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The tendency of an economic activity to locate near or at its source of raw material; this is experienced when material costs are highly variable spatially and/or represent a significant share of total costs

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The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold on reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.

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The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market.

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Process that redefines and simplifies manufacturing by reducing inventory levels and delivering raw materials just when they are needed on the production line.

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newly industrialized countries

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With reference to production, to turn over in part or in total to a third party.

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North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement.

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Theory posits that agriculture and industry locate their activities as close to their markets as possible, thereby achieving the least cost of transport for the goods they produce.

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A process or industry that requires large amounts of human effort to produce goods.

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Specialization of different people, regions/countries in certain kinds of economic activities---division of secondary/ primary activities on a global scale.

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The stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area.

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All the businesses that make one kind of product or offer one kind of service.

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Alfred Weber formulated a theory of industrial location in which an industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum. He singled out two special cases. In one the weight of the final product is less than the weight of the raw material going into making the product. This is the weight losing case. In the other the final product is heavier than the raw materials that require transport. Usually this is a case of some ubiquitous (available everywhere) raw material such as water being incorporated into the product. This is called the weight-gaining case

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Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.

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A metropolitan area given official health to strengthen its economic development.

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warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere

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Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.

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A general term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as resources or transport.

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A cost that remains constant, regardless of any change in a company's activity.

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Zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where the offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment.

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A commercial center where goods are received for distribution, transshipment, or repackaging.

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Natural resources that can be converted into energy.

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A form of tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecologically unique areas.

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Factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises.

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A segment or section of an economy, such as farming, manufacturing, mining, and transportation.

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Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.

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The process of industrial deconcentration in response to technological advances and/or increasing costs due to congestion and competition.

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A process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect, it tends to favor major cities and core regions over less-advantaged peripheral regions.

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Condition which enables a company to operate in a more efficient or otherwise higher-quality manner than the companies it competes with, and which results in benefits accruing to that company.

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An organization that provides communications and networking services. A communications and networking "service provider." See common carrier and private carrier

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Canada has a sizable manufacturing sector, centered in Central Canada, with the automobile industry especially important.

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Brazil, Russia, India, and China are the four fast-growing markets that represent important opportunities.

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A location along a transport rout where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, and perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution

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A geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) decreases.

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System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.

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Massive charges of electricity are required to extract aluminum from its processed raw material, aluminum oxide. Electrical power amounts for between 30% and 40% of the cost of producing the aluminum and is the major variable cost influencing plant location in the industry. The Kitimat plant on the west coast of Canada or the Bratsk plant near Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia are examples of industry placed far from raw material sources or market but close to vast supplies of cheap power--- in these instances, hydroelectricity.

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A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

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A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

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rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water