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Continet - A principal/HUGE landmarks on earth, earth has 7.

Latitude - Parallel lines around the earth.

Longitude - lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole.

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Nomad - A person who regularly moves from place to place in search for food.

Irragation - method of bringing water to a field from another place to water crops.

Cuneiform -  Sumerian system of writing made up of wedge-shaped markings.

Ziggurat - a temple built for worship in acient Mesopotamia.

Hammurabi's Code - collection of laws created by Hammurabi that coverd almost every aspect of daily life.

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Also called the Fertial Crescent

- Tigris and Euphrates flooded leaving fertile soil.

- Unpredictable flooding.

- Farmers could grow plenty of food.

- Rivers were good for trade and transportation.

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Polytheisic  (Many gods)

- built temples called Ziggurats to honor their gods.

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Three classes; upper, middle and lower.

Upper:  king, priests, government officals, and scribes.

Middle:  artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishermen.

Lower: slaves.

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- Cuneiform
- Scribes
- Sailboat
- Wheel
- Bronze
- Levees
- Number system based on 60.

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Coneiform

Coneiform is a Sumerian system of writing made up of wedge-shaped markings

- Called their greatest invention.

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Sumer,  an area in Mesopotamia, each city was a city- state. There were a lot of farmers also.
In the Fertile Crescent there was a lot of agriculture and domestication happing. Crops were irragated and was plenty of food.

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Papyrus - reed plant of the Nile Valley; used to make a form of papper.

Polytheistic - Belief in more than one god.

Hieroglyphics - system of writting made up of thousands of picture symbols developed by the acient Egyptians.

Deity - god or godness

Nile River Valley - river that supported the Egyptian civilization.

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- Surrounded by desserts

- Has a delta

- Two narrow strips of farmland along the sides of the Nile River
Valley.

- Contains the longest river in the world (Nile River) , 4,000 miles.

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Has a Delta

3 main natrual borders:
- Deserts (Sahra)
- Cataracts (wild rapids)
- Delta Marches

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Was Polytheistic

- Belived Pharohs needed a body for after life, belived after life was better than the life right now.

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Separated in 5 sections:

1. Pharaoh
2. Upper class, contained nobles, preists and government officals.
3. Middle class, contained artisans, traders, scribes, and shopkeepers.
4. Farmers and Herders
5. Unskilled Workers (physical labor and lived in the city).

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- Papyrus (reed plant that grew along the Nile River Valley).

- Used geometry to survey land

- Each symbol standed for an object or an idea.

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Hieroglyphics

Few could read and write.

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Early there was  two kingdoms, then became later on one Kingdom by 4000 B.C., it was called Narmer.

- Dynasty

- Theocracy

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Monotheism - Belief in one god.

Rabbi - Jewish leader and teacher of the Torah.

Abraham- Founder of Judiasm.

Moses - A phrophet of God who was given the Ten Commandments.

Torah - first five chapters of the old Testament.

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Story Of Abraham And Moses Travels And Struggles

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Story Of Abraham And Moses Travels And Struggles

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Abraham, the founder of Judaism migrated from Mesopotamia to Cannon becuase God helped them if they belived in one true god also called the promise land. Then later on the land dried up so they went to Egypt. At Egypt they later became mistreated, jews were slaves over there. Soon Moses recived the Torah, and the Ten Commandments. God made an agrement with them. That they could go back to Cannon IF they follow his laws.

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Monothestic - belief in one god.
Belived in the one true god, God himself.

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"I am the Lord your God"

"You shall not recognize other gods before me."

"You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain."

"Remeber the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.

"Honor your father and mother."

"You shall not murder."

" You shall not commit adultery."

"You shall not steal."

"You shall not bear false witness."

"You shall not covet your neighbor's wife or house."

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Subcontinet – large landmass that is part of a continent but distinct from it.

Hinduism – system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India.

Brahman – in Hinduism, the universal spirit of which all gods and goddesses are different parts.

Buddism - religion founded  by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find the truth was to give up all disires.

Nirvana - In Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirth.

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- Has two rivers;  Ganges River and Indus River.
-  India has monsoon.
- Subcontinent, seperated from Asia.
- The Himalayas cuased the seperation.

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Was a religion founded  by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha; taught that the way to find the truth was to give up all disires.

- Siddhartha Guatama was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

- Guatama saw suffering and questioned why there was suffering.

- Popular because it rejected the caste system.

Teached the four noble truths:
1. Life is full of suffering.

2. Peope suffer because they desire worldly things.

3. The way to end suffering is to stop disering things.

4. The only way to stop disering things is to follow the Eightfold Path.

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Was a system of religion that grew out of the religion of the Aryans in ancient India.

- Worlds 3rd largest religion.

- Very old

- believes all life is sacred.

- Belived in Brahman

- Belives in reincarnation

- If you follow your Dharma you get good Karma.

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1. Brahims (priest)

2. Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers)

3. Vaisyas (common people)

4. Sudras (unskilled labores and servants)

5. Pariahs (untouchables)

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- Algebra
- Concept and symbol for zero
- Explained Infinity
- Invented symbols for 1-9
- Invented algorithms
- Two epics still popular
- Understood Gravity
- Belived the earth was made of of tiny particles (atoms).

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Sanskrit (written language developed by the Aryans)

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Aristocrat - noble whose wealth came from land ownership.

Pictograph - A character who stands for an object.

Acupuncture - Chinese pracitce of easing the pain by sticking thin needles into patients ' skin.

Bureaucracy - a group of oppointed officals who are responsible for diffrent areas of government.

Mandate - formal order

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- Mountains and deserts isolate and protect China from others.

- China has very little farmland because much of the country is either mountains or deserts.

- Huang He

- Chang Jiang

- Flooding of the river brought destruction and good farming conditions to China.

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Legalism l Confucuanism l Daoism
-Hanfeizi  l - put needs of    l -Laotse
-Society    l  family before     l - ying-
needed a  l  own                       l  yang
system      l - Owe a                  l - Give
of harsh    l  a duty to              l up
laws and   l  each other          l wordly
punsih-      l - Confucuis          l disires
ments        l - Gloden                l in
- Strong     l   Rule                       l favor
ruler            l  -sense of duty   l for
- Humans  l  to be good          l nature
are               l                            l and
natrually    l                             l Dao
evil                l
- Control     l
famers        l

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There are 4 main social classes:

1. King and his family'

2. Warlords and other Royal officals ; artistocrats.

3. Farmers

4. Merchants, Shopkeepers, Traders, and Bankers.

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- First to make papper

- Gunpowder
- Compass
-Woodbloock printing

- Acupuncture

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Pictographs (characters that stand for an object)

Ideographs (two or more pictographs)

- Arisans created many stuff from bronze

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- Rulers was part of a dynasty

- Rulers were called Emperors

- Had a bureaucracy

- Emperors believed they received wisdom and power from the gods, spirits, and ancestors.

- belived in Mandate Of Heaven

- Dao

- keep gods happy

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Polis - in Greece, a city- state and the surrounding countryside that runs like it's own country.

Agora - an open area that served both market and meeting place.

Socratic Method - a way of teaching  that used questions and answers to make students to use their reason to see things for themselves.

Direct Democracy - Athens government, government by the people, citizens share in running the government, each citizen has 1 vote.

Acropolis - a temple built on a hilltop were people would take refuge when invaders attacked. Also a place to honor local gods

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- Greece has mountains and islands.

- The mainland of Greece is a peninsula.

- Many people were fishers, sailors, and traders.

- Grew wheat, barley, olives, and grapes.

- City- states

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Polytheistic

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Athens            l              Sparta
-  Reading, wr-  l    - military based
itting, arithmetric,l
sports, and music l - never
for boys.                  l surrender
l
- Girls stayed           l  - Girls trained in
home and did          l   sports
chores.                       l
l - Oligracy
- Direct                        l
Democracy               l - Council of
l Elders had real
l power.

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Socrates
- absolute truth existed in each person.
- taught using the Socratic Method.

Plato
- student of socrates
- Plato's Republic (best government headed by philosopher- kings).

Aristotle
- Plato's student
- Wrote the book politics
- best form of government
- lead to European and American government.

Archimedes
- discoverd solid geometryand pi to measure area of circles.

Pythagoras
- taught universe was governed by the same laws as music and numbers.
- many ideas about

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Delion League was an alliance to defend Greek land from Persians near them.

- Greek city-states like Athens joined this.

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- First to try democracy

- Direct democary

- representive democracy

- Foreign born men, Athenian women and enslaved men could not vote or hold office.

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- Phillip II was his father.

- King of Macedonia after his father died

- Beat Persian Emipre and captures Egypt.

- Countinues in Arabia

- Controlled much of known world, so Greek lanuage and culture was spread.

- Hellenistic Era

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Republic - form of government in which the leader is a person elected by the citizens.

Veto- to reject

reform - change that trys to bring improvement.

Tribunes - a council that brought plebian concerns to the government.

Consul - one of the two top goverment officals in acient Rome.

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- Italy looked like a boot sticking out into the Meditteranian Sea.

- Mountains seperate Italy from Europe

- Located on the Tiber River

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Juadism and Chirstaintiy

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Two social classes:

1 . Partricians (wealthy landowners, rulling class).

2. Plebians (middle class)

- groups annot marry each other

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Consuls- 2
- choosen every year. They were thehead of the government and the army.

Senators - 300
- served for life
- Gave advice and proposed laws

Tribunes - 10
- plebians who wanted a voice

Citizen Assemblies
- ALL citizens voted

1. People have the power
2. They have an elected Ruler
3. Had to pay taxes
4. Wtihin 7 years Rome controlled Italy.

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- Problems at home because farmers was in the army.

- Farmers came home to no land because