholdings there to about 8,000 acres

Pre-Revolutionary Military Career

In the early 1750s, France and Britain were at peace. However, the French military had begun occupying much of the Ohio Valley, protecting the King's land interests, particularly fur trappers and French settlers. But the borderlands of this area were unclear and prone to dispute between the two countries.

Washington showed early signs of natural leadership and shortly after Lawrence's death, Virginia's Lieutenant Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed Washington adjutant with a rank of major in the Virginia militia.

French and Indian War

On October 31, 1753, Dinwiddie sent Washington to Fort LeBoeuf, at what is now Waterford, Pennsylvania, to warn the French to remove themselves from land claimed by Britain. The French politely refused and Washington made a hasty ride back to Williamsburg, Virginia's colonial capital.

Dinwiddie sent Washington back with troops and they set up a post at Great Meadows. Washington's small force attacked a French post at Fort Duquesne, killing the commander, Coulon de Jumonville, and nine others and taking the rest prisoners. The French and Indian War had begun.

The French counterattacked and drove Washington and his men back to his post at Great Meadows (later named "Fort Necessity.") After a full day siege, Washington surrendered and was soon released and returned to Williamsburg, promising not to build another fort on the Ohio River.

Though a little embarrassed at being captured, he was grateful to receive the thanks from the House of Burgesses and see his name mentioned in the London gazettes.

Washington was given the honorary rank of colonel and joined British General Edward Braddock's army in Virginia in 1755. The British had devised a plan for a three-prong assault on French forces attacking Fort Duquesne, Fort Niagara and Crown Point.

During the encounter, the French and their Indian allies ambushed Braddock, who was mortally wounded. Washington escaped injury with four bullet holes in his cloak and two horses shot out from under him. Though he fought bravely, he could do little to turn back the rout and led the defeated army back to safety.

Commander of Virginia Troops

In August 1755, Washington was made commander of all Virginia troops at age 23. He was sent to the frontier to patrol and protect nearly 400 miles of border with some 700 ill-disciplined colonial troops and a Virginia colonial legislature unwilling to support him.

It was a frustrating assignment. His health failed in the closing months of 1757 and he was sent home with dysentery.

In 1758, Washington returned to duty on another expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. A friendly-fire incident took place, killing 14 and wounding 26 of Washington's men. However, the British were able to score a major victory, capturing Fort Duquesne and control of the Ohio Valley.

Washington retired from his Virginia regiment in December 1758. His experience during the war was generally frustrating, with key decisions made slowly, poor support from the colonial legislature and poorly trained recruits.

Washington applied for a commission with the British army but was turned down. In 1758, he resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon disillusioned. The same year, he entered politics and was elected to Virginia's House of Burgesses.

Martha Washington

A month after leaving the army, Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis, a widow, who was only a few months older than he. Martha brought to the marriage a considerable fortune: an 18,000-acre estate, from which Washington personally acquired 6,000 acres.

With this and land he was granted for his military service, Washington became one of the more wealthy landowners in Virginia. The marriage also brought Martha's two young children, John (Jacky) and Martha (Patsy), ages six and four, respectively.

Washington lavished great affection on both of them, and was heartbroken when Patsy died just before the Revolution. Jacky died during the Revolution, and Washington adopted two of his children.

Enslaved People

During his retirement from the Virginia militia until the start of the Revolution, Washington devoted himself to the care and development of his land holdings, attending the rotation of crops, managing livestock and keeping up with the latest scientific advances.

By the 1790s, Washington kept over 300 enslaved people at Mount Vernon. He was said to dislike the institution of slavery, but accepted the fact that it was legal.

Washington, in his will, made his displeasure with slavery known, as he ordered that all his enslaved people be granted their freedom upon the death of his wife Martha. (This act of generosity, however, applied to fewer than half of Mount Vernon's enslaved people: Those enslaved people owned by the Custis family were given to Martha's grandchildren after her death.)

Washington loved the landed gentry's life of horseback riding, fox hunts, fishing and cotillions. He worked six days a week, often taking off his coat and performing manual labor with his workers. He was an innovative and responsible landowner, breeding cattle and horses and tending to his fruit orchards.

