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+13 - missing some info with the scientists

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+13 - missing some info with the scientists

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Artificial selection: nature providing the variations, and humans select those they find useful.

Uniformitarianism: laws of nature are constant over time and scientists must exlpain past events in terms of processes they can observe in the present.

Acquired Characteristics: traits altered by an individual organism during its life.

Inheritance of Aquired Characteristics: an organism aquiring a trait during its lifetime and passing that trait down to its offspring

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Malthus reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn't be enough living space and food for everyone. The forces against the human population are war, famine, and disease. This helped Darwin realize that Malthus's reasoning applied even more towards other organisms than humans.

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proposed that all organisms have an inborn urge to become more complex and perfect

Published his ideas in 1809, year Darwin was born

He thought organisms could change size and shape of organs by using their bodies

Believed structures of organisms could change if not used

today we know that Lamarck's hypothesis were incorrect in sevaral ways

organisms do not have the inborn drive to become  perfect

evolution does not mean that over time species becomes "better"

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In 1785, Hutton presented his hypotheses about how geological processes have shaped the earth

In 1830 Lyell published principles of geology based off of Hutton's work

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What did Hutton and Lyell conclude about Earth's history?

Hutton and Lyell concluded that Earth is extremely old and that the process that changed Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present

How did Lamarck propose that species evolve?

Lamarck suggested that organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies. He also suggested that individuals could pass these acquired traits on to their offspring, enabling species to change over time.

What was Malthus's view of population growth?

Malthus reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there wouldn't be enough living space and food for everyone.

How is inherited variation used in artificial selection?

In artificial selection, nature provides the variations, and humans select those they find useful

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The geological processes that changed Earth in the past.

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Artificial selection is when nature provides the variations, and humans select those they find useful. The breeders knew that individual organisms vary. Some plants bear larger or smaller fruit than average for their species, and some cows give more or less milk than others in their herd. The breeders told Darwin that some of those variations could be passed on from parent to offspring and used to improve crops and livestock. Farmers would select for breeding only trees that produce the largest fruit or cows that produce the most milk. The selective breeding of these organisms would cause more trees with even bigger fruit and cows that give even more milk, and this process is called artificial selection. Darwin tested this by raising and breeding plants and fancy pigeon varieties.

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~ What was Charles Darwin's contribution to science?
- Darwin developed a scientific theory of biological evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors.
~What three patterns of biodiversity did Darwin note?
- 1. Different, yet ecologically similar, animal species inhabited separated, but ecologically similar, habitats around the globe.
- 2. Different, yet related, animal species often occupied different habitats within a local area.
- 3. Some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species.

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Species Vary Globally

Darwin visited a wide range of habitats on the continents South America, Australia, and Africa.

Found small, flightless, ground-dwelling  birds called rheas in South America

Darwin noticed that the rheas looked and acted like ostriches but ostriches only live in Africa.

Darwin visited Australia and found another flightless bird called the emu.

These birds were all different, yet ecologically similar, and lived in different, but ecologically similar, habitats around the globe.

Species Vary Locally

Darwin found two different rheas: one living in the grasslands and the other living in the harsher grass south of where the other was found.

Darwin traveled to the Galapagos islands which are islands that are close to each other but ecologically different.

Darwin noticed that there were giant land tortoises on the islands that were different from each other but did not think anything of it.

Darwin also noticed a variety of mockingbirds that looked like the mockingbirds he saw in South America; also saw small brown birds with different beak shapes

Thought some of these birds were wrens, warblers, or blackbirds

Species Vary Over Time

Darwin collected fossils to study what organisms looked like in the past

He found that some of the fossils from extinct organisms looked like living organisms.

Darwin found the fossil of the giant armored animal, the glyptodont, which is similar to the smaller armored animal, the armadillo, which is alive today.

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Evolution:
Change over time; the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
Fossils:
preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms