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Found in North America

Babies in water and adults on land

Grey, green and black

Short snots, sturdy legs, long tails, thick necks

Regeneration

Adult live underground

Adults go to water to breed

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Found in North America

In the US and Canada

Live in water mainly

Olive green color, eyes on the side of their heads

Webbed feet for swimming

Long, strong tongues

Hold breath for 4-7 hours

Gather into Choruses

For travel and attraction

Aggressive towards other bullfrogs for territory

"Leks"

External fertilization

Eat what can fit down their throat

Leap forward and lunge

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Found in the Taita Hills of Sagalla, Kenya

Not a worm, not a snake

Long, narrow worm like bodies, nostrils, mouth, jaw, and tentacles on the face

Burrow underground or in stream substrates

Eat earthworms

Larvae not fully aquatic

Segmented body called annuli

Internal fertilization

Underground is their life

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Live on land and water

Vertebrates

Cold-Blooded

Specialized skin

Metamorphosis

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Frogs, mostly all salamanders, and some caecilians lay eggs. This shows that the organisms are related to each other because of the egg being the developing process. This combined with the fact that all of the organisms have larvae shows a strong embryological connection between the organisms. The larvae undergo an important process called metamorphosis. This means "change in form" and shows the change in young to adult in these species. Frog and salamander larvae swim in the water and live in the water until  metamorphosis occurs.

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When it comes to chromosomes, frogs, caecilians, and salamanders have very similar numbers and types of chromosomes. Frogs have a total number of 26 chromosomes. This is comprised of 12 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Salamanders and caecilians have a total number of 24 chromosomes, 12 pairs of autosomal and 1 pair of sex chromosomes. The number of chromosomes are very similar as well has both having a pair of sex chromosomes to differentiate between the sexes.

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The three organisms I have chosen related based on their anatomy and their physiology. All of the organisms have a backbone and moist skin. They also have features like a mouth, eyes on the side of the face, and the ability to breathe through their skin. Internally, caecilians do not match to the insides like frogs and salamanders. Frogs and salamanders share a heart, fat bodies, small and large intestines, pancreas, kidney, cloaca, stomach, an esophagus, lungs and a gall bladder. They both also have to limbs in the front and to limbs in the back.

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Amphibians seem to have evolved in the same way over the past millions of year. Due to being geographically isolated, each organism has evolved very defining traits to make them stand out. Frogs adapted to more of an aquatic environment to survive. Salamanders and caecilians evolved in a very weird way to mainly live underground. This was most likely because of the surplus of organisms in the ground that were slow and small enough to be eaten. This changes would be seen as punctuated equilibrium because amphibian have very specific niches within their environments were fulfilled quickly but they have not evolved due to the fact they do not need to. Non random mating is seen mainly in frogs. Frogs compete for partners by getting into group to compete. Frog sexual selection is based off of the frog who can croak the deepest because the female is most attractive to it. This type of natural usually is associated with non random breeding because the female will pick the male she deems most fit for a partner. Salamanders show the same behavior by sending out pheromones when approaching and if the salamander is big enough, the female will usually pick him for mating. Caecilians are not fully understood yet but most studies show that partners are chosen based off of length of body and head size.

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One of the best ways to determine evolution is definitely through fossils. Fossil show scientists what had happened in the past. This can show us possibilities of where the organisms of today came from.   Sclerocephalus is a clear depiction of a salamander from today. The long body with a tail and a clearly shaped head as well as two limbs in the front and two limbs in the back looks very clear as a salamander. Gerobatrachus is a clear depiction of a frog, with long hind legs and the absence of a tail. Elginerpeton is a very rare fossil to find because of the lack of fossils for caecilians. The fossil has a strong skull with a head and a very long body with no legs or the present of a tail. Ichthyostega is one of the oldest known land and water animals with the presence of amphibious limbs and head with lungs and gills. It is not considered to be "true member' of amphibia but is considered to be very closely related. Micromelerpeton is a very weird example because it does not look like one of the organisms chosen but looks like a cross between frogs and salamanders. it has an amphibious skull, a long body like a salamander, not having a tail like a frog, and having a cross between salamander and frog legs. This could have been the base for frogs and salamanders diverging away from each other.

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All: Animalia, Chordata, Amphibia

American Bullfrog:
Order: Anura
Family: Randiae
Genus: Lithobates
Species: Catesbeianus

Tiger Salamander:
Order: Caudata
Family: Ambystomatidae
Genus: Ambystoma
Species: Tigrinum

Sagalla Caecilian:
Order: Gymnphiona
Family: Caeciliidae
Genus: Boulengerula
Species: Niedeni

After first glance, these organisms seem completely different. Caecilians are a prime example by looking completely different and even having differences in reproductive tendencies. Each organism sets one part from the others; frogs are aggressive and have very long tongues for prey, salamanders can regenerate parts of their body, and caecilians have segmented bodies. The organisms are really only related because of the ability to live on land and in water, because of the class of Amphibia.

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Frogs, salamanders and caecilians all go through sexual selection. Since Darwin describes being "fit" as the ability to reproduce, having the trait that females are attracted to the most would mean the greatest chance of reproduction. Frogs need to have very deep croaks if he wants the female to pick him. Salamanders need to have a strong pheromone scent and almost perfect posture to attract the female. Caecilians need to be long and have a large head in order to be picked. this type of natural selection is called direction selection because being on one end of the spectrum ensures the best chance of reproduction .

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Descent with modification is shown in the class of Amphibia. All organisms in this class reproduce sexually, which means the offspring of both parents will have fifty percent of their DNA from both parents. This means that genes will come from both parents and will have a combination of both parents. This is what causes descent with modification because the offspring of both parents will be different from both parents which causes genetic diversity in amphibians.

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Micromelerpeton - 300 mya Carboniferous Era 

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Micromelerpeton - 300 mya Carboniferous Era 