Teeth

Much has been made of the fact that Washington used false teeth or dentures for most of his adult life. Indeed, Washington's correspondence to friends and family makes frequent references to aching teeth, inflamed gums and various dental woes.

Washington had one tooth pulled when he was just 24 years old, and by the time of his inauguration in 1789 he had just one natural tooth left. But his false teeth weren't made of wood, as some legends suggest.

Instead, Washington's false teeth were fashioned from human teeth - including teeth from enslaved people and his own pulled teeth - ivory, animal teeth and assorted metals.

Washington's dental problems, according to some historians, probably impacted the shape of his face and may have contributed to his quiet, somber demeanor: During the Constitutional Convention, Washington addressed the gathered dignitaries only once.

American Revolution

Though the British Proclamation Act of 1763 - prohibiting settlement beyond the Alleghenies - irritated Washington and he opposed the Stamp Act of 1765, he did not take a leading role in the growing colonial resistance against the British until the widespread protest of the Townshend Acts in 1767.

His letters of this period indicate he was totally opposed to the colonies declaring independence. However, by 1767, he wasn't opposed to resisting what he believed were fundamental violations by the Crown of the rights of Englishmen.

In 1769, Washington introduced a resolution to the House of Burgesses calling for Virginia to boycott British goods until the Acts were repealed.

After the passage of the Coercive Acts in 1774, Washington chaired a meeting in which the Fairfax Resolves were adopted, calling for the convening of the Continental Congress and the use of armed resistance as a last resort. He was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in March 1775.

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

After the battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, the political dispute between Great Britain and her North American colonies escalated into an armed conflict. In May, Washington traveled to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia dressed in a military uniform, indicating that he was prepared for war.

On June 15th, he was appointed Major General and Commander-in-Chief of the colonial forces against Great Britain. As was his custom, he did not seek out the office of commander, but he faced no serious competition.

Washington was the best choice for a number of reasons: he had the prestige, military experience and charisma for the job and he had been advising Congress for months.

Another factor was political: The Revolution had started in New England and at the time, they were the only colonies that had directly felt the brunt of British tyranny. Virginia was the largest British colony and New England needed Southern colonial support.

Political considerations and force of personality aside, Washington was not necessarily qualified to wage war on the world's most powerful nation. Washington's training and experience were primarily in frontier warfare involving small numbers of soldiers. He wasn't trained in the open-field style of battle practiced by the commanding British generals.

He also had no practical experience maneuvering large formations of infantry, commanding cavalry or artillery, or maintaining the flow of supplies for thousands of men in the field. But he was courageous and determined and smart enough to keep one step ahead of the enemy.

Washington and his small army did taste victory early in March 1776 by placing artillery above Boston, on Dorchester Heights, forcing the British to withdraw. Washington then moved his troops into New York City. But in June, a new British commander, Sir William Howe, arrived in the Colonies with the largest expeditionary force Britain had ever deployed to date.

Crossing the Delaware

In August 1776, the British army launched an attack and quickly took New York City in the largest battle of the war. Washington's army was routed and suffered the surrender of 2,800 men.

He ordered the remains of his army to retreat into Pennsylvania across the Delaware River. Confident the war would be over in a few months, General Howe wintered his troops at Trenton and Princeton, leaving Washington free to attack at the time and place of his choosing.

On Christmas night, 1776, Washington and his men returned across the Delaware River and attacked unsuspecting Hessian mercenaries at Trenton, forcing their surrender. A few days later, evading a force that had been sent to destroy his army, Washington attacked the British again, this time at Princeton, dealing them a humiliating loss.

Victories and Losses

General Howe's strategy was to capture colonial cities and stop the rebellion at key economic and political centers. He never abandoned the belief that once the Americans were deprived of their major cities, the rebellion would wither.

In the summer of 1777, he mounted an offensive against Philadelphia. Washington moved in his army to defend the city but was defeated at the Battle of Brandywine. Philadelphia fell two weeks later.

In the late summer of 1777, the British army sent a major force, under the command of John Burgoyne, south from Quebec to Saratoga, New York, to split the rebellion between New England and the southern colonies. But the strategy backfired, as Burgoyne became trapped by the American armies led by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Saratoga.

Without support from Howe, who couldn't reach him in time, Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire 6,200 man army. The victory was a major turning point in the war as it encouraged France to openly ally itself with the American cause for independence.

Through all of this, Washington discovered an important lesson: The political nature of war was just as important as the military one. Washington began to understand that military victories were as important as keeping the resistance alive.

Americans began to believe that they could meet their objective of independence without defeating the British army. Meanwhile, British General Howe clung to the strategy of capturing colonial cities in hopes of smothering the rebellion.

Howe didn't realize that capturing cities like Philadelphia and New York would not unseat colonial power. The Congress would just pack up and meet elsewhere.

Valley Forge

The darkest time for Washington and the Continental Army was during the winter of 1777 at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. The 11,000-man force went into winter quarters and over the next six months suffered thousands of deaths, mostly from disease. But the army emerged from the winter still intact and in relatively good order.

Realizing their strategy of capturing colonial cities had failed, the British command replaced General Howe with Sir Henry Clinton. The British army evacuated Philadelphia to return to New York City. Washington and his men delivered several quick blows to the moving army, attacking the British flank near Monmouth Courthouse. Though a tactical standoff, the encounter proved Washington's army capable of open field battle.

For the remainder of the war, Washington was content to keep the British confined to New York, although he never totally abandoned the idea of retaking the city. The alliance with France had brought a large French army and a navy fleet.

Washington and his French counterparts decided to let Clinton be and attack British General Charles Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia. Facing the combined French and Colonial armies and the French fleet of 29 warships at his back, Cornwallis held out as long as he could, but on October 19, 1781, he surrendered his forces.

Revolutionary War Victory

Washington had no way of knowing the Yorktown victory would bring the war to a close.

The British still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City, Charleston and Savannah, plus a large fleet of warships in the Colonies. By 1782, the French army and navy had departed, the Continental treasury was depleted, and most of his soldiers hadn't been paid for several years.

A near-mutiny was avoided when Washington convinced Congress to grant a five-year bonus for soldiers in March 1783. By November of that year, the British had evacuated New York City and other cities and the war was essentially over.

The Americans had won their independence. Washington formally bade his troops farewell and on December 23, 1783, he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief of the army and returned to Mount Vernon.

For four years, Washington attempted to fulfill his dream of resuming life as a gentleman farmer and to give his much-neglected Mount Vernon plantation the care and attention it deserved.

The war had been costly to the Washington family with lands neglected, no exports of goods, and the depreciation of paper money. But Washington was able to repair his fortunes with a generous land grant from Congress for his military service and become profitable once again.

Constitutional Convention

In 1787, Washington was again called to the duty of his country. Since independence, the young republic had been struggling under the Articles of Confederation, a structure of government that centered power with the states.

But the states were not unified. They fought among themselves over boundaries and navigation rights and refused to contribute to paying off the nation's war debt. In some instances, state legislatures imposed tyrannical tax policies on their own citizens.

Washington was intensely dismayed at the state of affairs, but only slowly came to the realization that something should be done about it. Perhaps he wasn't sure the time was right so soon after the Revolution to be making major adjustments to the democratic experiment. Or perhaps because he hoped he would not be called upon to serve, he remained noncommittal.

But when Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts, Washington knew something needed to be done to improve the nation's government. In 1786, Congress approved a convention to be held in Philadelphia to amend the Articles of Confederation.

At the Constitutional Convention, Washington was unanimously chosen as president. Washington, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton had come to the conclusion that it wasn't amendments that were needed, but a new constitution that would give the national government more authority.

In the end, the Convention produced a plan for government that not only would address the country's current problems, but would endure through time. After the convention adjourned, Washington's reputation and support for the new government were indispensable to the ratification of the new U.S. Constitution.

The opposition was strident, if not organized, with many of America's leading political figures - including Patrick Henry and Sam Adams - condemning the proposed government as a grab for power. Even in Washington's native Virginia, the Constitution was ratified by only one vote.

DOWNLOAD BIOGRAPHY'S GEORGE WASHINGTON FACT CARD

George Washington: Presidency

Still hoping to retire to his beloved Mount Vernon, Washington was once again called upon to serve this country.

During the presidential election of 1789, he received a vote from every elector to the Electoral College, the only president in American history to be elected by unanimous approval. He took the oath of office at Federal Hall in New York City, the capital of the United States at the time.

As the first president, Washington was astutely aware that his presidency would set a precedent for all that would follow. He carefully attended to the responsibilities and duties of his office, remaining vigilant to not emulate any European royal court. To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President," instead of more imposing names that were suggested.

At first he declined the $25,000 salary Congress offered the office of the presidency, for he was already wealthy and wanted to protect his image as a selfless public servant. However, Congress persuaded him to accept the compensation to avoid giving the impression that only wealthy men could serve as president.

Washington proved to be an able administrator. He surrounded himself with some of the most capable people in the country, appointing Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. He delegated authority wisely and consulted regularly with his cabinet listening to their advice before making a decision.

Washington established broad-ranging presidential authority, but always with the highest integrity, exercising power with restraint and honesty. In doing so, he set a standard rarely met by his successors, but one that established an ideal by which all are judged.
READ MORE: How George Washington's Personal and Physical Characteristics Helped Him Win the Presidency
Accomplishments

During his first term, Washington adopted a series of measures proposed by Treasury Secretary Hamilton to reduce the nation's debt and place its finances on sound footing.

His administration also established several peace treaties with Native American tribes and approved a bill establishing the nation's capital in a permanent district along the Potomac River.

Whiskey Rebellion

Then, in 1791, Washington signed a bill authorizing Congress to place a tax on distilled spirits, which stirred protests in rural areas of Pennsylvania.

Quickly, the protests turned into a full-scale defiance of federal law known as the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792, summoning local militias from several states to put down the rebellion.

Washington personally took command, marching the troops into the areas of rebellion and demonstrating that the federal government would use force, when necessary, to enforce the law. This was also the only time a sitting U.S. president has led troops into battle.

Jay Treaty

In foreign affairs, Washington took a cautious approach, realizing that the weak young nation could not succumb to Europe's political intrigues. In 1793, France and Great Britain were once again at war.

At the urging of Hamilton, Washington disregarded the U.S. alliance with France and pursued a course of neutrality. In 1794, he sent John Jay to Britain to negotiate a treaty (known as the "Jay Treaty") to secure a peace with Britain and clear up some issues held over from the Revolutionary War.

The action infuriated Jefferson, who supported the French and felt that the U.S. needed to honor its treaty obligations. Washington was able to mobilize public support for the treaty, which proved decisive in securing ratification in the Senate.

Though controversial, the treaty proved beneficial to the United States by removing British forts along the western frontier, establishing a clear boundary between Canada and the United States, and most importantly, delaying a war with Britain and providing over a decade of prosperous trade and development the fledgling country so desperately needed.

Political Parties

All through his two terms as president, Washington was dismayed at the growing partisanship within the government and the nation. The power bestowed on the federal government by the Constitution made for important decisions, and people joined together to influence those decisions. The formation of political parties at first were influenced more by personality than by issues.

As Treasury secretary, Hamilton pushed for a strong national government and an economy built in industry. Secretary of State Jefferson desired to keep government small and center power more at the local level, where citizens' freedom could be better protected. He envisioned an economy based on farming.

Those who followed Hamilton's vision took the name Federalists and people who opposed those ideas and tended to lean toward Jefferson's view began calling themselves Democratic-Republicans. Washington despised political partisanship, believing that ideological differences should never become institutionalized. He strongly felt that political leaders should be free to debate important issues without being bound by party loyalty.

However, Washington could do little to slow the development of political parties. The ideals promoted by Hamilton and Jefferson produced a two-party system that proved remarkably durable. These opposing viewpoints represented a continuation of the debate over the proper role of government, a debate that began with the conception of the Constitution and continues today.

Washington's administration was not without its critics who questioned what they saw as extravagant conventions in the office of the president. During his two terms, Washington rented the best houses available and was driven in a coach drawn by four horses, with outriders and lackeys in rich uniforms.

After being overwhelmed by callers, he announced that except for the scheduled weekly reception open to all, he would only see people by appointment. Washington entertained lavishly, but in private dinners and receptions at invitation only. He was, by some, accused of conducting himself like a king.

However, ever mindful his presidency would set the precedent for those to follow, he was careful to avoid the trappings of a monarchy. At public ceremonies, he did not appear in a military uniform or the monarchical robes. Instead, he dressed in a black velvet suit with gold buckles and powdered hair, as was the common custom. His reserved manner was more due to inherent reticence than any excessive sense of dignity.

Retirement

Desiring to return to Mount Vernon and his farming, and feeling the decline of his physical powers with age, Washington refused to yield to the pressures to serve a third term, even though he would probably not have faced any opposition.

By doing this, he was again mindful of the precedent of being the "first president," and chose to establish a peaceful transition of government.

Farewell Address

In the last months of his presidency, Washington felt he needed to give his country one last measure of himself. With the help of Hamilton, he composed his Farewell Address to the American people, which urged his fellow citizens to cherish the Union and avoid partisanship and permanent foreign alliances.

In March 1797, he turned over the government to John Adams and returned to Mount Vernon, determined to live his last years as a simple gentleman farmer. His last official act was to pardon the participants in the Whiskey Rebellion.

Upon returning to Mount Vernon in the spring of 1797, Washington felt a reflective sense of relief and accomplishment. He had left the government in capable hands, at peace, its debts well-managed, and set on a course of prosperity.

He devoted much of his time to tending the farm's operations and management. Although he was perceived to be wealthy, his land holdings were only marginally profitable.

Death

On a cold December day in 1799, Washington spent much of it inspecting the farm on horseback in a driving snowstorm. When he returned home, he hastily ate his supper in his wet clothes and then went to bed.

The next morning, on December 13, he awoke with a severe sore throat and became increasingly hoarse. He retired early, but awoke around 3 a.m. and told Martha that he felt very sick. The illness progressed until he died late in the evening of December 14, 1799.

The news of Washington's death at age 67 spread throughout the country, plunging the nation into a deep mourning. Many towns and cities held mock funerals and presented hundreds of eulogies to honor their fallen hero. When the news of this death reached Europe, the British fleet paid tribute to his memory, and Napoleon ordered ten days of mourning.

Legacy

Washington could have been a king. Instead, he chose to be a citizen. He set many precedents for the national government and the presidency: The two-term limit in office, only broken once by Franklin D. Roosevelt, was later ensconced in the Constitution's 22nd Amendment.

He crystallized the power of the presidency as a part of the government's three branches of government, able to exercise authority when necessary, but also accept the checks and balances of power inherent in the system.

He was not only considered a military and revolutionary hero, but a man of great personal integrity, with a deep sense of duty, honor and patriotism. For over 200 years, Washington has been acclaimed as indispensable to the success of the Revolution and the birth of the nation.

But his most important legacy may be that he insisted he was dispensable, asserting that the cause of liberty was larger than any single individual.
Watch "George Washington: Founding Father" on HISTORY Vault

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George Washington was a Virginia plantation owner who served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolutionary War, and later became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.

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On january 6th 1759 Washington married Martha Dandridge

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In last week's "Married at First Sight" Season 4 finale, both remaining couples - Lillian and Tom as well as Nick and Sonia - decided to stay together at the end of the six-week social experiment.

But as we know from past seasons of the reality show, not all couples make it to happily ever after once the cameras stop rolling. Thankfully, as Tuesday night's reunion special revealed, all the Season 4 spouses are still married six months later.

The show's three experts also caught up with our already divorced couple, Derek and Heather, and found that while Heather chose to end her marriage after just two weeks, she's at least grown from the experience.

"It's just letting people in even when it's really hard," she says of what she's learned. "Ultimately it's just hurting me. Going forward, the idea of what I want a marriage to be like, or my next relationship, it's going to be different than ever before because of this."

Here's what the still-married couples had to say to experts Dr. Pepper Schwartz, pastor Calvin Roberson and Rachel DeAlto about where their relationships stand today.

Lillian & Tom

Despite the experts sensing some ambivalence from Tom on Decision Day, he seems to have really stepped up his efforts as a husband since the season finale. The spouses admit that merging their different lifestyles has been challenging, but they've been making compromises - he put his tour bus in storage and upgraded his shorts-only wardrobe, she donated bags of clothes and shoes when they moved to their new place. They even make sure to eat at least one meal a day together.

"I really do feel like it's growing between us," Lillian says. "We're sharing more about each other as time passes, and learning more about each other creates deeper intimacy."

Tom calls Lillian "the one that can keep me happy, keep me going" and wants to make the marriage the best he can - starting by surprising his wife with an engagement ring to go with her wedding band.
"This is more than a ring," he tells her while kneeling on the beach. "This is a promise to you to be the best husband I can be, a show of commitment and trying my hardest."

Endings don't come much happier than that.

Nick & Sonia

The editors of this episode really wanted viewers to think that Nick and Sonia had split up, with multiple lingering shots of his hand sans wedding ring. But that was revealed to be a fake-out: Nick had conveniently taken the ring off to play golf and forgotten to put it back on.

While the two are living together again and just moved into a new house, the ups and downs they experienced during the televised portion of their marriage seem to have continued.

"Some days it's amazing, and some days I wonder what the heck I did," Nick tells the experts. "It's hit-or-miss so far."

Despite that, he and Sonia still held hands in their joint interview and, Nick says, when looking at the big picture, he's happy they decided to stay together and that he can see himself falling in love with her. Sonia still struggles with Nick's lack of emotion, but keeps her focus on her husband's positives - like the qualities that would make him a good father.

"Every day that passes by he's showing me he's really in it and he's looking forward to us being together forever," she says.

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'Married at First Sight' reunion: Are the couples still married?

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In last week's "Married at First Sight" Season 4 finale, both remaining couples - Lillian and Tom as well as Nick and Sonia - decided to stay together at the end of the six-week social experiment. But as we know from past seasons of the reality show, not all couples make it to happily ever after once the cameras stop rolling.

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George Washington calculated that at the end of his life he had 316 slaves

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Bread is much more than just basic food. Each culture and civilization defines itself through its own type of bread: the crunchy baguette symbolizes the elegant French culture, the focaccia represents the colorful Italian lifestyle, and the pita bread signifies Middle-Eastern hospitality. (Please don't ask me about the bagel). That's why the Talmud associates wheat with knowledge, stating that the forbidden fruit, which Adam ate from, wasn't the famous apple but wheat!

Bread is indeed the expression of knowledge and culture.

The matzah, in sharp contrast, is a poor, unleavened flatbread made solely from flour and water. The matzah is the bread of the Hebrew slaves who didn't control their own time. They didn't have time to leaven their flour and properly bake their bread. The matzah reminds us that we are a people of slaves.

When the Seder comes, we must not just remember that we went out of Egypt but actually experience going out of Egypt. During the Seder, multiple generations of a family retell the story of liberation from slavery in ancient Egypt. How can we duplicate such a tremendous experience from our cozy homes so far away from ancient Egypt through mere storytelling?

That's what the matzah is here for. While it is certainly not the highest culinary experience, the matzah takes us back to our original slave status. By eating the bread of the slaves and the bitter herbs, by telling the story of slavery, we build awareness that we could have still been subjects in a society of oppression and injustice.

The Seder is meant to help us rediscover our sensitivity for acute pain and suffering and help us embrace a life dedicated to genuinely caring for the poor and for strangers. Leviticus 19-34 makes that clear: "The stranger that sojourn with you shall be considered like the home-born among you, and you shall love him as yourself; as you were strangers in the land of Egypt."

During this time of global turmoil, this tradition take on more meaning and importance than ever before. Caring for the poor and the migrant, is not done merely out of generosity. It should be done out of self-identification. As former slaves, we must still feel outsiders. There is no fundamental difference between "us" and "them", just an incidental one.

This slave self-awareness also empowers us to better appreciate our freedom, a freedom defined in the Torah (Leviticus 25:55) as becoming slaves of God: "The People of Israel are mine. They are my slaves as I took them out of Egypt."

However, some would question what type of freedom is it to have to follow His Commandments. After all, isn't freedom our ability to simply do what we want to do?
Freedom is not one random choice or action; it is finding our true self. We have all been created with a spark of God within us -- this is our true self. When we eat the matzah and refrain from eating our culture-rich leavened bread, we go back to our true self. We realize that our self-centric self is just about surviving, while our other-centric self, the one caring for the poor and the migrant, is about thriving. Overcoming our self-centric self and following our other-centric self is our spring journey out of Egypt to true Freedom -- to our true self.

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Passover Reminder: We are a People of Slaves.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bread is much more than just basic food. Each culture and civilization defines itself through its own type of bread: the crunchy baguette symbolizes the elegant French culture, the focaccia represents the colorful Italian lifestyle, and the pita bread signifies Middle-Eastern hospitality. (Please don't ask me about the bagel).

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He had 10 slaves when he was 11 years old because his father died and he was the oldest son

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Bread is much more than just basic food. Each culture and civilization defines itself through its own type of bread: the crunchy baguette symbolizes the elegant French culture, the focaccia represents the colorful Italian lifestyle, and the pita bread signifies Middle-Eastern hospitality. (Please don't ask me about the bagel). That's why the Talmud associates wheat with knowledge, stating that the forbidden fruit, which Adam ate from, wasn't the famous apple but wheat!

Bread is indeed the expression of knowledge and culture.

The matzah, in sharp contrast, is a poor, unleavened flatbread made solely from flour and water. The matzah is the bread of the Hebrew slaves who didn't control their own time. They didn't have time to leaven their flour and properly bake their bread. The matzah reminds us that we are a people of slaves.

When the Seder comes, we must not just remember that we went out of Egypt but actually experience going out of Egypt. During the Seder, multiple generations of a family retell the story of liberation from slavery in ancient Egypt. How can we duplicate such a tremendous experience from our cozy homes so far away from ancient Egypt through mere storytelling?

That's what the matzah is here for. While it is certainly not the highest culinary experience, the matzah takes us back to our original slave status. By eating the bread of the slaves and the bitter herbs, by telling the story of slavery, we build awareness that we could have still been subjects in a society of oppression and injustice.

The Seder is meant to help us rediscover our sensitivity for acute pain and suffering and help us embrace a life dedicated to genuinely caring for the poor and for strangers. Leviticus 19-34 makes that clear: "The stranger that sojourn with you shall be considered like the home-born among you, and you shall love him as yourself; as you were strangers in the land of Egypt."

During this time of global turmoil, this tradition take on more meaning and importance than ever before. Caring for the poor and the migrant, is not done merely out of generosity. It should be done out of self-identification. As former slaves, we must still feel outsiders. There is no fundamental difference between "us" and "them", just an incidental one.

This slave self-awareness also empowers us to better appreciate our freedom, a freedom defined in the Torah (Leviticus 25:55) as becoming slaves of God: "The People of Israel are mine. They are my slaves as I took them out of Egypt."

However, some would question what type of freedom is it to have to follow His Commandments. After all, isn't freedom our ability to simply do what we want to do?
Freedom is not one random choice or action; it is finding our true self. We have all been created with a spark of God within us -- this is our true self. When we eat the matzah and refrain from eating our culture-rich leavened bread, we go back to our true self. We realize that our self-centric self is just about surviving, while our other-centric self, the one caring for the poor and the migrant, is about thriving. Overcoming our self-centric self and following our other-centric self is our spring journey out of Egypt to true Freedom -- to our true self.

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Passover Reminder: We are a People of Slaves.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Bread is much more than just basic food. Each culture and civilization defines itself through its own type of bread: the crunchy baguette symbolizes the elegant French culture, the focaccia represents the colorful Italian lifestyle, and the pita bread signifies Middle-Eastern hospitality. (Please don't ask me about the bagel).

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Georges step son died of camp fever at age 27

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'Washington At The Death Bed Of Young Custis'

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Engraving entitled 'Washington at the Death Bed of Young Custis' depicts George Washington as he sits at the deathbed of his son by marriage, John Parke Custis, who perished due to 'camp fever,' Yorktown, Virginia, November 5, 1781.

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George Washington was getting internacional reputacion when he was 22

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En un mundo altamente complejizado donde los mercados son cada vez más exigentes, las compañías están expuestas a innumerables riesgos potenciales. Y en un contexto donde los intangibles confieren mayor valor a las empresas que los tangibles, los riesgos de tipo no financiero han crecido de forma importante. Estos riesgos son los denominados como riesgos reputacionales. Sin embargo, con el avance de las nuevas tecnologías, las compañías pueden asegurar su reputación si llevan a cabo un buen plan de medición y prevención. Mandy Kojetin y Lauren Volmink, coautoras de la 'Guía Definitiva de la Medición en la Comunicación' exponen las claves de la importancia de cuidar la reputación a través de un uso inteligente de la métrica.

Ya en el año 2014, la agencia Atmosphere desarrolló una herramienta denominada Atmosphere Media Index (AMI), para medir la cobertura mediática en un amplio espectro tanto cuantitativo (clipping, etc) como cualitativo (mención de portavoces, relevancia de esas menciones, etc). El sistema de votación ponderado está diseñado para evaluar los resultados de cobertura en criterios que puedan ser adaptados a los objetivos planteados por los clientes.

Según las autoras, dos años más tarde, surgió la necesidad de colaborar con otras disciplinas de la comunicación y el marketing, para confeccionar unidades de medida comunes. Es por eso que se trabajó para adaptar el AMI a cada uno de losnegocios de los clientes, trazando un vínculo más completo sobre el papel que las relaciones públicas juegan en estas cuatro dimensiones: conciencia, afinidad, compromiso y conversación principal.
Cómo funciona
Las autoras dicen aplicar los Principios de Barcelona:

Seguir el enfoque de inputs, outputs y resultados, relacionando la estrategia y los objetivos de las relaciones pública con los objetivos comerciales y de marca.

Inicialmente realizar un seguimiento de cada actividad para obtener una puntación de referencia.

Después, se pasa a medir la actividad de un grupo previamente acordado junto con el cliente.

Empaquetar la información en un panel mensual

Usar la información mensual para guiar la actividad en un futuro a corto plazo, mientras que la anual servirá para informar del alcance del trabajo realizado y el rol que las relaciones públicas juega en general impulsando la reputación de la marca del cliente.

Según explican las autoras, la utilización de este sistema les ha permitido recoger algunas enseñanzas:

Realizar los movimientos de una vez, implementando las medidas válidas que evalúen con mayor precisión el valor de las relaciones públicas para el negocio, como parte de la combinación integrada de los esfuerzos de la comunicación de marketing.

No existe un único marco de medición para todo, sino que hay que tener en cuenta el negocio del cliente para aplicar la lógica a la hora de realizar la medición de unos KPIs particulares, que tengan sentido para el negocio del cliente.

Al medir y dar seguimiento a las dimensiones clave a lo largo del tiempo, la agencia es capaz de evaluar lo que está funcionando y lo que no, para adaptar la actividad de implementación a corto plazo, de manera rápida y mes a mes. Sin embargo, el mayor valor proviene de la visión que los hallazgos nos dan para alimentar el proceso de planificación estratégica a largo plazo. De este modo no solo se mide la efectividad sino el impacto.

Consulta la guía completa aquí.

Seguiremos informando...

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Cómo reforzar la reputación con una medición inteligente de la comunicación

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En un mundo altamente complejizado donde los mercados son cada vez más exigentes, las compañías están expuestas a innumerables riesgos potenciales. Y en un contexto donde los intangibles confieren mayor valor a las empresas que los tangibles, los riesgos de tipo no financiero han crecido de forma importante.

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George Washington died in december 14,1799

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Pvt George Washington Farmer, Sr (1795-1876) -...

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George Washington Farmer, born 21 Sept 1795, Orange Co, NC (now Caswell Co) died 7 Mar 1876, Benton Co, TN. Son of Felty Farmer and mother unknown. Married Katherine Harmon in 1816, Humphreys Co, TN (born 1800 and died 10 Aug 1843). Daughter of Adam Harmon and Nancy LNU.

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George Washington was born in february 22 1732

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Since it was Cal's first Halloween we decided to dress him as our country's first president. It was a simple costume made from cotton balls and scraps from an old Halloween costume. He wore it well and we think the wig somehow helped him to sit up by himself for the first time!

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george washington baby halloween costume

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George Washington - Halloween Costume Contest at Costume-Works.com

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Since it was Cal's first Halloween we decided to dress him as our country's first president. It was a simple costume made from cotton balls and scraps from an old Halloween costume. He wore it well and we think the wig somehow helped him to...